6.

5 Further Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions

Investigation 1 – Vertical Displacement

1 The graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥 is shown below. Use transformations to sketch the graph
of 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) = 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟑𝟑 Complete the mapping rule to transform each indicated
point () on the graph of y=sin x Keep it going!
(x ,y)→
o
( –180 , –1 ) →

° ° °
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

2 On the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 the 𝑥𝑥-axis serves as the median line, which is a horizontal line that cuts directly
through the middle of a sinusoidal curve. Sketch the dotted median line for your transformed graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥).

3 State the range of the resulting function.

4 Explain how the range of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑑𝑑

relates to the 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑑𝑑 values.

Vertical Translations – Effect of 𝒅𝒅 in the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + 𝒅𝒅 or 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃) + 𝒅𝒅

So far we’ve seen how 𝒂𝒂 is a vertical stretch , which affects the amplitude, and 𝒃𝒃 represents a horizontal stretch
(of 1/𝑏𝑏), which affects the period.
Next we’ll examine translations, which cause the vertical or horizontal shifting of graphs, with no change to the
shape or orientation.

In the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 + 𝒅𝒅, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 + 𝒅𝒅

𝒂𝒂 + 𝒅𝒅
(or 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑑𝑑)
𝒂𝒂
- 𝒅𝒅 can be visualized as the distance from the
median line to the 𝑥𝑥-axis, and median line
Equation: 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒅𝒅
- 𝒂𝒂 the distance from the median line to
the max or min point (the amplitude).
−𝒂𝒂 + 𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅
 The effect of 𝒅𝒅 is a vertical translation, while 𝒂𝒂 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝒂𝒂 is a vertical stretch about the 𝑥𝑥-axis.
1
Therefore, the range is [−𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑 , 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑑𝑑] 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

As 𝒅𝒅 represents the median

−1
value of the function, it can Whereas for 𝒂𝒂
be found using the formula: we can use: −𝒂𝒂
max+
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + min
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 max −
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 - min
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝒅𝒅 = 𝒂𝒂 =
2 2 Draw your median line so that the distance to
Note: By “max” and “min” we refer to 𝑦𝑦-coordinates! the max is the same as the distance to the min!

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6.5 Further Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions

Worked Example Use transformations to sketch the graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟒𝟒 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑.

Solution: Refer to the basic COSINE graph on the right.

The Basic SINE graph:
(0 , 1) (2𝜋𝜋 , 1)
Step  𝑦𝑦 = 4 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 3
Draw the median line 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
median line at 𝑦𝑦 = −3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
(− , −3) ( , −3) ( , −3) Step 
2 2 2
Transform pts left to right….
(𝜋𝜋, −7) (𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) → (𝒙𝒙, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟑𝟑)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
The Basic COS graph:
0, 1 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟒𝟒 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑 (− , 0) → (− , −3)
2 2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
(0, 1) → (0,1)
4(0) – 3
𝜋𝜋
(− , −3) 4(1) – 3
2

Step 
Connect points in a
smooth curve!

Class Example 6.51 Determining Graph Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Function

Use transformations to sketch each of the following graphs and state the indicated characteristics.
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = −2 cos 𝑥𝑥 + 1

i Mapping Rule:

ii Amplitude

iii Period

iv Vertical Displacement

v Range

(b) 𝑦𝑦 = 3 sin(2𝑥𝑥) − 1

i Mapping Rule:

ii Amplitude

° ° ° iii Period

iv Vertical Displacement

v Range

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 Chapter 6 – Trigonometric Functions

Class Example 6.52 Determining Graph Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Function

Without graphing, determine the indicated graph characteristics for each of the following sinusoidal functions:
4
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = −2.5 sin( 𝑥𝑥) + 3 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = 0.21 sin(12𝑥𝑥) − 0.47
5

i Amplitude: i Amplitude:

ii Vertical ii Vertical
Displacement: Displacement:

iii Range: iii Range:

iv Period: iv Period:
in degrees in radians

Class Example 6.53 Determining an Equation of a Sinusoidal Function

Each of the following graphs represent functions that can either be written in the form 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃) + 𝒅𝒅
or 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃) + 𝒅𝒅. Determine one equation for each graph.

(a)

(b)

° ° °

(c)

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 Page |411

6.5 Further Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions

Horizontal Translations – Effect of 𝒄𝒄 on 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬[𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄 ] or 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜[𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄 ]

Investigation 2 – Horizontal Phase Shift Using the basic graphs provided, sketch each indicated transformed
function on the same grid. Verify using your graphing calculator.
Remember to first match the window and set the mode appropriately!
1 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝒙𝒙 − 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔°)
Describe the transformation on the
graph of 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥

Complete the mapping rule from the graph of ° ° °

𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 below, to transform all indicated points ()
on the graph (keep it going!). Sketch.
(x , y) →
(– 180 o, – 1 ) →
(– 90,o 0 ) →

2 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°)
Describe the transformation on the 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥
graph of 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥

Provide a mapping rule from the graph of ° ° °

𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 below, to transform all indicated points ()
on the graph. Sketch.
(x ,y )→

𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅
3 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝒙𝒙 − )
𝟑𝟑
Describe the transformation.
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥

Provide a mapping rule from the graph of

𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 below, to transform all indicated points ()
on the graph. Sketch.
(x ,y )→

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 Chapter 6 – Trigonometric Functions

For a function 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬[𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄 ]or 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜[𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄 ],

𝒄𝒄 represents the horizontal translation – in this context known as the horizontal phase shift.
The parameters 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, or 𝑑𝑑 are the same whether a graph is described as a sine or cosine
function. These parameters don’t care who they’re transforming!
 However “𝒄𝒄” does care! When determining the value of 𝒄𝒄 from a sinusoidal function graph, we must
consider if it’s for a sine or cosine function.
The basic cosine graph: 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 The basic sine graph: 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙
starts (when 𝑥𝑥 = 0) at a max starts halfway on
the upswing

𝒄𝒄 for cosine 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄)

𝒄𝒄 for
𝑐𝑐 sine 𝑐𝑐

𝒚𝒚 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄)
𝒄𝒄 is the horizontal distance from
For cosine: 𝒄𝒄 is the horizontal distance from For sine:
the 𝑦𝑦-axis to the closest max. the 𝑦𝑦-axis to the closest point on
the median line - on the upswing.

We note that with the concept of horizontal phase shift – there are no more “sine curves” or “cosine curves”.
 Any sinusoidal curve can be written using either a sine or cosine function!

𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
Can be written as 𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥 − ) Can be written as 𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥 + )
2 2

Radian Mode Gives the

Same Graph!

Verify this on your graphing calc:

Use TRACE, “𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋/2” to
(for both graphs) to verify
the max point of (𝜋𝜋⁄2 , 1)

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 Page |413

6.5 Further Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions

Class Example 6.54 Determining the Period and Phase Shift of a Sinusoidal Function

For each of the following sinusoidal functions, describe the (i) period and (ii) horizontal phase shift from the
basic graph of 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥:
1 𝜋𝜋
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = cos 4𝑥𝑥 − 180° (b) 𝑦𝑦 = sin( 𝑥𝑥 − )
2 6

Class Example 6.55 Using Transformations to Sketch a Sinusoidal Function

Given each related basic graph, sketch the indicated function on the same grid. Then, provide an alternate
sinusoidal equation of minimum phase shift for the transformed function, as directed.
𝜋𝜋
(a) i Sketch 𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥 + ) below:
3

𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 ii Determine an alternate equation - as a sine function:

(b) i Sketch 𝑦𝑦 = 2sin 𝑥𝑥 − 135° below:

ii Determine an alternate equation - as a cosine function:

° ° °

𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥

𝜋𝜋
(c) i Sketch 𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥 + ) + 1 below:
2

ii Alternate equation - as a cosine function:

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 Chapter 6 – Trigonometric Functions

As we are dealing with periodic functions, there

are infinite options for expressing the “c” value.

For example, consider sinusoidal function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) on the right,

which is a basic graph with a horizontal phase shift applied.

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

 A few of the options to express 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) as a COS function:

𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝒄𝒄 = 5 × = 𝒄𝒄 = −7 ×
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 6 6 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 6

𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

 COS eqn. option 1: 𝟓𝟓𝝅𝝅  COS eqn. option 2: 𝟕𝟕𝝅𝝅

(minimum phase shift) 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝒙𝒙 − ) (not minimum phase shift) 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝒙𝒙 + 𝟔𝟔 )
𝟔𝟔

𝜋𝜋 Can you see why? With a vertical reflection, we can use the distance from
 COS opt. 3: 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = − cos(𝑥𝑥 + )
6 the min. Can you spot more options for “c”, with or without a reflection?

 And here are a few options to express the same graph a SIN function:

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜋𝜋 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝒄𝒄 = 2 ×
6

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝜋𝜋 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝒄𝒄 = −10 ×
6

 SINE eqn. option 1: 𝝅𝝅  SINE eqn. option 2: 𝟓𝟓𝝅𝝅

(minimum phase shift)
𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝒙𝒙 − ) (not minimum phase shift) 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝒙𝒙 + 𝟑𝟑 )
𝟑𝟑

2𝜋𝜋
 SINE opt. 3: 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = − sin(𝑥𝑥 + ) Can you spot more options for “c”, with or without a reflection?
3

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 Page |415

6.5 Further Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions

Worked Example Determine a function in the form of both

𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐) and 𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐) for
each of the following graph.

Solution: starts at the max

For a cosine equation,
determine the horizontal 𝝅𝝅
phase shift using the max 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = −𝟑𝟑 × (use the closest max)
𝟒𝟒
𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝝅𝝅
𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝟑𝟑 ×
𝟒𝟒
For a sine equation,
use the point halfway 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥
on the upswing
For the scale – note that 𝝅𝝅 𝜋𝜋
is the 4th scale marking  scl is
4
starts halfway on upswing 𝟑𝟑𝝅𝝅 𝟑𝟑𝝅𝝅
𝒚𝒚 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 −
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
Check on your calc! Both of these equations result in the same graph.

 Graph both  We should see

equations together only one curve, one
on top of the other
Match the window
to what’s given  To confirm, use trace…
𝒙𝒙 = 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟒𝟒 We confirm
there is a MIN there! 

Class Example 6.56 Determining the Phase Shift / “c” Value of a Sinusoidal Function

Determine equations for each function, in the form 𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐) and 𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐), as described below.
(a) (b)

° ° °

Minimum Phase shift equations, with 𝑎𝑎 > 0: Minimum Phase shift equations, with 𝑎𝑎 > 0:
i COS: i COS:

ii SIN: ii SIN:

Alternate COS equation of minimum Alternate SIN equation of minimum phase shift
phase shift with 𝑎𝑎 < 0 with 𝑎𝑎 < 0

iii: iii:

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 Chapter 6 – Trigonometric Functions

Worked Example Determine a function in the form of both

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎sin 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎cos[b(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐)] + 𝑑𝑑
for the graph on the right.

Solution: 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑑 =
Start with the median line, equivalent to the 𝒅𝒅 value. 2
From there we can see the amplitude is 𝟑𝟑. 5 + (−1)
= 𝒅𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐
2
𝒂𝒂 = 𝟑𝟑
Equations:
𝟓𝟓𝝅𝝅
𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 is represented by sign 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 =
median 𝟔𝟔 𝟑𝟑 𝝅𝝅
= 𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 − + 𝟐𝟐
line 𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 is represented by sign 𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 =
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟓𝝅𝝅
8𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 − + 𝟐𝟐
period = = 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔
6 3
PERIOD is 𝟖𝟖 scale markings, 2𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 use 360° if period is in degrees
each of which is 𝑏𝑏 =
4𝜋𝜋 Alternative equations with smaller HPS (and vertical reflection):
6 3
𝟑𝟑 𝝅𝝅 𝟑𝟑 𝝅𝝅
𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚 = −𝟑𝟑 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 + + 𝟐𝟐 or 𝒚𝒚 = −𝟑𝟑 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 − + 𝟐𝟐
𝒃𝒃 = 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔
𝟐𝟐

 We should see
 Graph both equations together one curve, one on
top of the other
Match the window
to what’s given  To confirm, use trace…
𝒙𝒙 = 𝟓𝟓𝝅𝝅⁄𝟔𝟔 We confirm
Graph in RADIAN mode (or, change the
there is a MAX there! 
window to degrees, and use DEGREE mode)

Class Example 6.57 Determining an Equation of a Sinusoidal Function

Determine a function in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 and 𝑦𝑦 = cos[𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐 ] for the graph below.
(a) Use a minimum phase shift for each, where 𝑎𝑎 > 0.
(b) For the cosine curve only – use a minimum phase shift, where 𝑎𝑎 < 0.

° °

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6.5 Further Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions

Visual Summary Of Parameters in a Sinusoidal Function

For 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂[𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄 ] + 𝒅𝒅 or 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂[𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒄𝒄 ] + 𝒅𝒅 Not on your formula sheet: *

Amplitude / 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 − 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 + 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
Vertical Stretch:
𝒂𝒂 = 𝒅𝒅 =
𝒄𝒄 for COS 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 Reflection in Vertical displacement
𝑥𝑥-axis if 𝑎𝑎 < 0

𝒂𝒂 Horizontal stretch by a factor of 1⁄𝑏𝑏 , so

period is 1⁄𝑏𝑏 × 2𝜋𝜋, or:
𝒄𝒄 for SIN median line 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑°
𝒃𝒃 = or
𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝒅𝒅
2𝜋𝜋
Re-arranges to: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝒄𝒄 for sin 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏
(𝒄𝒄 for cos) 𝒄𝒄 for COS = 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
period 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 + 𝒙𝒙𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒄𝒄 for SIN** =
𝟐𝟐

* Note that none of these formulas are needed to derive the parameters 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, and 𝑑𝑑 – they can all be obtained visually or by
using your previous knowledge of transformations. However while not essential these formulas may be helpful!
** For the 𝒄𝒄 for sine formula, note on the visual that 𝑐𝑐 is right in the middle of the 𝑥𝑥-coord of the min and the 𝑥𝑥 coord of the
max. (on the upswing of the curve) Also note its relationship to the formula for “𝑑𝑑”, which uses 𝑦𝑦-coordinates instead of 𝑥𝑥.

Class Example 6.58 Determining an Equation of a Sinusoidal Function – All Parameters

Determine a function in the form of both 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 and 𝑦𝑦 = cos[𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐 ] for each of the
following graphs. For the horizontal phase shift, 𝑐𝑐 :

(a) Use the minimum phase shift for both the sine and cosine equation, where 𝑎𝑎 > 0.
(b) For the sine equation only – use the minimum phase shift, where 𝑎𝑎 < 0.

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 6.4 Homework Questions taken from the EDGE Workbook

Question 3 in your RTD Academy homework:

1. Use transformations to sketch each of the following graphs and state the indicated characteristics.

(a) 𝑦𝑦 = 2.5 sin 𝑥𝑥 − 1.5

i Amplitude

° ° ° ii Period

iii Vertical Displacement

iv Range

(b) 𝑦𝑦 = cos(2𝑥𝑥) + 3

i Amplitude

ii Period

iii Vertical Displacement

iv Range

3𝜋𝜋
(c) 𝑦𝑦 = 3 sin(𝑥𝑥 − )+1
4

i Amplitude

ii Period

iii Horizontal Phase Shift

iv Range

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