Challenging Questions

Solution:
1. Linear Equations in Two Let the speed of the train be x km/hr and speed of
Variables the taxi be y km/hr.
Distance
(1) The weight of a bucket is 15 kg, when it is filled Time =
Speed
3 300
with water upto of its capacity. And the Time taken to cover 300 km by train = hrs.
5 x
4
weight is 19 kg, if it is filled with water upto 200
5 Time taken to cover 200 km by taxi = hrs.
of its capacity. Find the weight of bucket, if it is y
completely filled with water. (4 marks) According to the first condition,
Solution: 300 200 30
+ =5 [ 1 hour = 60 min.]
Let the weight of empty bucket be x kg and the x y 60
weight of water the bucket can hold to its full 300 200 11
\ + = ...(i)
capacity be y kg. x y 2
According to the first condition, Similarly,
3 260
x + y = 15 Time taken to cover 260 km by train = hrs.
5 x
\ 5x + 3y = 75 ...(i) 240
Time taken to cover 240 km by taxi = hrs.
According to the second condition, y
4
x + y = 19 According to the second condition,
5
260 240 36
\ 5x + 4y = 95 ...(ii) + =5
x y 60
Subtracting (ii) from (i),
260 240 28
5x + 3y = 75 \ + = ...(ii)
x y 5
5x + 4y = 95 1
1
(–) (–) (–) Substituting = m and = n in equations (i) and (ii),
x y
–y = –20 11
300m + 200n =
\ y = 20 2
Substituting y = 20 in (i), we get, i.e. 600m + 400n = 11 ...(iii)
5x + 3(20) = 75 28
Similarly, 260m + 240n =
\ 5x + 60 = 75 5
\ 5x = 75 – 60 i.e. 1300m + 1200n = 28 ...(iv)
\ 5x = 15 Multiplying eq. (iii) by 3,
\ x = 3 1800m + 1200n = 33 ...(v)
\ The weight of bucket when it is Subtracting (iv) from (v),
completely filled with water = x + y 1800m + 1200n = 33
= 3 + 20 1300m + 1200n = 28
= 23 kg. (–) (–) (–)

(2) Abdul travelled 300 km by train and 200 km by 500m = 5

taxi, it took him 5 hours 30 minutes. But if he 5
\ m =
travels 260 km by train and 240 km by taxi, he 500
takes 6 minutes longer. Find the speed of the 1
\ m =
train and that of the taxi. (4 marks) 100
(176)
Challenging Questions 177

Substituting value of m in equation (iii) we get, \ 3x = 156

1 156
600 × + 400n = 11 \ x=
100 3
\ 6 + 400n = 11 \ x = 52
\ 400n = 11 – 6 \ The present age of father and son are 52
\ 400n = 5 years and 30 years respectively.
5
\ n = (4) The forewheel of a carriage makes 6 revolutions
400 more than the rearwheel in going 120 m. If the
1
\ n = 1
80 diameter of the forewheel be increased by its
Resubstituting the values of m and n, 4
1 1 1 1 present diameter and the diameter of the
= and = 1
x 100 y 80 rearwheel be increased by of its present
5
\ x = 100 and y = 80 diameter, then the forewheel makes 4
The speed of the train is 100 km/hr and revolutions more than the rearwheel in going
the speed of the taxi is 80 km/hr. the same distance. Find the circumference of
each wheel of the carriage. (4 marks)
(3) When the son will be as old as his father today,
the sum of their ages then will be 126; when the Solution:
father was as old as his son is today, the sum of Let the circumference of the forewheel be x m
their ages then was 38. Find their present ages. and circumference of rearwheel be y m.
(4 marks) Distance covered
Number of revolutions =
Solution: circumference

Let the present age of father be x years and son be \ Distance covered by each wheel = 120 m
120
y years. \ Number of revolutions made by forewheel =
x
Son’s age when he will be as old as his father
120
today = x years. \ Number of revolutions made by rearwheel =
y
\ Father’s age at that time = [x + (x – y)] years
According to the first condition,
According to the first condition,
120 120
x + x + (x – y) = 126 = +6
x y
\ 3x – y = 126 ...(i) 120 120
Father’s age when he was as old as son today \ – =6
x y
= y years 20 20
\ – =1 ...(i)
\ Son’s age at that time = [y – (x – y)] years x y
According to the second condition,
Now, c = pd
y + y – (x – y) = 38
\ As diameter increases, circumference also increases.
\ y + y – x + y = 38 x
\ – x + 3y = 38 ...(ii) Increase in circumference of forewheel =
4
Multiplying (ii) by 3, x
New circumference of forewheel = x +
– 3x + 9y = 114 ...(iii) 4
Adding (i) and (iii), we get, 4x + x
=
3x – y = 126 4
– 3x + 9y = 114  5x 
=   m
8y = 240 4 
240 y
\ y = New circumference of rearwheel = y +
8 5
5y + y
y = 30 =
5
Substituting the value of y in equation (i) we get,  6y 
3x– 30 = 126 =   m
5 
\ 3x = 126 + 30
178 Master Key Mathematics I - Algebra (Std. X)

According to the second condition, \ 4 = 20b

120 120 4
= +4 \ b=
5x 6y 20
4 5 1
120 × 4 120 × 5 \ b=
\ = +4 5
5x 6y
Resubstituting the values of a and b,
96 100
\ = +4 1 1 1 1
x y a = = and b = =
x 4 y 5
96 100
\ – =4 ...(ii) \ x = 4 and y = 5
x y
1 \ Circumference of forewheel is 4 m and
1
Substituting = a and = b, we get, circumference of rearwheel is 5 m.
x y
20a – 20b = 1 ...(iii) (5) Find the area of the triangle formed by the
96a – 100b = 4 ...(iv) following lines and X axis.
Multiplying equation (iii) by 5, we get, 4x – 3y + 4 = 0 and 4x + 3y – 20 = 0 (4 marks)
100a – 100b = 5 ...(v) Solution:
Subtracting (v) from (iv), 4x + 4
4x – 3y + 4 = 0 \ y =
96a – 100b = 4 3
100a – 100b = 5 x 2 5 –4
(–) (+) (–) y 4 8 –4
–4a = –1 (x, y) (2, 4) (5, 8) (–4, –4)
1
\ a= 20 - 4 x
4 4x + 3y – 20 = 0 \ y =
1 3
Substituting value of a = in (iii), we get,
4 x 2 –1 5
1
20 × – 20b = 1 y 4 8 0
4
\ 5 – 20b = 1 (x, y) (2, 4) (–1, 8) (5, 0)
\ 5 – 1 = 20b

Challenging Questions 179

For DABC, A(2, 4), B(–1, 0) and C(5, 0)

Interest received on Savings account `
\ A(D ABC) = ×b×h
Interest received on fixed deposit account `
= ×6×4
According to the first condition,
\ A(D ABC) = 12 sq. units
+ = 400
(6) Solve: 2x + 3y = 17, 2x+2 – 3y+1 = 5 (4 marks)
Solution: \ 5x + 10y = 40,000 ...(i)
According to the second condition,
2x + 3y = 17 ...(i)
2x+2 – 3y+1 = 5 + = 350
\ 2x .22 – 3y.31 = 5 \ 5y + 10x = 35,000
\ 4. 2x – 3. 3y = 5 ...(ii) \ 10x + 5y = 35,000 ...(ii)
Substituting 2x = m and 3y = n, we get, Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get,
m + n = 17 ...(iii)
5x + 10y = 40,000
4m – 3n = 5 ...(iv)
10x + 5y = 35,000
Multiplying eq. (iii) by 3,
15x + 15y = 75,000
3m + 3n = 51 ...(v)
\ x + y = 5,000 [Dividing both sides by 15]
Adding (iv) and (v) we get,
4m – 3n = 5 \ Total amount deposited is ` 5000.
3m + 3n = 51 (8) The sum of the digits of a number consisting
7m = 56 of three digits is 12. The middle digit is equal
to half of the sum of the other two. If the order
\ m =
of the digit be reversed, the number diminished
\ m =8 by 198. Find the number. (4 marks)
Substituting m = 8 in (iii), Solution:
8 + n = 17 Digits H T U
\ n = 17 – 8 Original
number x (x + y) y
\ n =9
Resubstituting the value of m and n, we get, Reversed
x y
number y (y + x) x
m=2 n=3
x y
\ 8 =2 9 =3
x y Let the digit in the hundredth place be x and the

\ 23 = 2 32 = 3
digit in the units place be y.

\ x=3 y=2
\ The middle digit = (x+y)
\ x = 3 and y = 2 is the solution.
The sum of the digits is 12. (Given)
(7) A person deposits ` x in savings bank account at
the rate of 5% per annum and ` y in fixed deposit
\ x+ (x+y) + y = 12
at 10% per annum. At the end of one year, he
gets ` 400 as total interest. If he deposits ` y in \ 2x + x + y + 2y = 24
savings bank account and ` x in fixed deposit, \ 3x + 3y = 24
he would get ` 350 as total interest. Find the \ x + y = 8 ... (i)
total amount he deposited. (4 marks)
The original number = 100x + 10 × (x+y) + y
Solution:
Amount deposited in savings account = ` x = 100x + 5(x+y) + y
Amount deposited in fixed deposit account = ` y = 100x + 5x + 5y + y
\ Total amount deposited = ` (x + y) = 105x + 6y
180 Master Key Mathematics I - Algebra (Std. X)

1 \ 6x – 6y = 36
The reversed number = 100y + 10 × (y+x) + x \ x–y=6 ...(ii)
2
= 100y + 5 (y + x) + x Multiplying (ii) by 2, we get,
= 100y + 5y + 5x + x 2x – 2y = 12 ...(iii)
Adding equations (i) and (iii) we get,
= 6x + 105y
– 2x + 3y = 12
Now,
2x – 2y = 12
Reversed number = Original number – 198 y = 24
(Given) Substituting the value of y in equation (i) we get,
\ 6x + 105y = 105x + 6y – 198 x – 24 = 6
\ 6x – 105x + 105y – 6y = – 198 \ x = 6 + 24
\ – 99x + 99y = – 198 \ x = 30
\ x –y = 2 ....(ii) \ The original speed = 30 km/hr and time = 24
Adding (i) and (ii), we get, hours.
x + y = 8 Hence, length of the journey = speed × time
x – y = 2 = 30 × 24
2x = 10 = 720 km.
\ x = 5 \ Length of the journey is 720 km.
Substituting x = 5 in (i), (10) Solve : (a – b)x + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2 and
5 + y = 8 (a + b)(x + y) = a2 + b2 (4 marks)
\ y = 8 – 5
Solution:
\ y=3
(a – b)x + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2 ...(i)
\ The required number = 105x + 6y
(a + b)(x + y) = a2 + b2
= 105 × 5 + 6 × 3
\ (a + b)x + (a + b)y = a2 + b2 ...(ii)
= 525 + 18
= 543 Subtracting (ii) from (i),
\ The required number is 543 (a – b)x + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2
(9) A train covered a certain distance at a uniform (a + b)x + (a + b)y = a2 + b2
(–) (–) (–) (–)
speed. If the train would have been 6 km/hr
faster, it would have taken 4 hours less than [a – b – (a + b)]x = –2ab – 2b2
the schedule time. And, if train were slower
\ (a – b – a – b) x = – 2b(a + b)
by 6 km/hr, it would have taken 6 hours more \ –2bx = – 2b(a + b)
than the schedule time. Find the length of the 2b( a  b )
\ x=
journey. (4 marks) 2b
Solution: \ x = (a + b)
Let the original speed of train be x km/hr and the Substituting value of x in (i), we get,
actual time taken be y hours. (a – b)(a + b) + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2
Then, distance = speed × time

\ a2 – b2 + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2
= (xy) km

\ (a + b)y = – 2ab
According to the first condition, 2ab

\ y =
(x + 6) (y – 4 ) = xy ab
\ xy – 4x + 6y – 24 = xy \ 2ab
x = (a + b) and y = is the solution
\ – 4x + 6y = 24 ab
\ – 2x + 3y = 12 ...(i) of the given equations.
According to the second condition,
(x – 6) (y + 6 ) = xy
\ xy + 6x – 6y – 36 = xy
vvv
Challenging Questions 181

\ a + b = and ab =
2. Quadratic Equations
As per given condition,
(1) Two trains leave a railway station at the same time.
1 1
The first train travels due west and the second train a+b= 2  2
 
due north. The first train travels 5 km/hr faster than
second train. If after two hours, they are 50 km apart, 2 2
find the speed of each train. (4 marks) \ a+b= 2 2

Solution:
2
Let the speed of second train be x km/hr. \ a+b=
  2
2
\ Speed of first train = (x + 5) km/hr 
Distance = speed × time
 b 2 c 
Distance covered by second train = x × 2 = 2x km    2  
a a 
Distance covered by first train = (x + 5) × 2 \ =  
 c 2
= (2x + 10) km  
a 

b2 2c  c 2
\ =  2    2
a a  a

b2  2 ac  c 2
\ =  2

 2
 a  a

b2  2 ac a2
\ = 
In ΔABC, mÐABC = 90° a2 c2
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 ... [Pythagoras theorem]
b2 � 2 ac
\ (2x)2 + (2x + 10)2 = (50)2 \ =
c2
\ 4x + 4x + 40x + 100 = 2500
2 2
\ bc2 = a(b2 – 2ac)
\ 8x2 + 40x + 100 – 2500 = 0 \ bc2 = ab2 – 2a2c
\ 8x2 + 40x – 2400 = 0 \ 2a2c = c2b + b2a ... Hence proved.

\ x2 + 5x – 300 = 0 ... (Dividing both sides by 8) (3) If the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + cx + c = 0
\ x2 + 20x – 15x – 300 = 0 are in the ratio p : q, then show that

\ x(x + 20) – 15(x + 20) = 0 p q c

+ + =0 (4 marks)
q p a
\ (x + 20) (x – 15) = 0
Solution:
\ x + 20 = 0 or x – 15 = 0
Let a and b be the roots of the given quadratic
\ x = –20 or x = 15
equation.
x ≠ –20 as speed cannot be negative.
\ a + b = and ab =
\ x = 15 and x + 5 = 15 + 5 = 20
 p
Also,  ... (Given)
\ The speeds of the trains are 20 km/hr and  q
15 km/hr respectively.
p q c  
\ + + =   
(2) If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation q p a  
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the squares of
their reciprocals, then prove that 2a2c = c2b + b2a.  
=   
(4 marks)  
Solution:
Let a and b be the roots of the given quadratic 
= + 
equation. 
182 Master Key Mathematics I - Algebra (Std. X)

 \ – 25x2 + 3000 – 50x = 0

=
 ...(Multiplying both sides by x)
\ x2 – 120 + 2x = 0 ...(Dividing both sides by –25)
c c
 \ x2 + 2x– 120 = 0
= a a
\ x2 + 12x – 10x – 120 = 0

\ x(x + 12) –10(x + 12) = 0
0 \ (x + 12) (x – 10) = 0
=
 \ x + 12 = 0 or x – 10 = 0
= 0 \ x = –12 or x = 10
p q \ x ≠ –12 as cost price cannot be negative.
c
\ + + =0 \ x = 10
q p a
\ Original price of each item is ` 10.
(4) A businessman bought some items for ` 600.
Keeping 10 items for himself he sold the (5) A man travels by boat 36 km down a river and
remaining items at a profit of ` 5 per item. From back in 8 hours. If the speed of his boat in still
the amount received in this deal he could buy water is 12 km/hr, find the speed of the river
15 more items. Find the original price of each current. (4 marks)
item. (4 marks) Solution:
Solution: Let the speed of river current = x km/hr
Total cost price of some items = ` 600 (given) Speed of boat in still water = 12 km/hr
Let the original cost price of 1 item = ` x \ Speed of boat up the river = (12 – x) km/hr
600 Speed of boat down the river = (12 + x) km/hr
\ Number of items purchased =
x
Time =
Number of items sold after keeping 10 items
600
= – 10 \ Time taken by boat to travel 36 km down the river
x
 36 
Selling price of each item = ` (x + 5) =   hrs.
 12  x 
 600 
Total selling price of all items = ` (x + 5)   10  \ Time taken by boat to travel 36 km up the river
 x 
 36 
Profit = S.P. – C.P. =   hrs.
 12  x 
\ Net profit made in the deal
As per given condition,
 600 
= ` (x + 5)   10  – 600  36   36 
 x   +  = 8
 12  x   12  x 
But, profit is equal to cost price of 15 items = ` 15x
As per given condition,  1 1 
36    = 8
 600   12  x 12  x 
(x + 5)   10  – 600 = 15x
 x  12  x  12  x 8
\ =
\
 600
x 
  600
 10  + 5 

 10  – 600 = 15x  
12  x 12  x  36
 x   x  24 2
3000 \ 2 =
\ 600 – 10x + – 50 – 600 – 15x = 0 144  x 9
x
3000 \ 108 = 144 – x2
\ – 10x + – 50 – 15x = 0
x \ x2 = 144 – 108
3000 x2 = 36
\ – 25x + – 50 = 0 \
x
\ x =±6
Challenging Questions 183

\ x ≠ –6 as speed cannot be negative. Portion of cistern filled by other pipe in one minute
\ x = 6. = and portion of cistern filled by first pipe in one
\ The speed of river current = 6 km/hr. 1
minute =
x+3
(6) A number consists of two digits whose product Position of cistern filled by both the pipes in one
is 56. When 9 is subtracted from the number,
the digits interchange their places. Find the minute =
number. (4 marks)
Solution:
1
Let the ten’s digit = x and unit’s digit = y =
40
So, the number = 10x + y
13
Product of the digits = 56
13
\ xy = 56 ...(i) =
40
On subtracting 9 from the number, the digits are
interchanged. As per given condition,
\ (10x + y) – 9 = 10y + x 1 13
+ =
x+3 40
\ 10x – x + y – 10y = 9
\ 9x – 9y = 9 x+3+x 13
\ =
\ x–y=1 x( x + 3) 40
56 2x + 3 13
\ x– =1 ... [From (i)] \ =
x 2
x + 3x 40
\ x – 56 = x
2
\ 40(2x + 3) = 13(x2 + 3x)
\ x2 – x – 56 = 0 \ 80x + 120 = 13x2 + 39x
\ x – 8x + 7x – 56 = 0
2
\ 13x2 – 41x – 120 = 0
\ x(x – 8) + 7(x – 8) = 0
\ 13x2 – 65x + 24x – 120 = 0
\ (x – 8) (x + 7) = 0
\ 13x(x – 5) + 24(x – 5) = 0
\ x – 8 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
\ (x – 5) (13x + 24) = 0
\ x = 8 or x = –7
\ x ≠ –7 as it is a digit and cannot be negative. \ x – 5 = 0 or 13x + 24 = 0

\ x = 8. \ x = 5 or x =
Now, 8 × y = 56 ...[From (i)]
56 \ x≠ as time cannot be negative.
\ y=
8
\ y= 7 \ x = 5 and x + 3 = 5 + 3 = 8

\ Hence, the number is 10 × 8 + 7 = 87. \ Time taken by two pipes to fill the cistern
separately are 5 minutes and 8 minutes.
(7) Two pipes running together can fill a cistern in
1 (8) If the sum of roots of the quadratic equation is
3 minutes. If one pipe takes 3 minutes more
13 1 1 1
+
than the other to fill it, find the time in which x + p x + q = r is zero, show that the product
each pipe would fill the cistern. (4 marks)
 p 2  q2 
Solution: of the roots is –  . (4 marks)
 2 
Let the time taken by other pipe to fill the cistern  
be x minutes. Solution
\ Time taken by first pipe to fill the cistern 1 1 1
+ =
= (x + 3) minutes x+p x+q r
184 Master Key Mathematics I - Algebra (Std. X)

x+q+x+p  p 2  q2 
\ = 1
( x + p )( x + q ) r \ ab = –  
 2 
 
\ 2x + q + p = 1
x 2 + qx + px + pq r (9) Solve : x 2  16  x 2  8 x  16  x 2  5 x  4
\ r(2x + p + q) = x2 + qx + px + pq (4 marks)
\ 2rx + pr + qr = x2 + qx + px + pq Solution

\ 0 = x2 + qx + px + pq – 2rx – pr – qr x 2  16  x 2  8 x  16  x 2  5x  4
\ x2 + qx + px – 2rx + pq – pr – qr = 0 \ ( x  4 )( x  4 )  ( x  4 )2  ( x  4 )( x  1)
\ x + x(q + p –2r) + pq – pr – qr = 0
2

\ x2 + (p + q –2r)x + (pq – pr – qr) = 0 ...(i)

\ ( x  4 )( x  4 )  ( x  4 )2  ( x  4 )( x  1) = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get, \ x  4  x  4  ( x  4 )  x  1  = 0
 
a = 1, b = p + q –2r, c = pq – pr – qr
Let a and b be the roots of equation (i).
\ x - 4 = 0 or x4  x4  x1 = 0

\ x – 4 = 0 or x4  x4  x1

Let a + b =
\ x=4 or x4  x4  x1
( p  q  2r )
=
1 Now, x  4  x  4  x  1 ...(i)
a+b = – p – q +2r
  = x – 1 ...(Squaring both sides)
2
\ x4  x4
But a + b = 0 .....[Given]
\ – p + q –2r = 0 \ x + 4 – 2 ( x  4 )( x  4 ) + x – 4 = x – 1
\ 2r = p+q
\ 2x – 2 x 2  16 = x – 1
p+q
\ r =
2 \ 2x – x + 1 = 2 x 2  16
Also, ab =
\ x + 1 = 2 x 2  16
pq − pr − qr \ (x + 1)2 = 4(x2 – 16)...(Squaring both sides)
=
1
\ x2 + 2x + 1 = 4x2 – 64
= pq – pr – qr
\ 4x2 – x2 – 2x – 64 – 1̀ = 0
= pq – r(p + q)
\ 3x2 – 2x – 65 = 0
p  q p+q
= pq –   (p + q) .... [r = ] \ 3x2 – 15x + 13x – 65 = 0
 2
 2  \ 3x(x – 5) + 13(x – 5) = 0
( p + q )2
= pq – \ (3x + 13) (x – 5) = 0
2
\ 3x + 13 = 0 or x – 5 = 0
2 pq  ( p  q )2
= 13
2 \ x= or x = 5
3
2 pq  ( p 2  2 pq  q 2 )
= 13
2 Now, x ≠ as it does not satisfy the (i)
3
2 pq p 2  2 pq  q 2
= \
2 Hence, the roots of the given equation
 p2  q2 are 4 and 5.
=
2

vvv
Challenging Questions 185

Solution:
3. Arithmetic Progression Given: Sm = n, Sn = m
To prove : Sm+n = – (m + n)
(1) 200 logs of wood are stacked in the following
Proof:
manner: 20 logs in the bottom row, 19 in the next
row, 18 in the row next to it and so on. In how Sm = [2a + (m –1) d]
many rows 200 logs are placed and how many
logs are there in the top row? (4 marks) \ n = [2a + (m –1) d] ...(i)
Solution:
The arrangement of logs Sn = [2a + (n –1) d]
20, 19, 18, .... forms an A.P. with a = 20, d = –1
Let 200 logs be arranged in n rows. m = [2a + (n –1) d] ...(ii)

Sn = 200 Subtracting (ii) from (i)

Sn = [2a + (n –1) d] \ n–m = [2a + (m –1)d] – [2a + (n –1) d]

\ 200 = [2 ´ 20 + (n –1)(–1)] \ 2(n – m) = m[2a + (m –1) d] – n[2a + (n –1) d]

\ 2(n – m) = m[2a + md – d] – n[2a + nd – d]
\ 400 = n [40 – n + 1]
\ 2(n – m) = 2am + m2d – md – 2an – n2d + nd
\ 400 = n [41 – n]
\ 2(n – m) = 2am – 2an + m2d – n2d – md + nd
\ 400 = 41n – n2
\ 2(n – m) = 2a(m – n) + d(m2 – n2) – d(m – n)
\ n – 41n + 400 = 0
2
\ –2(m – n) = 2a(m–n) + d(m+n)(m–n) – d(m – n)
\ n – 25n – 16n + 400 = 0
2
Dividing throughout by m – n,
\ n(n – 25) – 16(n – 25) = 0 \ –2 = 2a + d(m + n) – d
\ (n – 25) (n – 16) = 0 \ –2 = 2a + d(m + n – 1) ...(iii)
\ n – 25 = 0 or n – 16 = 0
Now, Sm + n = [2a + d(m + n – 1)]
\ n = 25 or n = 16
If n = 25 \ Sm + n = [–2] ....[From (iii)]
tn = a + (n –1) d
\ t25 = 20 + (25 – 1) (– 1) \ Sm + n = m + n(–1)

= 20 + 24 (– 1) \ Sm+n = – (m + n)
= 20 – 24
(3) How many terms of the A.P. 16, 14, 12, ..... are
t25 = –4
needed to given the sum 60? Explain why we
No. of logs in the 25th row cannot be negative get two answers. (4 marks)
\ n ≠ 25 \ n = 16 Solution:
tn = a + (n –1) d For the A.P. 16, 14, 12, .....
\ t16 = 20 + (16 – 1) (– 1) a = 16, d = 14 – 16 = –2
= 20 + 15 (–1) Let Sn = 60

= 20 – 15 Sn = [2a + (n –1) d]
t16 = 5
\ 60 = [2 ´ 16 + (n –1)(–2)]
200 logs are placed in 16 rows and there
\
are 5 logs in the top row. \ 120 = n [32 – 2n + 2]
\ 120 = n [34 – 2n]
(2) If sum of m terms is n and sum of n terms is \ 120 = 34n – 2n2
m, then show that the sum of (m + n) terms is \ 2n2 – 34n + 120 = 0
– (m + n). (4 marks)
\ n2 – 17n + 60 = 0 ... [Dividing both sides by 2]
186 Master Key Mathematics I - Algebra (Std. X)

\ n2 – 12n – 5n + 60 = 0 Subtracting (i) from (iii), we get

\ n(n – 12) – 5(n – 12) = 0 n = a + (r – 1) d
\ (n – 12) (n – 5) = 0 l = a + (p – 1) d
\ n – 12 = 0 or n – 5 = 0 (–) (–) (–)
\ n = 12 or n = 5 \ n–l = (r – 1) d – (p – 1) d
\ The number of terms required to give a sum \ n–l = (r – 1 – p + 1)d
of 60 are 12 or 5.
\ n–l = (r – p)d
The reason for getting two answers is the
common difference is –2 and the progression \ = (r – p) ...(vi)
is towards the negative side.
The A. P. is as follows: Now, (q – r)l + (r – p)m + (p – q)n
16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, –2, –4, –6..... m  n n  l  l  m 
=   l +   m +   n
S5 = 16 + 14 + 12 + 10 + 8 = 60  d   d   d 
S12 = 16 + 14 + 12 + 10 + 8 + 6 + 4 + 2 + 0 – 2 ...[From (iv), (v), (vi)]
– 4 – 6 = 60 = [lm – ln + mn – lm + ln – mn]
(4) If p , q and r terms of an A. P. are l, m, n
th th th
= 0
respectively, show that
(q – r)l + (r – p)m + (p – q)n = 0 (4 marks) Hence proved.
Solution: (5) Jinal saves ` 1600 during the first year, ` 2100
Given : tp = l, tq = m, tr = n in the second year, ` 2600 in the third year, If
Let the 1st term of given A.P. be a and d be the she continues her saving in this pattern, in how
common difference. many years will she save ` 38,500? (4 marks)
tn = a + (n – 1) d Solution:
\ tp = a + (p – 1) d Pattern of her saving is ` 1600, ` 2100, ` 2600, ....
\ l = a + (p – 1) d ...(i) It is an A.P. with a = 1600, d = 2100 – 1600 = 500
Also, Sn = 38500
\ tq = a + (q – 1) d
\ m = a + (q – 1) d ...(ii) Sn = [2a + (n –1) d]
\ tr = a + (r – 1) d
\ 38500 = [2 ´ 1600 + (n –1)500]
\ n = a + (r – 1) d ...(iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get \ 77000 = n [3200 + 500n – 500]
l = a + (p – 1) d \ 77000 = n [2700 + 500n]
– m = a + (q – 1) d \ 77000 = 2700n + 500n2
(–) (–) (–) \ 500n2 + 2700n – 77000 = 0
l – m = (p – 1) d – (q – 1) d \ 5n2 + 27n – 770 = 0
\ l – m = (p – 1 – q + 1)d ...[Dividing both sides by 100]
\ l – m = (p – q)d \ 5n + 77n – 50n – 770 = 0
2

\ = (p – q) ...(iv) \ n(5n + 77) – 10(5n + 77) = 0

\ (n – 10) (5n + 77) = 0
Subtracting (iii) from (ii), we get
\ n – 10 = 0 or 5n + 77 = 0
m = a + (q – 1) d
n = a + (r – 1) d \ n = 10 or n =
(–) (–) (–)
\ m – n = (q – 1) d – (r – 1) d Now n = (Not possible as n is natural number)
\ m – n = (q – 1 – r + 1)d
\ n = 10
\ m – n = (q – r)d
\ Jinal will save ` 38500 in 10 years.
\ = (q – r) ...(v)
Challenging Questions 187

(6) Find the middle term of sequence formed by all

three digit numbers which leave a remainder 3 4. Financial Planning
when divided by 4. Also find sum of all numbers
on both sides of the middle term. (4 marks) (1) Mr. Modi invested ` 30,120 in equity shares of
Solution: FV `10, when the market value was ` 60. After
receiving dividend on them at 90%, he sold
The sequence formed by the given numbers is
them at MV of ` 55. In each transaction he paid
103, 107, 111, 115, .... , 999.
0.4%. What was the total gain or loss in this
This is an A.P. with a = 103, d = 107 – 103 = 4 and
transaction? (4 marks)
tn = 999
Solution:
tn = a + (n –1) d
Rate of GST is not given, so it is not considered.
\ 999 = 103 + (n –1) 4
Shares Purchased : FV = ` 10, MV = ` 60
\ 896 = 4n – 4
\ 4n = 900 Brokerage per share = × 60

\ n= = ` 0.24
\ Cost of one share = 60 + 0.24
\ n = 225
th = ` 60.24
\ Middle term = term 30120
Number of shares purchased =
60.24
th

= term = 500
Shares sold : FV = ` 10, MV = ` 55
= \ Brokerage per share = × 55

= 113th term. = ` 0.22

tn = a + (n –1) d \ Selling price per share = 55 – 0.22
\ t113 = 103 + (113 –1) 4 = ` 54.78
\ = 103 + 112 × 4 \ Selling price of 500 shares = 500 × 54.78
= 103 + 448 = ` 27,390
t113 = 551
Dividend received 90%
Now, t112 = 551 – 4 = 547
\ Dividend per share = × 10
So, we have to find S112 and (S225 – S113)
= `9
Sn = [t1 + tn]
\ Dividend of 500 shares = 9 × 500
\ S112 = [103 + 547] = ` 4,500
Mr. Modi’s income = ` 27,390 + ` 4,500
\ = × 650 = ` 31,890
Sum invested = ` 30,120
\ S112 = 36400
\ Profit = 31,890 – 30,120 = ` 1,770
Similarly ,
\ Mr. Modi made a profit of ` 1770 in the whole
S225 – S113 = (103 + 999) – (103 + 551) transaction.

= (225 × 551) – (113 × 327) (2) Usha Joshi invested an equal amount in two
= 123975 – 36951 companies by purchasing equity shares with MV
= 87024 ` 145 and ` 160 each. The FV is same and it is ` 100
Sum of all members on LHS of middle for both the shares. At the end of the year, both
\ companies declared the dividends at 20% and
term is 36400 and sum of all numbers on
RHS of the middle term is 87024. 30% each; In which company was her investment
profitable? (4 marks)
vvv
188 Master Key Mathematics I - Algebra (Std. X)

Solution:
\ Number of shares =
Rate of GST and brokerage is not given, so it is
not considered.
Suppose the amount invested by Usha Joshi in =
both the companies is ` 23,200 (i.e. ` 145 ´ ` 160)

Company 1 Company 2 = 2000

Amount Invested ` 23,200 ` 23,200 \ Mr. Deepak Pal purchased 2000 shares.
MV per share ` 145 ` 160
(4) Star Pharma purchased some chemicals for
Brokerage per share ` 0 ` 0 ` 8,000 (with GST) and sold it to the M/s. Pooja
[ Brokerage is not Chemicals for ` 10,000 (with GST). Rate of GST
mentioned]
is 18%. Find the amount of CGST and SGST to
\ cost of one share ` 145 ` 160 be paid by Star Pharma. (4 marks)
Solution:
No. of shares
purchased = 160 = 145 Total value (including GST) = Taxable value + GST

\ The ratio of is constant as the

Dividend declared 20% 30%
FV per share ` 100 ` 100 rate of GST is same.
Dividend per share (i) For total value of ` 118, the taxable value is
= × 100 = × 100 ` 100 and for total value of ` 8000, let taxable
= ` 20 value be ` x.
= ` 30

Dividend on shares = 160 ´ 20 145 ´ 30 \ =

= ` 3200 = ` 4350
\ x =
\ Company 2 gives more amount of dividend than
Company 1. \ x = ` 6779.66
\ Investment in company 2 is more profitable. \ GST paid at the time of the purchase
= 8000 – 6779.66
(3) Mr. Deepak Pal invested ` 1,00,354 in shares of
= ` 1220.34
FV ` 100, when the market value is ` 50. Rate of
brokerage is 0.3% and rate of GST on brokerage \ Input tax = ` 1220.34
is 18%, then how many shares were purchased? \ ITC = ` 1220.34 ...(i)
(4 marks) (ii) For total value of ` 10,000, let taxable value be ` y.
Solution:
\ =
FV = ` 100, MV = ` 50
\ Brokerage per share = 0.3% of ` 50
\ y =
= × 50
\ y = ` 8474.58
= ` 0.15
\ Output Tax = 10000 – 8474.58
\ GST per share = 18 % of ` 0.15
= ` 1525.42 ...(ii)
= × 0.15 \ GST payable = Output tax – ITC
= ` 1525.42 – ` 1220.34
= ` 0.027 [From i, ii]
Cost of 1 share = MV + Brokerage + GST = ` 305.08
= 50 + 0.15 + 0.027 \ Payable CGST = Payable SGST
= ` 50.177
Challenging Questions 189

(6) Mr. Joshi purchased 250 shares of FV ` 100 for

= MV of ` 500. Find the sum invested. After taking
= ` 152.54 40% dividend, he sold all the shares when
market value was ` 400. He paid 0.1% brokerage
\ Star Pharma has to pay ` 152.54 for each trading done. Find the percentage of
CGST and ` 152.54 SGST. profit or loss in the share trading. (4 marks)
(5) A manufacturer sold electric goods for a taxable Solution:
value of ` 40,000 to the wholeseller. Wholeseller Shares Purchased : FV = ` 100, MV = ` 500
sold it to the retailer for ` 48,000 (taxable value). No. of shares = 250
Retailer sold it to a customer for ` 52,000 (taxable
value). Rate of GST is 18%. Find the CGST and Brokerage per share = × 500
SGST payable at each stage of trading. Also
show statement of GST payable at each stage of = ` 0.5
trading. (4 marks) \ Cost of one share = MV + Brokerage
Solution: = 500 + 0.5
Output tax of manufacturer = 12% of 40,000 = ` 500.5
= × 40,000 \ Cost of 250 shares = 250 × 500.5
= ` 1,25,125
= ` 4800
\ Sum invested by Mr. Joshi is ` 1,25,125.
\ GST payable by manufacturer = ` 4800
Output tax of wholeseller = 12% of 48,000 Shares sold : FV = ` 100, MV = ` 400

= × 48,000 Brokerage per share = × 400

= ` 0.4
= ` 5760
\ Selling price of per share = MV – Brokerage
\ GST payable by wholeseller = Output tax – ITC
= 400 – 0.4
= 5760 – 4800 = ` 399.6
= ` 960 \ Selling price of 250 shares = 250 × 399.6
Output tax of Retailer = 12% of 52,000 = ` 99,900
Dividend received 40%.
= × 52,000 \ Dividend per share = × 100

= ` 6240 = ` 40
\ GST payable by Retailer = Output tax – ITC \ Dividend on 250 shares = 40 × 250
= 6240 – 5760 = ` 10,000
\ Mr. Joshi’s income = ` 99,900 + ` 10,000
= ` 480
= ` 1,09,900
Statement of GST payable at each stage of trading.
But, sum invested by Mr. Joshi = ` 1,25,125
Persons Payable Payable Payable \ Loss = 1,25,125 – 1,09,900
GST CGST SGST = ` 15,225
Manufacturer ` 4800 ` 2400 ` 2400
Loss Percent = × 100
Wholeseller ` 960 ` 480 ` 480
Retailer ` 480 ` 240 ` 240 = × 100

Total Tax ` 6240 ` 3120 ` 3120 = 12.17

\ Mr. Joshi incurred a loss of 12.17%
in this trading.
vvv
190 Master Key Mathematics I - Algebra (Std. X)

Let A be the event that the extra day is a Sunday.

5. Probability A = {Sunday}
\ n(A) = 1
(1) Two customers Sumit and Amit are visiting a
particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to P (A) = =
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the
shop on any day as on another day. What is the \ The probability that an ordinary year
probability that both will visit the shop on:
has 53 Sundays is .
(i) the same day (ii) different days
(iii) Consecutive days. (4 marks)
Solution: (3) What is the probability that a leap year has 53
Total possible ways of visiting shop by them Sundays ? (4 marks)
= 5 × 5 = 25 Solution:
\ n(S) = 25 A leap year has 366 days, which is equivalent to
(i) Let A be the event of visiting the shop by them on 52 weeks and 2 days.
the same day. 52 weeks will have 52 Sundays.
\ n (A) = 5 The sample space for remaining two days can be
as follows:
P (A) = \ S= {Sunday-Monday, Monday-Tuesday,
Tuesday -Wednesday, Wednesday
P (A) = = Thursday, Thursday-Friday, Friday-
Saturday}
(ii) Let B be the event of visiting the shop by them on
\ n(S) = 7
the consecutive days.
Let A be the event of getting 53rd Sunday in
Sumit : Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday remaining 2 days.
Amit : Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday A = {Saturday-Sunday, Sunday-Monday}
\ n(A) = 2
Amit : Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday P (A) = =
Sumit : Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
\ The probability that a leap year
\ n (B) = 8
has 53 Sundays is .
P (B) = =
(4) A missing helicopter is reported to have crashed
(iii) Let C be the event of visiting the shop by them on somewhere in the rectangular region as shown
different days. in figure. What is the probability that it crashed
\ n (C) = 25 – 5 = 20 inside the lake shown in the figure? (4 marks)

P (C) =

P (V) = =

(2) What is the probability than an ordinary year

has 53 Sundays? (4 marks)
Solution:
An ordinary year has 365 days.
i.e. 52 weeks and 1 extra day. Solution:
52 weeks will have 52 Sundays. For rectangular region:
The sample space for one extra day is Length = 9 km, Breadth = 4.5 km
S = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Area of rectangular region = Length × Breadth
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday} = 9 × 4.5
\ n(S) = 7 = 40.5 sq. km
Challenging Questions 191

For rectangular Lake: Let A be the event that the value of a, b, c

length = 9 – 6 = 3 km selected in such a way that the roots of equation
breadth = 4.5 – 2 = 2.5 km are real.
Area of rectangular lake = length × breadth \ n(A) = 43
= 3 × 2.5 P (A) = =
= 7.5 sq. km
Let A be the event that the helicopter crashed \ P (A) =
inside the lake.
(6) A box contains 12 balls, out of which x are black,
P(A) = (i) If one ball is drawn at random, what is the
probability that it will be a black ball?
= (ii) If 6 more black balls are put in the bag, the
probability of drawing a black ball will double
than that in (i), find x. (4 marks)
=
Solution:
(i) Total number of balls = 12
P(A) = Number of black balls = x
 �
\ Probability of getting a black ball = 
(5) Each coefficient in equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is  12 
obtained by throwing an ordinary die. Find the (ii) If 6 more black balls added in the box, then
probability that the equation has real roots. total number of black balls = x + 6
(4 marks) Total no. of balls in the box = 12 + 6 = 18
Solution: \ Probability of getting a black balls =
ax2 + bx + c = 0
a, b and c can be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in According to given condition,
63 ways.  �
= 2 × 
\ n(S) = 216  12 
For the equation to have real roots, \ =
b2 – 4ac > 0
b2 ³ 4ac \ 6x + 36 = 18x
The values of a, b and c satisfying the above \ 36 = 18x – 6x
condition can be tabulated: \ 36 = 12x
No. of favourable \ x =
b a and c
cases
\ x = 3
2 (1, 1) 1
3 (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1) 3 \ Number of black balls are 3.
4 (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), 8 (7) In the adjoining figure,
(1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), a dart thrown lands in the
(3, 1), (4, 1) interior of the circle. What
5 (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), 14 is the probability that the
(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), dart will land in the shaded
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), region. (4 marks)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), Solution:
(5, 1) (6, 1)
ABCD is a rectangle.
6 (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), 17 \ m ABC = 90° [Angle of a rectangle]
(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
In D ABC,
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),
(2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), AC2 = AB2 + BC2 [Pythagoras theorem]
(3, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), =8 +6
2 2

(5, 1) (6, 1) = 64 + 36
There are 43 favourable caseds. \ AC = 100
2
192 Master Key Mathematics I - Algebra (Std. X)

\ AC = 10 units \ 50 (92 + f) = 5160 + 30f

\ radius of circle = = 5 units. \ 4600 + 50f = 5160 + 30f
Area of circle = pr 2 \ 50f – 30f = 5160 – 4600
= 3.14 × 52 \ 20f = 560
= 3.14 × 25
\ f = = 28
= 78.5 sq. units
Area of rectangle ABCD = l × b \ f = 28
=8×6
= 48 sq. units (2) An incomplete frequency distribution is given
\ Area of shaded region = Area of circle – as follows:
Area of rectangle
= 78.5 – 48 Class interval Frequency
= 30.5 sq. units 10 - 20 12
Let A be the event that dart lands in the 20 - 30 30
shaded region. 30 - 40 ?
40 - 50 65
P (A) = 50 - 60 ?
60 - 70 25
= 70 - 80 18
Total 229
=
Given that median value is 46, determine
the missing frequencies using the medians
\ P (A) =
formula. (4 marks)
Solution:
vvv
Median is 46 it lies in the class 40 - 50 and the
6. Statistics corresponding frequency is 65.

(1) The mean of the following frequency distribution Classes Frequency Cumulative frequency (c.f.)
is 50. Find the value of f : (4 marks) 10 - 20 12 12
20 - 30 30 42
Class
10 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60- 80 80 - 100 30 - 40 f1 42 + f1
interval
40 - 50 65 f 42 + f1 + 65 = 107 + f1
Frequency 14 f 32 24 19
50 - 60
f2 107 + f1 + f2
Solution: 60 - 70
25 107 + f1 + f2 + 25 = 132 + + f1 + f2
70 - 80
Class Class 18 132+ f1 + f2 + 18 = 150 + + f1 + f2 = 229
frequency
intervals marks (xi) (f) fixi Total 229
0 - 20 10 17 170 From the last c.f.
20 - 40 30 f 30 f 150 + f1 + f2 = 229
40 - 60 50 32 1600 \ f1 + f2 = 229 – 150
60 - 80 70 24 1680
\ f1 + f2 = 79
80 - 100 90 19 1710
\ f2 = 79 – f1 ....(i)
Total Sfi Sfi xi = 5160 + 30 f
Median = L +

Mean ( ) = Where L = 40, N = 229, c.f. = 42 +f1, h = 10, f = 65

\ 50 = Median = 40 +
Challenging Questions 193

\ 46 = 40 +
= 60 + 20

\ 46 – 40 =
= 60 + 20

\ =
= 60 + 20

\ 39 = \ Mode = 60 + 5.625 = 65.625

\ Mode = 65.625 hours.
\ 78 = 229 – 84 – 2f1
(4) The adjoining pie-diagram shows the
\ 2f1 = 229 – 84 – 78
percentage distribution of the expenditure
\ 2f1 = 67 incurred in publishing a book. Study the
\ f1 = diagram and answer the questions:
(a) If for certain quantity of books, the publisher
\ f1 = 33.5 = 34 has to pay ` 30,600 as printing, then what will
be the amount of royalty to be paid for these
\ f2 = 79 – f1 [From (i)]
books?
\ f2 = 79 – 34 (b) What is the central angle of the sector
\ f2 = 45 corresponding to the expenditure incurred on
Royalty? (3 marks)
Hence, f1 = 34 and f2 = 45
Solution:
(3) The following data gives the information on
the observed life time (in hour) of 225 electrical
components:

Lifetime (in hours) Frequency

0 - 20 10
20 - 40 35
40 - 60 52
60 - 80 61
80 - 100 38
(a) Let the total cost for certain quantity of books be
100 - 120 29
` ‘x’
Determine the modal life time of the Printing cost = 20% of x
components. (3 marks)
Solution: 30600 = ×x
The class having maximum frequency is
60 - 80 is the modal class. =x

Lifetime (in hour) Frequency x = ` 1,53,000

0 - 20 10 Royalty paid for these books = 15% of total cost
20 - 40 35 = × 153000
40 - 60 52 f1
60 - 80 61 f0 = 15 × 1530
80 - 100 38 f2 = ` 22,950
100 - 120 29
(b) Measure of central angle for Royalty
The modal class is 60 - 80 and L = 60, f1 = 52,
f0 = 61, f2 = 38, h = 20 = × 360 = 54°
 �
0 − 1� 

Mode = L +  2 �− � h
 0 1− �2 vvv