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Class12 Physics Chapter1 ElectricChargesAndFields

Chapter 1 of Class 12 Physics covers Electric Charges and Fields, defining electric charge, its properties, and Coulomb's Law. It explains electric fields, electric dipoles, and Gauss's Law, including their formulas and applications. Key points include the superposition principle and characteristics of conductors in electrostatics.

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34 views3 pages

Class12 Physics Chapter1 ElectricChargesAndFields

Chapter 1 of Class 12 Physics covers Electric Charges and Fields, defining electric charge, its properties, and Coulomb's Law. It explains electric fields, electric dipoles, and Gauss's Law, including their formulas and applications. Key points include the superposition principle and characteristics of conductors in electrostatics.

Uploaded by

ashim05birbhum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Physics: Chapter 1 - Electric Charges and Fields

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

1. Electric Charge

- Definition: Electric charge is the property of matter responsible for electric forces. It is scalar in

nature.

- Types:

- Positive charge (+).

- Negative charge (-).

- Properties of Electric Charge:

1. Quantization: q = ne, where n is an integer and e = 1.6 x 10^-19 C.

2. Conservation: The total charge in an isolated system remains constant.

3. Additivity: Total charge is the algebraic sum of individual charges.

2. Coulomb's Law

- Statement: The force F between two point charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is:

F = k * (q1 * q2) / r^2, where k = 1 / (4 * pi * epsilon_0).

Here, epsilon_0 = 8.85 x 10^-12 C^2/N·m^2 (permittivity of free space).

- Nature of Force:

- Attractive for unlike charges.

- Repulsive for like charges.

3. Electric Field (E)

- Definition: The region around a charge in which another charge experiences a force.

- Formula: E = F / q = k * Q / r^2, where Q is the source charge, and r is the distance from it.
- Electric Field Lines:

1. Tangent to the line at any point gives the direction of E.

2. Originate from positive charge and terminate at negative charge.

3. Do not intersect.

4. Electric Dipole

- Definition: A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.

- Dipole Moment (p): p = q * d, SI Unit: C·m.

- Electric Field Due to Dipole:

1. On Axial Line: E = (1 / 4 * pi * epsilon_0) * (2p / r^3).

2. On Equatorial Line: E = (1 / 4 * pi * epsilon_0) * (p / r^3).

- Torque on Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field: tau = p * E * sin(theta).

5. Gauss's Law

- Statement: The net electric flux (Phi_E) through any closed surface is proportional to the charge

enclosed (q_enc):

Phi_E = Integral(E * dA) = q_enc / epsilon_0.

- Applications of Gauss's Law:

1. Field Due to an Infinite Line Charge: E = lambda / (2 * pi * epsilon_0 * r), where lambda is the

linear charge density.

2. Field Due to a Plane Sheet of Charge: E = sigma / (2 * epsilon_0), where sigma is the surface

charge density.

3. Field Inside a Spherical Shell: E = 0 (No charge enclosed inside).

6. Electric Flux (Phi_E)

- Definition: Measure of the number of electric field lines passing through a surface.

- Formula: Phi_E = E * A * cos(theta).


7. Important Points to Remember

- Superposition Principle: The net force/field due to multiple charges is the vector sum of individual

forces/fields.

- Conductors in Electrostatics:

1. Electric field inside a conductor is zero.

2. Charge resides on the surface.

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