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Note

Friction is a force opposing the relative motion between two surfaces in contact, influenced by surface roughness, pressure, and material nature. It has various types including static, sliding, and rolling friction, each with distinct characteristics and effects. While friction is beneficial for movement and writing, it also causes wear, energy loss, and can hinder motion, making it a necessary evil that can be increased or reduced based on circumstances.

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23 views2 pages

Note

Friction is a force opposing the relative motion between two surfaces in contact, influenced by surface roughness, pressure, and material nature. It has various types including static, sliding, and rolling friction, each with distinct characteristics and effects. While friction is beneficial for movement and writing, it also causes wear, energy loss, and can hinder motion, making it a necessary evil that can be increased or reduced based on circumstances.

Uploaded by

aryasajeev5033
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter – 12

Friction

Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of objects in
contact. The force of friction always acts in a direction opposite to that of the applied force.

Causes of Friction: Friction exists between two surfaces due to irregularities on the
surfaces of the objects in contact, interlocking of micro-level irregularities of the two surfaces
and ploughing of harder surfaces into smoother surfaces.

Factors That Affect Friction


• Roughness of the surface
• The extent to which the two surfaces press together
• Nature of the surface

· Types of Friction:

(i) Static Friction: When a body is at rest, the force of friction is called the static friction and
is always equal and opposite to the applied force. The force of friction which acts when the
body is just at the verge of sliding on the surface is called limiting friction.

(ii) Sliding friction: The friction force which opposes the actual relative sliding motion
between two contact surfaces. Sliding friction is smaller than static friction.

(iii) Rolling Friction: The frictional force that exists between two surfaces when a body rolls
over the other. Rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction.

Effects of Friction
• Friction produces heat.
• Friction causes wear and tear.
• Friction opposes motion.

Advantages of Friction
• Friction between pen and paper enables us to write on the paper.
• Friction between our feet and the ground allows our movements like standing, walking
and running.
• Friction between the surface of the road and tyres of our vehicles allow the vehicles to
move without slipping.

Disadvantages of Friction
• Friction causes moving objects to stop or slow down.
• Friction produces heat causing wastage of energy in machines.
• Friction causes wear and tear of moving parts of machinery, soles of shoes, etc.

Friction is a necessary Evil: As friction is advantageous to us it is considered as a friend but


due to its disadvantages it is a foe. Depending on the circumstance, friction can be a help or a
hindrance. Thus it is a necessary evil.

Increasing Friction: By pressing the surfaces together more strongly. For e.g. when brakes
are applied on a bicycle or car, the brake pads press against a moving part of the wheel and
the force of friction increases.

Friction can be increased by increasing the roughness of the surfaces in contact. For
example, treading of shoes and tyres is done to increase friction.

Reducing Friction: Friction between the sliding surfaces of two objects can be reduced by
making the surfaces in contact smooth by polishing them.

Sliding friction between the moving parts of vehicles and machinery can be reduced by using
oil, grease,graphite or any other lubricant.

Rolling friction is less than sliding friction. Hence, sliding friction is replaced by rolling
friction by using rollers, like ball bearings between the hub and the axles in the moving parts
of machines and vehicles.

Friction is reduced by providing wheels, e.g. suitcase, school bags of kids, etc.

Aeroplanes, boats, fishes and birds which move through fluids have bodies of special shape,
called streamlined shape, so as to reduce the friction due to fluid and avoid energy loss.

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