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Introduction to HTML

HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is the foundational language for creating web pages, utilizing tags to format text, images, and links. Key components include the structure of a web page, text formatting, and the creation of forms and tables. Understanding tags, attributes, and their proper usage is essential for effective web development.

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faraniyaaijaz9
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15 views

Introduction to HTML

HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is the foundational language for creating web pages, utilizing tags to format text, images, and links. Key components include the structure of a web page, text formatting, and the creation of forms and tables. Understanding tags, attributes, and their proper usage is essential for effective web development.

Uploaded by

faraniyaaijaz9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to HTML

What is HTML?
• HTML, otherwise known as HyperText
Markup Language, is the language used to
create Web pages
• Using HTML, you can create a Web page
with text, graphics, sound, and video
Tags
• the essence of html programming is tags
• a tag is a keyword enclosed by angle
brackets ( example: <i> )
• there are opening and closing tags for many
but not all tags; the affected text is between
the two tags
More Tags...
• The opening and closing tags use the same
command except the closing tag contains
and additional forward slash /
• For example, the expression <B>
Warning </B> would cause the word
‘Warning’ to appear in bold face on a Web
page
Nested Tags
• whenever you have html tags within other
html tags, you must close the nearest tag
first
• example:
<p> <b> the nation </b> </p>
Structure of a Web Page
• All Web pages share a <HTML>
<HEAD>
common structure <TITLE> Example </TITLE>
• All Web pages should </HEAD>
<BODY>
contain a pair of
This is where you would include
<HTML>, <HEAD>, the text and images on your Web
<TITLE>, and page.
</BODY>
<BODY> tags </HTML>
The <TITLE> Tag
• Choose the title of your Web page carefully;
The title of a Web page determines its
ranking in certain search engines
• The title will also appear on Favorite lists,
History lists, and Bookmark lists to identify
your page
Text Formatting
• Manipulating text in HTML can be tricky;
Oftentimes, what you see is NOT what you
get
• For instance, special HTML tags are needed
to create paragraphs, move to the next line,
and create headings
Text Formatting Tags
<B> Bold Face </B>
<I> Italics </I>
<U> Underline </U>
<P> New Paragraph </P>
<BR> Next Line
Headings
• Web pages are typically organized into
sections with headings; To create a heading
use the expression <Hn>….</Hn> where n
is a number between 1 and 7
• In this case, the 1 corresponds to the largest
size heading while the 7 corresponds to the
smallest size
Aligning Text
• The ALIGN attribute can be inserted in the
<P> and <Hn> tags to right justify, center,
or left justify the text
• For example, <H1 ALIGN=CENTER> The
New York Times </H1> would create a
centered heading of the largest size
Comment Statements
• Comment statements are notes in the HTML
code that explain the important features of
the code
• The comments do not appear on the Web
page itself but are a useful reference to the
author of the page and other programmers
• To create a comment statement use the
<!-- …. --> tags
The Infamous Blink Tag
• It is possible to make text blink using the
<BLINK> … </BLINK> tag
• However, it is best to use this feature at
most sparingly or not at all; What seems
like a good idea to a Web designer can
become very annoying to a Web user
• The <BLINK> tag is not supported by
Internet Explorer
Page Formatting
• to define the background color, use the
bgcolor attribute in the <body> tag
• to define the text color, use the text attribute
in the <body> tag
• to define the size of the text, type <basefont
size=n>
Example
<html>
<head>
<title> example </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=“black” text=“white”>
<basefont size=7>
this is where you would include the text and images on your web page.
</body>
</html>
Inserting Images
• Type <img src= “image.ext”>, where
image.ext indicates the location of the
image file
• The width=n and height=n attributes can be
used to adjust the size of an image
• The attribute BORDER=n can be used to
add a border n pixels thick around the image
Alternate Text
• Some browsers don’t support images. In
this case, the ALT attribute can be used to
create text that appears instead of the image.
• Example:
<img src=“satellite.jpg” alt = “Picture of
satellite”>
Links
• A link lets you move from one page to
another, play movies and sound, send email,
download files, and more….
• A link has three parts: a destination, a
label, and a target
• To create a link type
<a href=“page.html”> label </a>
Anatomy of a Link
<a href=“page.html”> label </a>

• In the above link, “page.html” is the


destination. The destination specifies the
address of the Web page or file the user will
access when he/she clicks on the link.
• The label is the text that will appear
underlined or highlighted on the page
Example: Links
• to create a link to cnn, i would type:
<a href=“http://www.cnn.com”>cnn</a>

• to create a link to mit, i would type:


<a href=“http://www.mit.edu”>mit</a>
Changing the Color of Links
• the link, vlink, and alink attributes can be
inserted in the <body> tag to define the
color of a link
– link defines the color of links that have not
been visited
– vlink defines the color of links that have
already been visited
– alink defines the color of a link when a user
clicks on it
Using Links to Send Email
• to create a link to an email address, type <a
href=“mailto:email_address”> label</a>
• for example, to create a link to send email to
myself, i would type: <a href=“mailto:
[email protected]”>email katie dunn</a>
Anchors
• Anchors enable a user to jump to a specific
place on a Web site
• Two steps are necessary to create an anchor.
First you must create the anchor itself. Then
you must create a link to the anchor from
another point in the document.
Anchors
• To create the anchor itself, type <A
NAME=“anchor name”>label</A> at the
point in the Web page where you want the
user to jump to
• To create the link, type <A HREF=“#anchor
name”>label</A> at the point in the text
where you want the link to appear
Example: Anchor

<A HREF="#chap2">Chapter Two</A><BR>


Link

<A NAME="chap2">Chapter 2 </A> Anchor


Ordered Lists
• Ordered lists are a list Here’s how it would
of numbered items. look on the Web:
• To create an ordered
list, type:
<OL>
<LI> This is step one.
<LI> This is step two.
<LI> This is step three.
</OL>
More Ordered Lists….
• The TYPE=x attribute allows you to change
the the kind of symbol that appears in the
list.
– A is for capital letters
– a is for lowercase letters
– I is for capital roman numerals
– i is for lowercase roman numerals
Unordered Lists
• An unordered list is a Here’s how it would
list of bulleted items look on the Web:
• To create an unordered
list, type:
<UL>
<LI> First item in list
<LI> Second item in list
<LI> Third item in list
</UL>
More Unordered Lists...
• The TYPE=shape attribute allows you to
change the type of bullet that appears
– circle corresponds to an empty round bullet
– square corresponds to a square bullet
– disc corresponds to a solid round bullet; this is
the default value
Forms
▪ What are forms?
• An HTML form is an area of the document that
allows users to enter information into fields.
• A form may be used to collect personal
information, opinions in polls, user preferences
and other kinds of information.
Forms
• There are two basic components of a Web
form: the shell, the part that the user fills
out, and the script which processes the
information
• HTML tags are used to create the form
shell. Using HTML you can create text
boxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, drop-
down menus, and more...
Example: Form
Text Box

Drop-down Menu
Radio Buttons
Checkboxes

Text Area

Reset Button
Submit Button
The Form Shell
• A form shell has three important parts:
– the <FORM> tag, which includes the address
of the script which will process the form
– the form elements, like text boxes and radio
buttons
– the submit button which triggers the script to
send the entered information to the server
Creating the Shell
• To create a form shell, type <FORM
METHOD=POST ACTION=“script_url”>
where “script_url” is the address of the
script
• Create the form elements
• End with a closing </FORM> tag
Creating Text Boxes
• To create a text box, type <INPUT
TYPE=“text” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“value” SIZE=n
MAXLENGTH=n>
• The NAME, VALUE, SIZE, and
MAXLENGTH attributes are optional
Text Box Attributes
• The NAME attribute is used to identify the
text box to the processing script
• The VALUE attribute is used to specify the
text that will initially appear in the text box
• The SIZE attribute is used to define the size
of the box in characters
• The MAXLENGTH attribute is used to
define the maximum number of characters
that can be typed in the box
Example: Text Box
First Name: <INPUT • Here’s how it would
TYPE="text"
NAME="FirstName" look on the Web:
VALUE="First Name"
SIZE=20>
<BR><BR>

Last Name: <INPUT


TYPE="text"
NAME="LastName"
VALUE="Last Name"
SIZE=20>
<BR><BR>
Creating Larger Text Areas
• To create larger text areas, type
<TEXTAREA NAME=“name” ROWS=n1
COLS=n2 WRAP> Default Text
</TEXTAREA>, where n1 is the height of
the text box in rows and n2 is the width of
the text box in characters
• The WRAP attribute causes the cursor to
move automatically to the next line as the
user types
Example: Text Area
<B>Comments?</B>
<BR>
<TEXTAREA NAME="Comments" ROWS=10
COLS=50 WRAP>
</TEXTAREA>
Creating Radio Buttons
• To create a radio button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“radio” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“data”>Label, where “data” is the
text that will be sent to the server if the
button is checked and “Label” is the text
that identifies the button to the user
Example: Radio Buttons
<B> Size: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Large">Large
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Medium">Medium
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Small">Small
Creating Checkboxes
• To create a checkbox, type <INPUT
TYPE=“checkbox” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“value”>Label
• If you give a group of radio buttons or
checkboxes the same name, the user will
only be able to select one button or box at a
time
Example: Checkboxes
<B> Color: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Red">Red
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Navy">Navy
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Black">Black
Creating Drop-down Menus
• To create a drop-down menu, type
<SELECT NAME=“name” SIZE=n
MULTIPLE>
• Then type <OPTION VALUE=
“value”>Label
• In this case the SIZE attribute specifies the
height of the menu in lines and MULTIPLE
allows users to select more than one menu
option
Example: Drop-down Menu
<B>WHICH IS FAVOURITE FRUIT:</B>
<SELECT>
<OPTION VALUE="MANGOES">MANGOES
<OPTION VALUE="PAPAYA">PAPAYA
<OPTION VALUE="GUAVA">GUAVA
<OPTION VALUE="BANANA"> BANANA
<OPTION VALUE="PINEAPPLE">PINEAPPLE
</SELECT>
Creating a Submit Button
• To create a submit button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“submit”>
• If you would like the button to say
something other than submit, use the
VALUE attribute
• For example, <INPUT TYPE=“submit”
VALUE=“Buy Now!”> would create a
button that says “Buy Now!”
Creating a Reset Button
• To create a reset button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“reset”>
• The VALUE attribute can be used in the
same way to change the text that appears on
the button
Tables
• Tables can be used to display rows and
columns of data, create multi-column text,
captions for images, and sidebars
• The <TABLE> tag is used to create a table;
the <TR> tag defines the beginning of a row
while the <TD> tag defines the beginning of
a cell
Adding a Border
• The BORDER=n attribute allows you to
add a border n pixels thick around the table
• To make a solid border color, use the
BORDERCOLOR=“color” attribute
• To make a shaded colored border, use
BODERCOLORDARK=“color” and
BORDERCOLORLIGHT=“color”
Creating Simple Table
<TABLE BORDER=10> • Here’s how it would
<TR>
look on the Web:
<TD>One</TD>
<TD>Two</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Three</TD>
<TD>Four</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
Adjusting the Width
• When a Web browser displays a table, it
often adds extra space. To eliminate this
space use the WIDTH =n attribute in the
<TABLE> and <TD> tags
• Keep in mind - a cell cannot be smaller than
its contents, and if you make a table wider
than the browser window, users will not be
able to see parts of it.
Centering a Table
• There are two ways to center a table
– Type <TABLE ALIGN=CENTER>
– Enclose the <TABLE> tags in opening and
closing <CENTER> tags
Wrapping Text around a Table
• It is possible to wrap text around a table. This
technique is often used to keep images and
captions together within an article.
• To wrap text around a table, type <TABLE
ALIGN = LEFT> to align the table to the left
while the text flows to the right.
• Create the table using the <TR>, <TD>, and
</TABLE> tags as you normally would
Adding Space around a Table
• To add space around a table, use the
HSPACE=n and VSPACE=n attributes in
the <TABLE> tag
• Example:
<TABLE HSPACE=20 VSPACE=20>
Spanning Cells Across Columns
• It is often necessary to span one cell across
many columns. For example, you would use
this technique to span a headline across the
columns of a newspaper article.
• To span a cell across many columns, type
<TD COLSPAN=n>, where n is the number
of columns to be spanned
Aligning Cell Content
• By default, a cell’s content are aligned
horizontally to the left and and vertically in
the middle.
• Use VALIGN=direction to change the
vertical alignment, where “direction” is top,
middle, bottom, or baseline
• Use ALIGN=direction to change the
horizontal alignment where “direction” is
left, center, or right
Nesting Tables
• Create the inner table
• Create the outer table and determine which cell of
the outer table will hold the inner table
• Test both tables separately to make sure they work
• Copy the inner table into the cell of the outer table
• Don’t nest too many tables. If you find yourself
doing that, find an easier way to lay out your Web
page
Dividing Table into Horizontal
Sections
• You can also create a horizontal section
consisting of one or more rows. This allows
you to format the rows all at once
• To create a horizontal section, type
<THEAD>, <TBODY>, or <TFOOT>
before the first <TR> tag of the section
• Netscape does not support these tags
Controlling Line Breaks
• Unless you specify otherwise a browser will
divide the lines in a cell as it sees fit.
• The NOWRAP attribute placed within the
<TD> tag forces the browser to keep all the
text in a cell on one line
• Example:
– <TD NOWRAP>Washington, D.C.
Parting Words….
• If you can imagine a way to lay out your
page, chances are it is possible using HTML
• When in doubt, use an HTML reference

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