Tairodctioo to Gtatistice.

Definitior;
Science of
Colecting
- Organi2n9
PreGenting
-Aoaysing
Inter Preti ng
nunecal data to make effective deci Gions
Under Uncer tainty.
Io Short forn, Sttics meons Pracess f Comvekin
data into iotormation

Gat:tics
Deciptive , Ioferential
GtatiGtics Gtatistic
DeGcrPtve GtatictiG
As the A 9 S h e SCriptive Statistic
&
merel the data 2 Consistof metho dG
techo:ques uße d io Coilectin, Organzation,
Presen tation aaiyS:S of data in Orderto describe
theariouSfeaturs Bcharacter Stics of Such
data.
Degcriptive Gtatics aims to Summari 2e & Pesent
Cat dete to ob tain. useful infomction
Znpoctaace of Deccriptive StatisticS
Dota Can be Gummarized uS:ng tables c chatS.
k The main featyre ofthe data distrbutions Can be identifed.
Conidentfy theoutiet
relatioshiP. ngg arlables.
dataSet
an idetify the of data Con be tected.
Aumptiong
 Iafeskatic Gatistics ds cof inteiss
mebocharcte:Stics
with the
Stittica infeeence dea cLS about of
Qr drawing Cocis;ons
the Poplati on based upon the reGurts of the Gape
takes fron the Same popleti o.
* Statetical interence is 9enerali zing, fron a Sanple
to a popolation with the CalCulated degree of
Certaioy
Appl:cotiba in StaticticG.
* StetSticG plagS c Uital role in every fierds hun
actii.
*Some inportance fe ds in wi ch stutistics iG
whic Commoshy

- BuG.neSS Qul:y ot the Prodwct Can be tesed

-Economics Reitionslp beeen Suppy 2 dem and
Can be Gudied
-Banking USe Gtatigtical approaches based
Probab:l:ty to eçtinate the nuber
depositors & their çlaims duriag a
Particular tine period
Imortoat Concepts,
Population -Alwhichwe
the individvaiS,
have to
okjects
make Some Gtudy
Sanple - Arepreßentative part of o populctio.
Porameter Vg GtatiStic
*A Parameter is nnerical measure desci bing a
chaacteisticof the Studied Population
* A Statistic iS aoumer cal meaSure that deGeribes
characteristic ofa Gample.
 Source Parmeters Gtatistics
Aopuiatin Gamie
Calcula ted 2 NO Yes
ConstantS? Yes
ExampleS i,5,P

imitationS of Stat:GticS.
* Statstics does not deal witk individual walues.
SatiStical Condusions Ore not a,eSaily true.
Getistical 1oterpretatio retvires a high degree.f
Sku 2- Undersianding of, the Suhje t
Stati sticg Can be Suse d.
Dato e Data Collection.
Data analyss Process.
Dat Collection Data Colecti un

Duta çleansing Data Prepara tion

Statisbiçal infomti un Data analyS:S
Stausticar Qnalysis Data VISUali2atiun
Data repor ting
Dec:Sion making
 Oate

EnerciSe ol
A reseoarcher, wishes to estimate the average weg,
of estimete the newbetns io westeo Provice in last
five yearS. He takes a randan Gample of 2as new
boarn & obtained an average of 9.27kg.
D what iS the Populatioo of toterest?
) what 1s the Semple Si2e
ndwhat tS the para meter of oterest?
i ) Identi{y whethe- the nunber unde-hoed is Gtet:stics
Or parameterS.
i) An newbornsiinwestern Proviace io last
) 235 Syer
i)Pplati on average
i ) Stctistic

Variables
Anymeosurable char acteristic or cttr:b te that
d:fent for d:fferent SubiectS.
EnIf the weigkt of 2o StudentS were measured
woutd be va,icble weght
* Res dence of the Studen tS
Vart ableg
Oantita¿ive Varicble s Qucitotive aiableS:
CNmeri Cai VricbleS)
Ccakegor;Cal Variables)
Drgevzte Continos
VaricbleS vaiables
 Dato

Qwcastative Varhle G. Categorical

Varisbles whichobservedwith
d:ffer
recpenses or as c nonnmer|c
Characteistic.

E genderof vek:cle owned

ype of b:th
State
eye Colour
Quantitatlve vavla bles, numerical
A varable that conSiStS Ot a Count Ôr
measue ment of the characteristiS of obiect S,
people or eventS

ifet:me of a cor batte

the nunber
Ex the
ber t peope enpl ayed by a Compay
we:gkt otof, the prad uct
the 'cola bottle
Volue
Discrete Voricble G.
A variable that Can aSSu me only certan clearly
Separated valus.
Ex: the nunberof bedrogm io aahause
number of eggs laidby benS
nunber of children ini a family to io
oumber of telephone Caus receved duetag

Vartables that have infioite oumber

of qrad ations betwees two mea uremen tS
indiuiduo
Ex bady weght of af oS
Mk yieid or buffatoes
weigt of the product
 Date

Levelsof Mea QuremeatG

Four leveLs of meaSurementS recogiSed.
AHow much intomatjon 1S indude
aSocicted with khe vai cble nough leves
explained
t meaSuremen tS?

*Matheme kicar operat;ors depend on leves

)Nominal MeaSurement
* An observation with a value that
that iS merely a ane
Or lable.
+They Can be ciasified & Counteg.
The ony passiLle Cempri SonS between variable valves
are Euality & inewelity.
k There are no Jess than or greate. thn relati ons
among then nor oPeration S Such as add tiooón
Gubtra ctios
es Gender- Feale, Male
Hair Colaur Black, Brown, Grey

Od:nci MeaSurement
A cbserations have au the featuies of ooniat
measures.

A Also refresent the rank order

CompariSons of greater &less Canbe made, in aadti
to ealty &. ineguality
* peratlons Such, aS conventi onal addition e Gubtraction
Can?t be appied meanigfully.
* Varcbles measured at the ordinal level are referred to
os ordial VaricbleS or rank variabl es.
 *c

ex -Level of the education

o AL Diplomc, First Degree, MasterS
-Po s:ti on of the curr ent
Noneaecutive executive, ASS Stant mana ger,
Manag er, CEO
-Preference
Good, Avera ge , Poor

)LoteNal Measurement
* obsevatioS have a the feu tures of ordinal.
mecSUreneat

k Diferences between arbitay pairs of nunbe-S Canbe

meaningtiy Conpared
Hence, perations Svch as add:tlo e Subtracti on
are therefore mecninful.
*The 2ero Point On the Scale iS arbitrag
*Ratios betweeo mbers on the Scale are aot meaingful,
So operti ns Such as multipliCation &divSion
Cannot be carried Out.

*Varicbles measured at the ioterval levels are referred

to ag intervcl Variables.

ex;Temper ature
4) Ratio Mea S urement
* Thenbers have au the teatures of intenval meaSurem
-ent
Also have meaningful rati os betwen Qrlitray pairs of
ners
raons Such as multipli cation2 Qre
meaningtul:
4Meonigful inte.pretation of 2e-o on the Scsle.
exwageS
Units of productio
weighe, heigbt , etC.
 Dates

eciSe
Setect the Correct type of the varlable & the le ve
of the meaßremeatS.
)Salary
) Country Code
i)Sales volwme ot Mp3
i)Preterence f uiverSikyplayeS
Selectis
)TemPercture
vi)Studert rank in claSS
vi) Rating of baeSo,
Viti)Nube of be uides ScreenS
Oualittive DScrete/ Levei o
Varlable. Qvanti báti ve Continou me re nent
D:Sciete Ratio
Ovelitabive ContinuouS
Ovantitative DiScrete Rabio
Qvalita tve ContinuoUS Ordina
Ovcnbitative Continuos jotervaI
Qualiatotive ContinuGs Qzdina!
vil Qalits tive ContiVouS ordinai
Ovantitative DiSCvete Ratio