Network is a collection of autonomous computers that can share and

exchange information.

Advantages Of Network

1. Resource can be shared- Data ,hardware, software can be shared

irrespective of their location
2. Reliability- Multiple copies of a file can be maintained
3. Cost Reduction- Since resources are shared , cost is reduced
4. Fast Communication- It is possible to exchange information very fast

Disadvantage of Network

• Security issue
• Cost of the network
• Virus attack

Components of a Network
 Node/Workstation/Host:-Computers attached to a network capable of
sharing resources

 Client: -A client computer is a host computer that request for some

service from the server

 Server:- A computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software and

hardware resources on the network. Servers can be of the following
types

Non-dedicated Servers- Each computer on this network is equal.

Every computer can play the role of a client or a server depending on
what is needed at that point of time. Its is also known as Peer-to-Peer
Network(P2P Network)
Dedicated Servers-In this network there is a computer reserved for the
job of a server and its only job is to help the workstations access data ,
software or hardware resources. Its is also known as Master Slave

Network /Client Server Network

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  Communication Channel:- It is the medium by which we can transmit
data between two or more nodes

 NIC-Network Interface Card

The NIC is a device that is attached to the workstations and the
server and
it helps the workstation establish all connections in the network. Each NIC
attached to the workstation has a unique number identifying it called node
address. The NIC is also known Terminal Access Point(TAP)/ Network
Interface Unit (NIU). The NIC manufacturer assigns a unique physical
address to each NIC card called MAC address (Media Access Control). It is
a 6 byte address where each byte is separated by a colon.
Card No

20 : C5 : 12 : 72 : E5 : A3

Manufacturer ID

ARPANET-Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork

ARPANET or ARPAnet began development in 1966 by the United States
ARPA. ARPANET was a Wide Area Network linking many Universities and
research centers, was first to use packet switching, and was the beginning of
what we consider the Internet today. ARPANET was created to make it easier
for people to access computers, improve computer equipment, and to have a
more effective communication method for the military.

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 INTERNET
The Internet is the biggest world-wide communication network of
computers.The Internet has millions of smaller domestic, academic,
business, and government networks, which together carry many different
kinds of information. The short form of internet is the 'net'. ...

INTERSPACE

InterSpace is basically a client/server software program, allows multiple users

to communicate online with real-time audio, video or text chat in dynamic 3D
environments.

TYPES OF NETWORK
Based on the network span and geographical spread , network is classified as
1. PERSONAL AREA NETWORL-PAN
2. LOCAL AREA NETWORK-LAN
3. METROPLPLITAN AREA NETWORK-MAN
4. WIDE AREA NETWORK-WAN

Personal Area Network-PAN

It is the network that spreads within the reachability of an individual person Range: <10 m
eg: Bluetooth

Local Area Network-LAN

Small computer network that are confined to a localized area such as office or building is
called a LAN. In a LAN one computer is designated as a server and stores all software and
hardware devices that can be shared by the nodes.

Range: > 10 m but <=10 KM eg: computers in a school/office

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Metropolitan Area Network-MAN
It refers to a network that is spread over an area as big as a city Range:>10 KM but <=100
KM eg: cable TV Network

Wide Area Network-WAN

The network spread across countries or over a very big are is known as WAN. It can even be
a group of
LAN’s that are spread across several locations connected together .
The largest WAN is the INTERNET
The first WAN is ARPANET(Advanced Research Project Agency Network)
Range:>100 KM

Qn: Differentiate between LAN and WAN

LAN WAN
1. It spreads over a small area 1. Spreads over a large area
2. Cost is less for its setup 2. cost is more for its set up
3. It is usually a single network 3. It is a network of networks

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

WLAN (Wi-Fi) is an internet related wireless service. Using WLAN, different devices like
laptops and mobile phones can connect to an access point and access internet.

APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS

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1. International tours and travels company has set up its new branch office in Jaipur
where different buildings are spanned over in the radius of 900 meters in Jaipur.
Name the network formed in the following situations:

o The branch office is connected to the regional office in New Delhi o All the

buildings of the branch office are connected to each other

ANS:1. WAN 2. LAN

2. Identify the type of topology on the basis of the following:

o Since every node is directly connected to the server, a large amount of cable is

needed which increases the installation cost of the network. o It has a single

common data path connecting all the nodes.

ANS:1. STAR Topology 2. BUS Topology

3. Assume 50 employee are working in an organization. Each employee has been

allotted a separate workstation to work. In this way, all computers are connected
through the server and all these workstations are distributed over two floors. In each
floor, all the computers are connected to a switch. i) Identify the type of network?

ii) What are the different types of network ANS: i. LAN ii.

PAN,LAN,MAN,WAN

NETWORK DEVICES

1. MODEM:-(Modem Demodulation) Modem converts digital signal to analog and

viceversa. The process of converting digital signal to analog is called as modulation. The
process of converting analog to digital is called as demodulation.

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2. RJ-45(Registered Jack-45):-It is a eight wire connector used to
connect computer on LAN. It is similar to the telephone cable,but
has 8 wires instead of 4
3. Ethernet Card:- They connect a computer to another computer or
to a server by using a cable, an alternative to a wireless network. An
Ethernet card is the communications hub for your computer; it
connects to a network using a network cable. Ethernet cards can also
communicate one-on-one with another
Ethernet card, allowing for peer-to-peer network connections -- these are useful for
direct file sharing.
4. Router:- A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer

networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on

the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page
or email, is in the form of data packets. A packet is typically
forwarded from one
router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork (e.g. the
Internet) until it reaches its destination node.

5. Switch:- A switch is a device used to segment networks to sub networks. It is also called
as an intelligent Hub. It is responsible for filtering
6. Gateway:- It is a device that connects dissimilar networks. It establishes an intelligent
connection between a local network and an external network
7. WiFi Card:- A Wi-Fi card connects to your laptop either in your USB port or a wider
card slot. This card generally is geared to a particular Wi-Fi network, so to use it you
must be in range of a wireless Internet signal dedicated to that network. In this way, the
Wi-Fi card acts as both a receiver and transmitter. It receives the wireless signal and

communicates with the wireless network, enabling you to access the Web with your
laptop.

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8. Repeater:- Repeater is a device that amplifies the signal for long distance transmission.
When the signal travels a long distance ,it becomes weak. So a repeater is placed in
between to amplify the signal. Normally repeater is placed if the distance exceeds 100 m.
9. Bridge:- It is a device used to connect two local networks with same standard but
different cables.
10. Hub:- It is a device used to connect several computers together.

Structure of the Network

The geographical arrangement of the computers, network device and communication channel
is known as network structure or topology

Types of Physical Network Topologies

•
Bus Topology

•
Star Topology

•
Ring Topology

•
Mesh Topology

•
Tree Topology

•
Hybrid Topology

BUS TOPOLOGY

Nodes are connected through a common communication media

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 node node node

Communication media

node node node

Advantages of a Bus topology

•
Easy to install

•
Minimal Cable

Disadvantages of a Bus topology

•
Difficult reconnection

•
Difficult to find the problem

STAR TOPOLOGY

The star topology uses a separate cable for each node/workstation. The cable connects
the node to a central device typically a HUB.

node
node
Advantages of a Star topology

1. Less expensive than mesh

2. Hub/
Easy to install, easy to configure switch
node node
3. If one link fails the network can still function
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node
Disadvantages of a Star topology

1. Everything depends on the hub

RING TOPOLOGY

In ring topology every computer is connected to the next computer in the ring and each
transmit the signal, what it receives from the previous computer. The messages flow around
the ring is in one direction.
node
node
Advantages of a Ring topology
• Easy to install

• Easy to reconfigure

• Easy to detect a problem node

node
Disadvantages of a Ring topology
• Break means the whole system is
node
dead

MESH TOPOLOGY

In mesh topology , separate cable is used to connect each device to every other device on the
network, providing a straight communication path.

Advantages of a Mesh topology

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 • Avoid traffic since each link can carry its own data and none are being
shared
• If one link breaks, the rest of the
network is still functional
• Easy to detect a problem in the
network by discovering which device is
having problems and examining the node
link
node
that connects to it. Disadvantages of a
Mesh topology
• A lot of cables are needed
• Too many cables means too
much cost node
node
• Too many cables means complex
network

node
TREE TOPOLOGY
In which a central root node (the top level of the
hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that
node
are one level lower in the hierarchy

Advantages of a Tree topology

• It is scalable.
• Easier fault identification and
isolation. node
node

Disadvantages of a tree topology

node node
• Maintenance of the network may be an issue when the network spans a
great area.
• if the backbone fails, the entire network is crippled.
Introduction to Web Services

Internet

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 Internet is network of networks ,an example of wide area network(WAN).Means
Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices.
With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with
anyone else in the world We can do all of this by connecting a computer to the
Internet, which is also called going online. When someone says a computer is online,
it's just another way of saying it's connected to the Internet Some Internet Applications

1. WWW/Web
2. Email 3. Chat
4. VoIP
1. WWW /web -
The internet is a huge network of computers all connected together. The world wide
web (‘www’ or ‘web’ for short) is a collection of webpages found on this network of
computers. The web browser uses the internet to access the web.

The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on the
Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.

With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos
and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks

It use a protocol called HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP defines how
messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers
should take in response to various commands

A Uniform Resource Locator, or URL is the address of a document we find on the

WWW.

The elements in a URL:

Protocol://server's address/filename

Example: http://www.google.com/index.html
Types of websites

• Static
– A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent

to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• Dynamic
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– A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and
automatically, based on certain criteria.

URL
Uniform Resource Locator is defined as the global address of documents and other
resources on the World Wide Web. The URL is an address that sends users to a
specific resource online, such as a webpage, video or other document or resource.

Syntax: protocol://servername.sitename.typeofsite

Eg. http://www.yahoo.com//mail
Elements Of URL –
i) Type of server or protocol ii) Name / address of the server on
the internet iii) Location of the file on the server
Domain Name : it is a unique name assigned to a web site. An internet address which
is character based is called a domain name.

Eg.www.facebook.com
.com- commercial .edu – education .org – organization
.gov - government .mil- military .net – network resources .co - company
Domain name generally has 3 parts www – World Wide Web name of web site –
facebook
Top level domain such as .com, .net, .org,.edu, .in……….

2. Email
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is
exchanged between two users over telecommunications. It is a fast and efficient way
to communicate with friends or colleagues. we can communicate with one person at a
time or thousands; we can receive and send files and other information.

Features of email

❖ Automatic/default reply to messages.

❖ auto-forward and redirection of messages.
❖ facility to send copies of a message to many people.
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 ❖ addresses can be stored in an address book and retrieved instantly.
❖ notification if a message cannot be delivered
Very popular webmail providers:–

Gmail
Yahoo!
Hotmail

Electronic mail is a facility that allows users to transmit messages across the internet
in fast and secure manner. Email created using email client program on press of send
button ,it is delivered to sender’s mail server through SMTP(Simple mail transfer
protocol) which further transmit the same through internet to recipient’s mail server
whenever recipient’s email client program’s inbox is opened,that email is delivered to
inbox through POP3 (post office protocols 3rd version) which user will read in email
client program.

3. Chat
Chatting is the other method for Internet conversation.It enables people connected
anywhere on the Internet to join in live discussions.

Chatting Software Examples:

MSN Messenger
Yahoo Messenger
Google chat
Microsoft Teams chat

4. VOIP
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows us to make
voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or
analog) phone line. VoIP services convert our voice into a digital signal that
travels over the Internet. If we are calling a regular phone number, the signal
is converted to a regular telephone signal before it reaches the destination.
VoIP can allow us to make a call directly from a computer, a special VoIP
phone. In addition, wireless "hot spots" in locations such as airports, parks,

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 and cafes allow us to connect to the Internet and may enable us to use VoIP
service wirelessly.

Common examples of VoIP apps:

Nextiva Aircall
Zoiper Skype
WhatsApp Google Hangouts

Website
The information in the internet is generated by multiple sources and is
carefully organized in the form of files and web pages, which, when grouped
together to form a single entity, become a website. So, a collection of web
pages which are grouped together and usually connected together in various
ways. Often called a "web site" or simply a "site.“

The websites are utilized for various purposes like Web surfing, Email and
chatting, Social Networking, Videos, Online Business, Searching Jobs, News
and Information, Classified Ads, Blogs, Downloads, Online payments, Online
Banking, File sharing, Online games etc.

Components of a good website

Easy navigation
Secured contents
Proper layout
Proper links

Effective color scheme

Fast load time
Mobile friendly
Font that suits website
Good quality images with less size
Consistency of design among all pages

Some examples of websites o wikipedia.org o google.com o amazon.com o

cbse.nic.in o facebook.com o yahoo.com o flipkart.com

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 Web page
These documents are written in HTML (hypertext markup language) and are
translated by your Web browser

Static web page – Static Web pages are pages written in languages such as HTML,
JavaScript. When a server receives a request for a static web page, then the server
sends the response to the client without doing any additional process. And these
web pages are seen through a web browser as these were designed. In static web
pages, Pages will remain the same until someone changes it manually and deploy
these on the webserver.
Dynamic web page –
Dynamic Web Pages are written in languages such as
JSP,ASP,.NET,PHT etc. In dynamic web pages, the Content of pages varies as per
the requirement of its visitor.for e.g. if we login to any web site then our name is
displayed similarly if other person login on the same site his name will be
displayed. It takes more time to load than the static web page. Dynamic web pages
are used where the information is changed frequently, for example, stock prices,
weather information, etc

Web Server
Web server is a computer where the web content is stored. Basically web server is
used to host the web sites and deliver the resources requested through web
browser. Web Server examples
❑ Apache web server
❑ IIS
❑ Apache Tomcat
❑ NGINX

Web hosting
Web hosting is a service that allows organizations and individuals to post a website or web
page onto the Internet. A web host, or web hosting service provider, is a business that
provides the technologies and services needed for the website or webpage to be viewed in
the
Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on special computers called servers. When Internet
users want to view your website, all they need to do is type your website address or domain
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into their browser. Their computer will then connect to your server and your webpages will
be delivered to them through the browser
Web pages: It is an electronic document/page designed using HTML. It displays
information in textual/graphical form.
A web page is classified into two:
 Static web page
 Dynamic web page
Differentiate between static and dynamic web page

Add-on Extensions:
Are tools which integrated into our browser.
Similar to regular apps , but only run when the browser runs.
Plug-ins:
It acts as an add-on to a web browser and gives additional functionality.
Difference between add-ons and plug–ins

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cookies: Are messages that web servers pass to web browsers when you visit internet site,
the browser stores each message in a small file called cookie.txt. When you request
another file from the server ,your browser sends the cookie back to the server .these
files typically contains information about your web page as well as any information
you are volunteered, such as name &interests

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