4.

Datatypes/Structures Introduction:
====================================
I. Requirement
II. Input function
III. Data Types
IV. Data Structures
V. Type Conversions
VI. Range

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I. Requirement:
---------------
Entity : Noun Form
State : Datatype/Structures
Behaviour : Operation : CRUD
Validations : Client/Server
Business logic : operators, DM, Loops

x = 10 # perform CRUD operations

# CRUD

# x = 10
# print(x)
# x += 5
# del x

# print()
# type()
# id()
# input()

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II. Input function:
------------------

Basic input example

-------------------
user_input = input("Enter your name: ")
print(user_input)

Input for numerical values

--------------------------
user_age = int(input("Enter age: "))
print("You are " + str(age) + " years old.")
print(type(user_age))

Handling multiple inputs

------------------------
name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
print("Hello, " + name + "! You are " + str(age) + " years old.")

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III. Data Types:
----------------

1. Numeric Types:
----------------
- int : Integer type, representing integer numbers.
- float : Floating-point type, representing decimal numbers.
- complex : Complex number type, with real and imaginary parts.

Example:

x = 5 int
y = 3.14 float
z = 2 + 3j complex

2. Text Type:
--------------
- str: String type, representing sequences of characters.

Example:

text = "Hello"

3. Sequence Types:
------------------
- list : Ordered, mutable sequence.
- tuple : Ordered, immutable sequence.
- range : Represents a range of numbers.

Example:

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = (4, 5, 6)
my_range = range(0, 5)

4. Set Types:
-------------
- set : Unordered, mutable collection of unique elements.
- frozenset : Unordered, immutable collection of unique elements.

Example:

my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_frozenset = frozenset({4, 5, 6})

5. Mapping Type:
----------------
- dict: A collection of key-value pairs.

Example:

my_dict = {'name': 'John', 'age': 25, 'city': 'New York'}

 6. Boolean Type:
----------------
- bool: Represents Boolean values (True or False).

Example:

is_true = True
is_false = False

7. None Type:
-------------
- None: Represents the absence of a value or a null value.

Example:

no_value = None

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IV. Data Structures:
--------------------

1. Lists:
---------
- Ordered, mutable sequences.
- Elements can be added, removed, or modified.

Example:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

2. Tuples:
----------
- Ordered, immutable sequences.
- Elements cannot be modified once defined.

Example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

3. Sets:
--------
- Unordered, mutable collections of unique elements.
- Useful for performing set operations.

Example:

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

4. Dictionaries:
----------------
- Orderd(from 3.7 version) collections of key-value pairs.
- Allows efficient lookup based on keys.
 Example:

my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30, 'city': 'London'}

print(my_dict['name'])
print(my_dict.get('name'))

5. Strings:
-----------
- Sequences of characters. Immutable.

Example:

my_string = "Hello, World!"

6. Arrays (from array module):

------------------------------
- Homogeneous, fixed-size sequences. Elements must be of the same type.

Example:

from array import array

my_array = array('i', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) 'i' denotes integer type

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V. Type Conversions:
--------------------

1. Integer to Float:
--------------------
You can convert an integer to a float using the float() function:

integer_value = 5
float_value = float(integer_value)

2. String to Integer or Float:

-------------------------------
To convert a string to an integer or float, you can use int() or float():

string_number = "10"
integer_number = int(string_number)
float_number = float(string_number)

- Note that if the string contains non-numeric characters, a ValueError will

be raised.

3. Number to String:
---------------------
You can convert a number to a string using the str() function:
 number = 42
string_representation = str(number)

4. String to Boolean:
---------------------
You can convert a string to a boolean using conditions.
For example, an empty string or "False" (case-insensitive) will be converted
to False,
and any other non-empty string will be converted to True:

tr_string = "True"
boolean_value = bool(tr_string)

5. Boolean to String:
---------------------
You can convert a boolean to a string using str():

boolean_value = True
string_representation = str(boolean_value)

6. Float to Integer:
--------------------
You can convert a float to an integer using int(). Note that this will
truncate the decimal part:

float_number = 3.14
integer_number = int(float_number)

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VI. range:
----------
# for each in range(1, 10): # range(start, stop, step)
# # start(optional) : if start is not provided then
starts from zero
# # stop(mandatory) : if n is the stop provided then
upto n-1
# # step(optional) : how many places to skip
# print(each)

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