Grade 10 Chemistry Notes
Grade 10 Chemistry Notes
PROPERTIES OF METALS
• Lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with either cold water or steam.
REACTION OF METALS WITH DILUTE ACID
• Metals react with dilute acid to form a salt and hydrogen gas.
metal + acid → salt + hydrogen
2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
• Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc and iron react with dilute
acid.
• Alkali metals react vigorously with acid.
• Aluminium, zinc and iron react moderately to slowly with dilute acid.
• Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute acid.
DISPLACEMENT REACTION
• Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element, for example:
A + BC → AC + B
• In the illustrative example above element A displaces element B in compound BC and
form compound AC.
• A more reactive metal in the reactivity series displaces a less reactive metal.
2Na(s) + ZnO(s) → Na2O(s) + Zn(s)
2Na(s) + MgCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(g) + Mg(s)
EXTRACTION OF METALS
Metal elements are mined from the earth’s crust as ore.
• Metal ore contains needed elements and unwanted materials.
• Metal oxides are the commonest metal ores but can also be found as metal sulphides
or metal carbonates.
• A pure metal element can be separated from the metal ore by extraction.
• The more reactive a metal is the difficult it is to separated it from its metal ore.
• Metals that are more reactive than carbon are extracted by electrolysis, while metals
that are less reactive than carbon can be extracted by reduction with carbon.
• Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium are more reactive than
carbon. There are extracted by electrolysis.
• Zinc, iron, tin, lead, copper and silver are less reactive than carbon. They are extracted
by reduction with carbon or carbon monoxide.
• Gold is very unreactive therefore it is found in a pure state in nature.
EXTRACTION OF IRON
• Iron is extracted from iron ore using a blast furnace.
• There are four types of iron ores; hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4) , limonite
(2Fe2O3∙3H2O) and siderite (FeCO3). Hematite and magnetite are the commonest iron
ores.
• Hematite contains iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3).
• Limestone (calcium carbonate) and coke (carbon) are required in iron extraction.
• Hematite, limestone and coke are loaded from the top of the blast furnace.
• The furnace is heated to a temperature over 1000Oc
❖ PRODUCTS
• Molten iron and slag are the necessary products from the blast furnace.
• Iron from the furnace is cooled into the iron cast.
• Iron casts are ready for use or alloyed into steel.
• Slag is used for road construction
USES OF METALS
1. Copper is used for making electrical wires and cooking utensils because it is a good
conductor of heat and electricity.
2. Iron is used in building constructions because it has high tensile strength.
3. Gold, silver and platinum are used for making jewellery because they are luster and
malleable.
4. Zinc is used as a protective coat of iron.
5. Aluminium is used in aircraft bodies because it is a light metal.
ALLOY
• Alloy is a mixture of two or more metals or metals and non-metals.
• Most alloys are a mixture of metals.
• A pure metal is too soft for use because layers of atoms slide over each other easily.
• Mixing two metals with different atom sizes decreases the sliding of atoms. Therefore,
the formed metal is strong and tough for everyday use
❖ TYPES OF ALLOYS
1. STAINLESS STEEL
• Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, carbon, nickel and chromium.
• It is hard and resistant to corrosion from air and water.
• It is mainly used for cutleries such as knives, spoons and forks.
2. INVAR
• Invar is an alloy of iron and nickel.
• It expands very little when heated.
• It is used in temperature sensitive devices such as precision instruments, engine
valves, clock arms.
3. OTHER ALLOYS AND THEIR USES
1. STEEL (iron and carbon): building and home constructions, cutting tools.
2. BRONZE (copper and tin): statue and decorative objects.
3. BRASS (copper and zinc): water taps and door fittings.
4. GOLD WITH SILVER, COPPER OR TIN: pieces of jewellery
RUSTING
• Iron reacts with water and oxygen and forms a solid brown product called rust. The
process is called rusting.
• Rust is a hydrated iron(III) oxide.
• Water and air are needed for rusting to occur.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe2O3∙H2O(s)