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Fundamentals of Signal Processing - Version 0.1

The document outlines the fundamentals of signal processing, defining signals as physical quantities that vary and carry information, with examples including audio, images, and biological signals. It discusses the concept of spectra, which describes a signal's frequency content, and the importance of techniques such as filtering, amplification, and modulation in signal processing. Applications of signal processing are highlighted in areas like audio/video processing, telecommunications, medical imaging, and control systems.

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Marcus Green
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38 views2 pages

Fundamentals of Signal Processing - Version 0.1

The document outlines the fundamentals of signal processing, defining signals as physical quantities that vary and carry information, with examples including audio, images, and biological signals. It discusses the concept of spectra, which describes a signal's frequency content, and the importance of techniques such as filtering, amplification, and modulation in signal processing. Applications of signal processing are highlighted in areas like audio/video processing, telecommunications, medical imaging, and control systems.

Uploaded by

Marcus Green
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTALS OF SIGNAL PROCESSING

1. Signals:
• Definition: A signal is any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any
other independent variable. It carries information.
• Examples:
o Audio: Sound waves represented as changes in air pressure over time.
o Images: Variations in light intensity across a two-dimensional space.
o Electrical signals: Voltage or current changes in a circuit.
o Biological signals: Brain waves (EEG), heart activity (ECG).
• Types:
o Analog: Continuous signals that can take any value within a range (e.g., a
voltage that varies smoothly).
o Digital: Discrete signals that take on specific values, often represented as
a sequence of numbers (e.g., a series of 0s and 1s).
2. Spectra:
• Definition: The spectrum of a signal describes its frequency content. It shows
how much of the signal's energy is present at different frequencies.
• How it's obtained: Often calculated using the Fourier Transform, which
decomposes a signal into its constituent frequencies.
• Representation: Typically visualized as a graph with frequency on the x-axis and
amplitude (or power) on the y-axis.
• Importance:
o Reveals the dominant frequencies in a signal.
o Helps in understanding signal characteristics and behavior.
o Crucial for tasks like filtering, noise reduction, and signal analysis.
3. Signal Processing:
• Definition: The manipulation and analysis of signals to extract useful information
or modify their characteristics.
• Techniques:
o Filtering: Removing unwanted frequencies or noise from a signal.
o Amplification: Increasing the strength of a signal.
o Modulation/Demodulation: Encoding information onto a carrier signal for
transmission and retrieving it at the receiver.
o Compression: Reducing the size of a signal for efficient storage or
transmission.
o Analysis: Extracting features from a signal, such as frequency content,
patterns, or trends.
• Applications:
o Audio and video processing: Enhancing sound quality, noise reduction,
image compression.
o Telecommunications: Signal transmission, error correction.
o Medical imaging: Analyzing medical scans (X-rays, MRIs).
o Biomedical engineering: Processing physiological signals (ECG, EEG).
o Control systems: Controlling the behavior of systems based on feedback
signals.

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