Informative Communication or Expository Communication

-​ involves giving than asking convey information factually

-​ by sharing information, ignorance is reduced, if not eliminated
-​ informative value of a message is measured by how novel and relevant the information
is or the kind of understanding it provides the receivers
-​
Informative Communication arises out of 3 Deep Impulses
-​ We seek to expand our awareness of the world around us.
-​ We seek to become more competent.
-​ We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and how they are made

Informative Presentation Tips

a. Stick to the facts
-​ Giving factual information is integral. informative communication always deals with facts
b. Avoid repetition
-​ first rule in relying information to the listener / reader
-​ in explaining and detailing facts, no listener / reader would like to hear / read the same
information presented in a work
c. Make it clear
-​ one has to follow the basic paragraph pattern by introducing the subject, and then
develop it through examples and details that will lead the reader to the relevant
conclusion

Persuasive Communication
-​ art of gaining fair and favorable considerations for our point of view
●​ Persuasion
-​ convinces listeners / readers to support an idea
-​ pushing across an idea and convincing people or readers to support the idea one
wants to convey
●​ Persuasive Writing
-​ this kind of discourse requires one to be mindful of the choices of words; should
be strong enough to convince others, but soft enough to be relatable

Tips in Persuasive Presentation Preparation

a. Be objective, but subjective
-​ make sure your subjective point is coming across, but also make sure that what you
want to convey is backed up by objective claims from sources
b. Use your brain, not your heart
-​ speaking / writing with pure emotions may make the presentation too subjective, and the
receivers may think that the speaker / writer have his/her own prejudices
c. Cite, cite, cite
-​ always cite and annotate sources always give credit where credit is due
Argumentative Communication
-​ relies heavily on sound proof and reasoning
-​ one needs to make a claim, and need to defend the claim by supporting it with facts and
evidences from varied and credible sources

3 Primary Forms of Proof (Aristotle)

a. logos
b. ethos
c. pathos
d. mythos - suggests that we respond to appeals to the traditions and values of our culture
and to the legends and folktales that embody them
Argumentation
-​ tries to make listeners / readers believe that the one’s idea is better based on the various
reasons at hand

Avoid Defective Argumentation (Lucas, 2007)

1. Defective evidence
●​ Misuse of facts
●​ Statistical fallacies
●​ Defective Testimony
●​ Inappropriate evidence
2. Defective Patterns of Reasoning
●​ Evidential fallacies
-​ Slippery slope
-​ Confusing facts with opinion
-​ Red herring
-​ Myth of the mean
●​ Flawed proofs
●​ Defective arguments

Writing an Argumentative Text Reminders

a. It is a one-way debate
-​ readers cannot make a counterclaim because you are not presently there.
-​ make sure that your claim is ‘bullet-proof’ – whatever counterclaim that you assume can
be addressed at your work.
b. Move the reader to action
Work should answer the following questions:
-​ What now if I convince the reader with my assertion?
-​ Will there be a change in mind?
-​ Would it make the reader let go of previous ideas?
c. End with a punch
-​ a strong conclusion makes sure that the reader understood what you want to convey
using a conclusion to point out the importance or necessity of the claim will change the mind of
the audience to support the assertion
PUBLIC SPEAKING (Lucas (2015) noted how people used public speaking as a vital means
of communication through history)
-​ process of speaking in a structured, deliberate manner to inform, influence or entertain
an audience way of making ideas public – sharing with other people and of influencing
other people
-​ The growth of the internet and other technologies has not reduced the need for public
speaking. In the age of Social Media, business are concerned that college graduates are
losing the ability to talk in a professional way

Awareness of fear of public speaking is a good start point.

With awareness, one acknowledges the need to take action to overcome that fear.
One also need a strong reason to overcome that fear.
Not all professions require public speaking skills, public speaking is an essential skill in
academics.
In professions, such as business, education, mass media, etc., public speaking skills are a
requirement.
Some professions, public speaking skills are an advantage

“It’s rare to find somebody who has that combination of really good technical skills and really
good verbal communication skills.”
~ Lindsay Pollak, career expert

“One who forms a judgement on any point, but cannot explain it clearly might as well never
thought at all on the subject.”
~Pericles

Fear of public speaking is common to most people, but many have turned public speaking into
their ticket to success.

“Your ability to communicate with others will account for fully 85% of your success in your
business and in your life.”
~ Brian Tracy

What apparently matters is ones reaction to fear of public speaking.

“Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear – not absence of fear.”

~ Mark Twain

3 Major Differences between Conversation and Public Speaking Lucas (2015)

1. Public Speaking is more highly structured
2. Public Speaking requires more formal language
3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery
Speech refer to the body spoken expressions of information and ideas

a.​ Reading Speech or Reading from a Manuscript

-​ word-for-word iteration of a written message
-​ material is printed or written out
-​ speaker needs to strategize how to deliver the speech, otherwise, he/she will
truncate the interest of the listeners
-​ the use of eye contact facial expressions, and gestures helps bring personality
appropriate when the speech is long and when details are complicated and
essential, such as that they need to be given completely
-​ when a message is delivered through reading, the force, naturalness, and eye
contact may be diminished because the eyes have to travel from page to the
audience and vice versa
ex. valedictory address, President’s State of the Nation Address

b.​ Memorized Speech recitation of a written message that

-​ no notes used
-​ advantage: speaker can add personality with voice projection, maintain eye
contact and facial expressions, and move freely and use hand gestures excellent
for short messages
-​ also used for long pieces in oratorical, declamation and other literary contests
ex. actors performing in a stage play, TV series, or movie scene

c.​ Extemporaneous Speaking presentation of a planned and rehearsed speech using

minimal notes
-​ writing and editing an outline used to keep ideas in order
-​ delivery is practiced and memorized
-​ may have a sort or long preparation
-​ allows the speaker to build rapport with the audience – to assess how they grasp
the information
-​ unlike reading, requires the speaker to formulate sentences while speaking
-​ method mostly used by lecturers and teachers
-​ a good extemporaneous speaker must be spontaneous
ex. oral defenses. oral revalida public, colloquia

d.​ Impromptu not rehearsed

-​ presentation of a message without prior preparation
-​ very minimal or no time for preparation, the content and organization may suffer
-​ may not deliver the best thought in the best way but it brings out the most natural
thing to say at the moment
ex. asked to say a few words, like in a pageant
students are required to introduce themselves in front of the class
Developing a Speech Guidelines Lucas (2015)

1. Focus your topic

-​ focus presentation sharply so it conforms to the assigned time limit student’s common
mistake: trying to cover too much

2. Develop your topic

-​ be creative
-​ think of ways to structure the speech so it will be interesting (or mysterious or
suspenseful) and meaningful to your audience, by using colorful, descriptive language;
add humor
-​
3. Organize your speech
Main Parts:
a.​ introduction
-​ get the attention and interest of the audience
-​ posing a question, telling a story, making a startling statement, or opening a
question
-​ create a dramatic, colorful opening that will make your audience want to hear
more
b.​ Body
-​ after getting the attention and revealing the topic
-​ may be organized chronologically… format varies…
-​ remember: limit the number of main points in the body of the speech and provide
transactions from 1 point to another to help the audience keep track of the points
c.​ Conclusion 2 tasks:
-​ Let the audience know you are about to finish
-​ Reinforce central idea
-​ If possible, end on a dramatic, clever, or thought-provoking note

Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly,
interestingly, and without distracting the audience. Most audiences prefer delivery that combines
a certain degree of formality with the attributes of good conversation – directness, spontaneity,
animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication. – Lucas
(2015)
Elements of Good Delivery
1. Volume
-​ adjust voice to the acoustic of the room, size of the audience, and elevate the level of
the background noise
2. Pitch
-​ avoid sounding monotonous
-​ some words need to be delivered in a high pitch, while some in low
3. Rate
-​ adjust rate to vocal attributes, mood trying to create, composition of the audience, and
nature of the occasion
-​ avoid speaking too slowly or too quickly
4. Pauses
-​ pause at the end of a thought unit, need time for an idea to sink in, or to lend dramatic
impact to a statement
5. Vocal
-​ Variety change in rate, pitch and volume once in a while and appropriately to give voice
interest and expressiveness
6. Pronunciation
-​ seek feedback and consultation in pronouncing
7. Articulation
-​ articulate every vowel, syllable, and word properly
-​ avoid colloquial articulation of words
8. Movement
-​ do not stand rigidly and expressionless from beginning to end
-​ move, but control movements
-​ avoid distracting mannerisms
9. Gestures
-​ avoid over-choreographed gestures
-​ think of communicating with listeners, gestures take care of themselves – just as they do
in conversations
10. Eye Contact
-​ it is not enough to just look at the listeners, how to look at them also counts
-​ beware of the tendency to gaze intently at one part of the audience while ignoring the
rest