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Grade 10 Chemistry Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on the properties, reactions, and extraction of metals for Grade 10 chemistry. It covers physical and chemical properties, reactivity series, various reactions of metals with oxygen, water, and acids, as well as methods of extraction and uses of metals and alloys. Additionally, it discusses rusting and prevention methods for iron.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
34 views9 pages

Grade 10 Chemistry Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on the properties, reactions, and extraction of metals for Grade 10 chemistry. It covers physical and chemical properties, reactivity series, various reactions of metals with oxygen, water, and acids, as well as methods of extraction and uses of metals and alloys. Additionally, it discusses rusting and prevention methods for iron.

Uploaded by

cesarschoolacc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY NOTES: METALS 1st week SECOND TERM 2023

PROPERTIES OF METALS

❖ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS


• They are strong and hard.
• They are ductile; that is, they can be stretched into a thin wire.
• They are malleable; that is, they can be bent into a without breaking
• They are shiny (lustrous) when polished.
• They are good conductors of electricity and heat.
• They have a high melting point and boiling point.
• They have high density.
• They are solid at room temperature except for mercury which is liquid.
• They are sonorous; produce sound when hit.

❖ CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS


• They form positive ions in chemical reactions.
• They react with non-metals to form ionic compounds.
REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS
Metals form a positive ion when they react with other substances such as oxygen, water
or acid.
• Reactivity series arrange metals in order of reactivity, the tendency of a metal to react
with other elements to form compounds.
• The more reactive a metal is, the faster it reacts with other elements.
• The more reactive a metal is, the easier it loses electrons and become a positive ion.
• A very reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal.
• The more reactive a metal is, the more susceptible it is to be corroded with oxygen
from air or water.
For example, sodium readily reacts with air. Therefore it is kept in oil to prevent reaction
with air. On the other hand, metals like gold are not easily corroded therefore they are
found in pure form naturally.
• The more reactive a metal is the more difficult it is to extract it from its metal ore.
• Aluminium appears to be less reactive than its position in the reactivity series because
it rapidly forms an aluminium oxide layer on the metal surface. This oxide layer tends to
reduce its reactivity
REACTION OF METALS WITH OXYGEN
• The process by which a metal reacts with oxygen in the air at room temperature is
called corrosion.
• Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxide.
M(s) + O2(g) → MO(s)
• Very reactive metals readily burn in air.
2Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
• Moderate reactive metals readily burn in the air when heated.
2Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
• Less reactive metals do not burn brightly while others do not burn at all. However, they
still react with oxygen to form metal oxide when strongly heated.
4Ag(s) + O2(g) → 2Ag2O(s)
REACTION OF METALS WITH WATER
• Potassium, sodium and calcium react with cold water and form metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
• Magnesium, zinc, aluminium and iron reacts with steam and forms metal oxide and
hydrogen gas.
Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g)
2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) → Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
Zn(s) + H2O(g) → ZnO(s) + H2(g)

• Lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with either cold water or steam.
REACTION OF METALS WITH DILUTE ACID
• Metals react with dilute acid to form a salt and hydrogen gas.
metal + acid → salt + hydrogen
2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
• Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc and iron react with dilute
acid.
• Alkali metals react vigorously with acid.
• Aluminium, zinc and iron react moderately to slowly with dilute acid.
• Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute acid.
DISPLACEMENT REACTION
• Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element, for example:
A + BC → AC + B
• In the illustrative example above element A displaces element B in compound BC and
form compound AC.
• A more reactive metal in the reactivity series displaces a less reactive metal.
2Na(s) + ZnO(s) → Na2O(s) + Zn(s)
2Na(s) + MgCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(g) + Mg(s)

REACTION OF METAL OXIDE WITH CARBON


• Carbon reacts with metal oxide and forms metal and carbon dioxide.
• Very reactive metals such as potassium sodium form strong metal oxide bonds.
Therefore it is difficult for carbon to displace a metal from metal oxide.
• Less reactive metals form a weak metal oxide bond; therefore, it is easy for carbon to
displace a metal from metal oxide.
• The lower the position in the reactivity series the easier for carbon to remove oxygen
from the metal oxide by heating.
2Ag2O(s) + C(g) → 4Ag(s) + CO2(g)
2CuO(s) + C(g) → 2Cu(s) + CO2(g)
REACTION OF METAL OXIDE WITH HYDROGEN
• Hydrogen reacts with metal oxide and forms water if the metal is less reactive
• The lower the position in the reactivity series the easier for hydrogen to remove
oxygen from metal oxide by heating
CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
Ag2O(s) + H2(g) → 2Ag(s) + H2O(g)
DECOMPOSITION OF METAL CARBONATE
• Heat can decompose a metal carbonate to metal and carbon dioxide
• Very reactive metals such as potassium and sodium form a very stable metal
carbonate and are not easily decomposed by heat
• Carbonates of moderate metals such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate
can be decomposed by heat to metal oxide and carbon dioxide
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)
• Carbonates of less reactive metals such as silver carbonate are completely
decomposed to metal, carbon dioxide and oxygen by heating
2Ag2CO3(s) → 4Ag(s) + 2CO2(g) + O2(g)

EXTRACTION OF METALS
Metal elements are mined from the earth’s crust as ore.
• Metal ore contains needed elements and unwanted materials.
• Metal oxides are the commonest metal ores but can also be found as metal sulphides
or metal carbonates.
• A pure metal element can be separated from the metal ore by extraction.
• The more reactive a metal is the difficult it is to separated it from its metal ore.
• Metals that are more reactive than carbon are extracted by electrolysis, while metals
that are less reactive than carbon can be extracted by reduction with carbon.
• Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium are more reactive than
carbon. There are extracted by electrolysis.
• Zinc, iron, tin, lead, copper and silver are less reactive than carbon. They are extracted
by reduction with carbon or carbon monoxide.
• Gold is very unreactive therefore it is found in a pure state in nature.
EXTRACTION OF IRON
• Iron is extracted from iron ore using a blast furnace.
• There are four types of iron ores; hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4) , limonite
(2Fe2O3∙3H2O) and siderite (FeCO3). Hematite and magnetite are the commonest iron
ores.
• Hematite contains iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3).
• Limestone (calcium carbonate) and coke (carbon) are required in iron extraction.
• Hematite, limestone and coke are loaded from the top of the blast furnace.
• The furnace is heated to a temperature over 1000Oc

❖ REACTIONS IN BLAST FURNACE


1. Oxygen in the air reacts with coke and form carbon dioxide.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
2. Carbon dioxide reacts with coke and forms carbon monoxide.
CO2(g) + C(s) → 2CO(g)
3. Carbon monoxide reduces iron(III) oxide to iron. Iron in molten form sinks to the
bottom because of its high density.
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
4. Calcium carbonate in limestone undergoes thermal decomposition to calcium oxide
and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
5. Calcium oxide reacts with silicon dioxide, an impurity in iron ore and form calcium
silicate (slag). Slag formed floats on top of molten iron. Therefore, molten iron and slag
can be drained from the bottom of the furnace separately.
CaO(s) + SiO2(g) → CaSiO3(l)

❖ PRODUCTS
• Molten iron and slag are the necessary products from the blast furnace.
• Iron from the furnace is cooled into the iron cast.
• Iron casts are ready for use or alloyed into steel.
• Slag is used for road construction
USES OF METALS
1. Copper is used for making electrical wires and cooking utensils because it is a good
conductor of heat and electricity.
2. Iron is used in building constructions because it has high tensile strength.
3. Gold, silver and platinum are used for making jewellery because they are luster and
malleable.
4. Zinc is used as a protective coat of iron.
5. Aluminium is used in aircraft bodies because it is a light metal.
ALLOY
• Alloy is a mixture of two or more metals or metals and non-metals.
• Most alloys are a mixture of metals.
• A pure metal is too soft for use because layers of atoms slide over each other easily.
• Mixing two metals with different atom sizes decreases the sliding of atoms. Therefore,
the formed metal is strong and tough for everyday use
❖ TYPES OF ALLOYS
1. STAINLESS STEEL
• Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, carbon, nickel and chromium.
• It is hard and resistant to corrosion from air and water.
• It is mainly used for cutleries such as knives, spoons and forks.
2. INVAR
• Invar is an alloy of iron and nickel.
• It expands very little when heated.
• It is used in temperature sensitive devices such as precision instruments, engine
valves, clock arms.
3. OTHER ALLOYS AND THEIR USES
1. STEEL (iron and carbon): building and home constructions, cutting tools.
2. BRONZE (copper and tin): statue and decorative objects.
3. BRASS (copper and zinc): water taps and door fittings.
4. GOLD WITH SILVER, COPPER OR TIN: pieces of jewellery
RUSTING
• Iron reacts with water and oxygen and forms a solid brown product called rust. The
process is called rusting.
• Rust is a hydrated iron(III) oxide.
• Water and air are needed for rusting to occur.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe2O3∙H2O(s)

❖ HOW TO PREVENT RUSTING


1. Surface protection
• Cover iron with a layer of another substance.
• These include painting, plastic grease or oil.
2. Sacrificial protection
• Coat iron with another metal.
• The coated metal must be more reactive than iron.
• Therefore, the coated metal corrodes first instead of iron.
• Galvanising is coating iron or steel with zinc.
3. Stainless steel
• Iron alloyed with less reactive metals.
• This causes iron to be more resistant to rusting

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