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Module - II

The document classifies materials into three main types: metals, ceramics, and polymers, along with additional groups including composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials. It details the properties and applications of each material type, highlighting their unique characteristics such as conductivity, flexibility, and resistance to heat. Advanced and smart materials are also discussed, emphasizing their high-tech applications and ability to respond to environmental changes.

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radharamyajena
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12 views11 pages

Module - II

The document classifies materials into three main types: metals, ceramics, and polymers, along with additional groups including composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials. It details the properties and applications of each material type, highlighting their unique characteristics such as conductivity, flexibility, and resistance to heat. Advanced and smart materials are also discussed, emphasizing their high-tech applications and ability to respond to environmental changes.

Uploaded by

radharamyajena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module - II

Classification of Materials:
• Three types: Based on chemical structure/atomic structure
(a) Metals
(b) Ceramics
(c) Polymers

Other three groups: (i) Composites


(ii) Semiconductors
(iii) Biomaterials
(a) Metals:
• Combination of metallic elements
• Have large no. of non bound electrons to particular atoms (Nonlocalized
electrons)
• Good conductor of electricity and heat
• Not transparent
• Quite strong, but deformable
(b) Ceramics:
• Compounds between metallic and non metallic elements
• Ex: Oxides, nitrides, Carbides
• Insulative to electricity and heat
• More resistant to high temperature and harsh environments
• Hard, But brittle
(c) Polymers:
• Plastics and rubber materials
• Organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen and other non metallic
elements
• Large molecular structure
• Low density and extremely flexible
Others:
(i) Composites:
• Consists of more than one material
• Ex: Fiber glass: Glass fiber in polymer
(ii) Semiconductors:
• Electrical properties between conductors and insulators
• Extremely sensitive to presence of minute concentration of impurity atoms
• Advent to integrated circuit
(iii) Biomaterials:
• Components implanted into human body for replacement of deseased/damaged
body parts
• All materials can be used

Advanced Materials:
• High technology application
• Device/products that operates/functions using intricate and sophisticated
principles
• Ex: Electronics Equipment
CD Player
Computer
Air craft
• Expensive
Smart materials:
• These materials are able to sense changes in their environment and then
respond to those changes in predetermined manner.
• Ex: Sensors
Actuators
Ceramic:
• A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-
resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic,
nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common
examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
• The earliest ceramics made by humans were fired clay bricks used for
building house walls and other structures. Other pottery objects such as
pots, vessels, vases and figurines were made from clay, either by itself or
mixed with other materials like silica, hardened by sintering in fire. Later,
ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth, colored surfaces,
decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic
coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates. Ceramics now
include domestic, industrial, and building products, as well as a wide
range of materials developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering,
such as semiconductors.

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