WHAT IS COMPUTER SCIENCE

- Computer science is the study of computers and computational systems. It is a broad

field which includes everything from the algorithms that make up software to how
software interacts with hardware to how well software is developed and designed.

WHAT IS COMPUTER

- A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as

output.
- An electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the influence of a
set of special instructions called Programs, to produce the desired output (referred to as
Information).

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

There are two bases on which we can define the types of computers. Which are the type of
computers on the basis of size and data handling capabilities.

 Super Computer

 Mainframe computer

 Mini Computer

 Workstation Computer

 Personal Computer (PC)

 Server Computer

 Analog Computer

 Digital Computer

 Hybrid Computer

 Tablets and Smartphone

Supercomputer
 - When we talk about speed, then the first name that comes to mind when thinking of
computers is supercomputers.
- They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing data).
Supercomputers are designed such that they can process a huge amount of data, like
processing trillions of instructions or data just in a second.
- This is because of the thousands of interconnected processors in supercomputers.
- It is basically used in scientific and engineering applications such as weather forecasting,
scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research.

Characteristics of Supercomputers

 Supercomputers are the computers that are the fastest and they are also very expensive.

 It can calculate up to ten trillion individual calculations per second, this is also the reason
which makes it even faster.

 It is used in the stock market or big organizations for managing the online currency world
such as Bitcoin etc.

 It is used in scientific research areas for analyzing data obtained from exploring the solar
system, satellites, etc

Mainframe computer

Mainframe computers are designed in such a way that they can support hundreds or thousands of
users at the same time. It also supports multiple programs simultaneously. So, they can execute
different processes simultaneously. All these features make the mainframe computer ideal for big
organizations like banking, telecom sectors, etc., which process a high volume of data in general.

Characteristics of Mainframe Computers

 It is also an expensive or costly computer.

 It has high storage capacity and great performance.

 It can process a huge amount of data (like data involved in the banking sector) very
quickly.

 It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life.

Minicomputer

Minicomputer is a medium size multiprocessing computer. In this type of computer, there are
two or more processors, and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. Minicomputer is similar to
Microcontroller. Minicomputers are used in places like institutes or departments for different
work like billing, accounting, inventory management, etc. It is smaller than a mainframe
computer but larger in comparison to the microcomputer.

Characteristics of Minicomputer

 Its weight is low.

 Because of its low weight, it is easy to carry anywhere.

 less expensive than a mainframe computer.

 It is fast.

Workstation Computer

A workstation computer is designed for technical or scientific applications. It consists of a fast

microprocessor, with a large amount of RAM and a high-speed graphic adapter. It is a single-
user computer. It is generally used to perform a specific task with great accuracy. EXAMPLE a
mobile laptop, a desktop tower, or a rackmount

Characteristics of Workstation Computer

 It is expensive or high in cost.

 They are exclusively made for complex work purposes.

 It provides large storage capacity, better graphics, and a more powerful CPU when
compared to a PC.

 It is also used to handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio and video creation, and
editing.

Personal Computer (PC)

Personal Computers is also known as a microcomputer. It is basically a general-purpose

computer designed for individual use. It consists of a microprocessor as a central processing
unit(CPU), memory, input unit, and output unit. This kind of computer is suitable for personal
work such as making an assignment, watching a movie, or at the office for office work, etc. For
example, Laptops and desktop computers.

Here are some examples of personal computers and their common uses:
Personal Computer Common Uses
Desktop PC General computing tasks, gaming, graphic design, video editing
Laptop Portable computing, work on-the-go, studying, entertainment
All-in-One PC Space-saving computing, home office, multimedia consumption
Mini PC Compact computing, media center, digital signage, embedded systems
Workstation High-performance computing, CAD, 3D modeling, scientific simulations

Characteristics of Personal Computer (PC)

 In this limited number of software can be used.

 It is the smallest in size.

 It is designed for personal use.

 It is easy to use.

Server Computer

Server Computers are computers that are combined data and programs. Electronic data and
applications are stored and shared in the server computer. The working of a server computer is
that it does not solve a bigger problem like a supercomputer but it solves many smaller similar
ones. Examples of server computer are like Wikipedia, as when users put a request for any page,
it finds what the user is looking for and sends it to the user.

Analog Computer

Analog Computers are particularly designed to process analog data. Continuous data that
changes continuously and cannot have discrete values are called analog data. So, an analog
computer is used where we don’t need exact values or need approximate values such as speed,
temperature, pressure, etc. It can directly accept the data from the measuring device without first
converting it into numbers and codes. It measures the continuous changes in physical quantity. It
gives output as a reading on a dial or scale. For example speedometer, mercury thermometer, etc.
astrolabe, oscilloscope, television, autopilot, telephone lines, speedometer, etc.

Digital Computer

Digital computers are designed in such a way that they can easily perform calculations and
logical operations at high speed. It takes raw data as input and processes it with programs stored
in its memory to produce the final output. It only understands the binary input 0 and 1, so the raw
input data is converted to 0 and 1 by the computer and then it is processed by the computer to
produce the result or final output. All modern computers, like laptops, desktops including
smartphones are digital computers.  Personal Computers (Desktops, Laptops, Notebooks, and
Chromebooks), Smartphones, and Tablets, Calculators, Digital Weighing Machine, Accounting
machines,Digital clock, ATM (Automated Teller Machine

Hybrid Computer

As the name suggests hybrid, which means made by combining two different things. Similarly,
the hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital computers. Hybrid computers
are fast like analog computers and have memory and accuracy like digital computers. So, it has
the ability to process both continuous and discrete data. For working when it accepts analog
signals as input then it converts them into digital form before processing the input data. So, it is
widely used in specialized applications where both analog and digital data are required to be
processed. A processor which is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel
flow into quantity and price is an example of a hybrid computer.

Tablet and Smartphones

Tablets and Smartphones are the types of computers that are pocket friendly and easy to carry is
these are handy. This is one of the best use of modern technology. These devices have better
hardware capabilities, extensive operating systems, and better multimedia functionality.
smartphones and tablets contain a number of sensors and are also able to provide wireless
communication protocols.

Uses of a Computers

 Making Calculations: Computers are very efficient in performing calculations. Many

mathematical and scientific algorithms are built into the software of computers.
 Store and Retrieve Data: Computers can store large amounts of data and information, and
provide quick access to information when required.
 E-mail and Video Conferencing: Computers are used for email and video conferencing,
allowing people to easily stay in touch over long distances.
 Online Shopping: People can purchase goods online with the help of computers.
 Word Processing Applications: Computers are used to create documents, presentations,
and other materials using word processing programs.
 Database Management: Computers are used to store and process large databases.
 Graphics Designing: Computers are used to design images and logos using graphic
designing applications.
 Surveillance: Computers are used for surveillance and law enforcement activities to
monitor and detect criminal activities.
 Education: Computers are used to teach students in different disciplines and explain
complex concepts.
  Entertainment: Computers are used for entertainment purposes such as playing video
games, watching movies, listening to music, and browsing the web.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer

Advantages of Computer:
1. Increased Efficiency and Accuracy: Computers allow users to perform tasks quickly and
accurately. This includes performing calculations and managing databases, which can
save time, money, and energy.
2. Connectivity: Through the internet, computers allow users to access vast amounts of data
and communicate with individuals from anywhere in the world.
3. Improved Productivity: By providing access to software, computers help streamline
processes and automate mundane tasks, which can significantly improve productivity.
4. Entertainment: Computers offer numerous entertainment options, ranging from video
games to streaming services.
5. Cost Savings: As computer technology becomes more advanced, the cost of using
computers has also declined. This has enabled businesses to save money while improving
their products and services.
6. Time Management: Computers help individuals manage their time, as they can quickly
search for information, set reminders, and prioritize tasks.
7. Education: With access to online libraries, databases, and resources, computers can
provide learners with greater access to information, which can lead to a better
understanding of their topics of study.

Disadvantages of Computer:

 Physical and Mental Health Risks: Prolonged use of computers can lead to physical
and mental health problems. This includes stiff joints, back pain, neck pain, eyestrain,
headaches, sleeping disorder, and fatigue.
 Security Risks: Computers are vulnerable to viruses, malware, and external threats, thus,
making them prone to security risks. It is important to install various antivirus and
antimalware software to protect the computers from such threats.
 Privacy Risks: The increasing use of computers has also created several privacy risks
like identity theft, data breaching, and so on. It is recommended to use a firewall and
update security software regularly to protect the data stored in computers.
 Social Downsides: Computers create a digital divide among people with different access
levels. Sometimes, this could lead to feelings of isolation and disconnection.
 Costly: Computers can be very costly and the price of repairing or taking care of a
computer can add up quickly. Moreover, computers require up-gradation frequently to
make use of the latest technology.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer in Tabular Form

Speed and accuracy: Computers can Cost: Computers can be quite expensive.
complete tasks quickly and with high
accuracy.

Storage: Computers can store huge Maintenance: Computers require regular

amounts of data in a small space. maintenance and upgrades.

Connectivity: Computers allow us to

Security concerns: Hackers can access computers
connect and communicate with people
and steal sensitive information.
around the world.

Automation: Computers can automate Social isolation: Overuse of computers can lead to a
tedious tasks. lack of social interaction.

Multitasking: Computers can handle Human error: Computers can be prone to human
multiple tasks at once. error and malfunction.

Environmental impact: The manufacture and

Versatility: Computers can be used for a
disposal of computers have negative impacts on the
wide variety of purposes.
environment.

Conclusion,

Can you imagine your work, your life, and a world without technology? No way. You don’t even
start your day nowadays if you don’t look at your computer. Life would be impossible without
technology and the use of a computer. The computer has evolved along with the times and
technologies. There are so many advantages and disadvantages of computers but it became a
necessity for everyone now. Especially for kids, who learn new things by sitting at home.