Here’s a summary of important C++ concepts that you can use as notes:

1. Basic Syntax

 Variables & Data Types: Similar to C, but C++ supports additional types like bool and string.

 Control Flow: Uses if, else, while, for, switch, break, continue, just like C.

2. Functions

 Functions are similar to C, but C++ allows function overloading (same function name,
different parameters) and default arguments.

 Example of function overloading:

 int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }

 double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }

3. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

C++ is object-oriented, meaning you can define classes and objects:

 Classes and Objects: A class is a blueprint for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

 class Person {

 public:

 string name;

 int age;

 void display() {

 cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << endl;

 }

 };

o Create an object:

o Person p1;

o p1.name = "John";

o p1.age = 25;

o p1.display();

 Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods into a single class and restricting direct access to
some of an object's components (using private, protected, and public).

 Inheritance: A way to create a new class from an existing class, inheriting attributes and
behaviors.

 class Student : public Person {

 public:
  string school;

 };

 Polymorphism: Ability to use the same method name but with different behaviors. Achieved
via function overloading and function overriding.

 class Animal {

 public:

 virtual void sound() { cout << "Animal sound"; }

 };

 class Dog : public Animal {

 public:

 void sound() override { cout << "Bark"; }

 };

 Abstraction: Hiding implementation details and only showing functionality (using abstract
classes and interfaces).

 class Shape {

 public:

 virtual void draw() = 0; // pure virtual function

 };

4. Constructors and Destructors

 Constructor: Special function called when an object is created.

 class Car {

 public:

 Car() { cout << "Car created!" << endl; }

 };

 Destructor: Special function called when an object is destroyed.

 class Car {

 public:

 ~Car() { cout << "Car destroyed!" << endl; }

 };

5. Memory Management

 Similar to C, C++ uses new and delete for dynamic memory allocation and deallocation.
  Example:

 int* ptr = new int(5); // dynamically allocated integer

 delete ptr; // free the memory

6. STL (Standard Template Library)

 The STL is a collection of template classes and functions in C++ for handling collections like
arrays, lists, stacks, queues, etc.

 Common containers:

o vector: Dynamic array

o list: Doubly linked list

o map: Key-value pairs

o stack/queue: LIFO/FIFO data structures

Example of using a vector:

vector<int> v;

v.push_back(10); // Add 10 to vector

v.push_back(20);

cout << v[0] << endl; // Access first element

7. Templates

 Templates allow you to write generic code that works for any data type.

 Function templates:

 template <typename T>

 T add(T a, T b) {

 return a + b;

 }

 Class templates:

 template <class T>

 class Box {

 public:

 T value;

 Box(T v) : value(v) {}

 };

8. Exception Handling
  C++ supports exception handling through try, catch, and throw.

 try {

 throw "Some error!";

 }

 catch (const char* e) {

 cout << "Error: " << e << endl;

 }

9. Operator Overloading

 C++ allows you to overload operators to give them custom behavior with user-defined types
(classes).

 Example:

 class Complex {

 public:

 int real, imag;

 Complex operator + (Complex const& other) {

 Complex temp;

 temp.real = real + other.real;

 temp.imag = imag + other.imag;

 return temp;

 }

 };

10. File I/O

 File handling is similar to C, using fstream for input/output operations.

 #include <fstream>

 ofstream outFile("file.txt");

 outFile << "Hello, C++!" << endl;

 outFile.close();

 ifstream inFile("file.txt");

 string content;

 getline(inFile, content);
  cout << content << endl;

 inFile.close();

11. Namespaces

 C++ allows you to group code in namespaces to avoid name conflicts.

 namespace MyNamespace {

 int x = 5;

 }

 using namespace MyNamespace;

 cout << x; // Outputs 5

12. Multithreading

 C++11 introduced the thread class for working with threads.

 Example:

 #include <thread>

 void print() {

 cout << "Hello from thread!" << endl;

 }

 int main() {

 thread t(print);

 t.join(); // Wait for thread to finish

 }

C++ builds on C, adding object-oriented features, templates, and more advanced concepts. If there’s
any specific topic you want to explore further (like classes, memory management, or templates), let
me know!