Fundamentals of Signal Processing - Version 0.1
Fundamentals of Signal Processing - Version 0.1
1. Signals:
• Definition: A signal is any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any
other independent variable. It carries information.
• Examples:
o Audio: Sound waves represented as changes in air pressure over time.
o Images: Variations in light intensity across a two-dimensional space.
o Electrical signals: Voltage or current changes in a circuit.
o Biological signals: Brain waves (EEG), heart activity (ECG).
• Types:
o Analog: Continuous signals that can take any value within a range (e.g., a
voltage that varies smoothly).
o Digital: Discrete signals that take on specific values, often represented as
a sequence of numbers (e.g., a series of 0s and 1s).
2. Spectra:
• Definition: The spectrum of a signal describes its frequency content. It shows
how much of the signal's energy is present at different frequencies.
• How it's obtained: Often calculated using the Fourier Transform, which
decomposes a signal into its constituent frequencies.
• Representation: Typically visualized as a graph with frequency on the x-axis and
amplitude (or power) on the y-axis.
• Importance:
o Reveals the dominant frequencies in a signal.
o Helps in understanding signal characteristics and behavior.
o Crucial for tasks like filtering, noise reduction, and signal analysis.
3. Signal Processing:
• Definition: The manipulation and analysis of signals to extract useful information
or modify their characteristics.
• Techniques:
o Filtering: Removing unwanted frequencies or noise from a signal.
o Amplification: Increasing the strength of a signal.
o Modulation/Demodulation: Encoding information onto a carrier signal for
transmission and retrieving it at the receiver.
o Compression: Reducing the size of a signal for efficient storage or
transmission.
o Analysis: Extracting features from a signal, such as frequency content,
patterns, or trends.
• Applications:
o Audio and video processing: Enhancing sound quality, noise reduction,
image compression.
o Telecommunications: Signal transmission, error correction.
o Medical imaging: Analyzing medical scans (X-rays, MRIs).
o Biomedical engineering: Processing physiological signals (ECG, EEG).
o Control systems: Controlling the behavior of systems based on feedback
signals.