IBDP Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches, Higher Level

Paper 3
Practice Questions

Daniel Hwang
[email protected]
Suggestions and comments are welcome.
Updated September 5, 2020
 Question number ➔ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Maximum mark ➔ 31 30 29 24 31 29 29 31 27 26 23 31 26 28 23 26 30 24 23 32 24 24 29 23 27
Sequences & series x x x x x x x x
Exponents & logs x x x x x x x x x
Number & algebra

Binomial expansion x x
Counting x x x
Partial fractions x x
Complex numbers x x
Proof by induction x
Proof by contradiction x x x x
Systems of equations x
Domain & range x x x
Inverse function x
Curve sketching x x x x x
Functions

Quadratic function x x x
Modulus function x
Transformations x x
Factor & remainder thrms x x
Sum & product of roots x x
Trigonometry x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Geo & trig

Arcs & sectors x x

Triangle trigonometry x x
3D solids x
Vectors x x x
Descriptive statistics x x x
Statistics & prob

Correlation & regression x

Probability x x x x x
Discrete random variables x x
Binomial distribution x
Cont. random variables x
Normal distribution x x
Limits x x x x x x x x
Differentiation x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
Calculus

Integration
Continuous & differentiable x x x
L'Hopital's rule x x
Differential equations x
Maclaurin series x x
2. [Maximum mark: 30]

This question asks you to investigate a ladder of length 𝑙 m sliding down a wall and across the floor.

(a) Find the equation of the path of the midpoint of the ladder, in terms of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑙. [2]

(b) The speed, in m s −1 , of the end of the ladder on the wall is equal to the distance, in m, of the
other end from the wall. Find the time it takes the ladder to move from vertical to horizontal. [6]

(c) Now assume that the end of the ladder on the floor has constant speed 1 m s−1 .

(i) Find the speed of the other end just before the ladder hits the floor.

(ii) Is your answer to (c)(i) realistic? Explain. [7]

As the ladder slides, an envelope curve appears. The ladder is always tangent to the envelope curve.

(d) (i) On the same set of axes, in the first quadrant, sketch and label 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑙 𝑛
1
for 𝑛 = , 1, 2, 3.
2

(ii) Show that the equation of the tangent to 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑙 𝑛 , 𝑛 ≠ 0, at (𝑎, 𝑏) is

𝑦 = −𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1−𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏1−𝑛 𝑙𝑛 .

(iii) Find the equation of the envelope curve, in terms of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑙. [15]
3. [Maximum mark: 29]

This question asks you to investigate the packing density of circles and spheres.

(a) An infinitely large table is covered by non-overlapping circles of equal radii.

Find, to three significant figures, the maximum proportion of the table that is covered. [5]

(b) (i) Expand (𝑘 + 1)3 .

(ii) By summing each side of (b)(i) from 𝑘 = 1 to 𝑘 = 𝑛, show that

𝑛
1 1 1
∑ 𝑘 2 = 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛. [6]
3 2 6
𝑘=1

The diagram below shows spheres of diameter 1 arranged in a triangular pyramid with 𝑛 layers.

https://schoolbag.info/mathematics/numbers/39.html

(c) (i) Find the number of spheres in the 𝑘th layer from the top, simplifying your answer.

1 3 1 2 1
(ii) Show that the total number of spheres in the pyramid is 𝑛 + 𝑛 + 𝑛. [6]
6 2 3

Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 be the centres of the spheres at the vertices of the pyramid.

√2
(d) Show that the volume of tetrahedron 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is (𝑛 − 1)3 . [7]
12

(e) Find, to three significant figures, the proportion of tetrahedron 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 that is occupied by the
spheres. [5]
4. [Maximum mark: 24]

This question asks you to investigate a circle inscribed in a sector that is inscribed in another circle.

sector angle
𝑟 = radius of small circle 𝐿 = radius of sector 𝑅 = radius of big circle 𝜃=
2

𝐴1 = area of small circle 𝐴2 = area of sector 𝐴3 = area of big circle

𝐴2 4𝜃
(a) (i) Show that = cos2 𝜃.
𝐴3 𝜋

𝐴2 𝜋 𝜋
(ii) Find the values of when 𝜃 = and 𝜃 = . [6]
𝐴3 6 4

𝐴2 1 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
Naim guesses that is maximized when 𝜃 = ( + ) = .
𝐴3 2 6 4 24

𝐴2 5𝜋
(b) (i) Find, to five decimal places, the value of when 𝜃 = .
𝐴3 24

(ii) Determine if Naim′ s guess is correct or not. [4]

𝐴1 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2
(c) (i) Show that =( ) .
𝐴3 1 + sin 𝜃

𝐴1
(ii) Find the maximum value of to four decimal places. [6]
𝐴3

𝐴1
Renee guesses that is maximized when the circles are concentric.
𝐴3

(d) Determine if Renee′ s guess is correct or not. [8]

6. [Maximum mark: 29]

This question asks you to investigate the perimeter of a triangle on a clock.


2--

H
S

The lengths of the hour, minute and second hands are 3, 4, 4, respectively.
𝐻, 𝑀, 𝑆 are the tips of the hour, minute and second hands, respectively.
𝑃 = perimeter of triangle 𝐻𝑀𝑆
𝑡 = time in seconds after midnight

(a) Express 𝑃 in terms of 𝛼 and 𝛽. [4]

(b) Find the angle (in radians) swept between midnight and 𝑡 by the:

(i) second hand

(ii) minute hand

(iii) hour hand [6]

(c) Express 𝑃 in terms of 𝑡. [5]

(d) (i) Show that the three hands coincide only at midnight and noon.

(ii) Find the period of 𝑃 as a function of 𝑡. [8]

(e) (i) Let 𝐼 = perimeter of triangle 𝐻𝑀𝑆 if the hands can be positioned independently.
Find the maximum value of 𝐼 to four decimal places.

(ii) Approximate the maximum value of 𝑃 to two decimal places. [6]

7. [Maximum mark: 29]

This question asks you to investigate the horizontal distance from the airport, 𝑙 m, at which an airplane
should start its descent, given the following conditions:

I. As the airplane descends, it follows a cubic curve, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑.

𝑦 is the airplane’s vertical distance in m from the horizontal ground.

𝑥 is the airplane’s horizontal distance in m from the point where it begins its descent.

II. The airplane’s cruising altitude is 6 km.

III. The airplane’s horizontal velocity is a constant 100 m s −1.

IV. For passenger comfort, vertical acceleration ranges from −0.1 m s −2 to 0.1 m s −2.

(a) Find 𝑑 and 𝑐. [3]

(b) By considering the point at which 𝑥 = 𝑙, or otherwise, show that 𝑎𝑙 3 + 𝑏𝑙 2 + 6000 = 0 and
3𝑎𝑙 + 2𝑏 = 0. [2]

(c) (i) Sketch a graph of the airplane’s vertical velocity against time.

(ii) Sketch a graph of the airplane’s vertical acceleration against time.

(iii) Determine the airplane’s vertical acceleration at the beginning of its descent.

(iv) Express the airplane’s vertical acceleration in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑥.

(v) Show that 𝑏 = −5 × 10−6 . [11]

(d) Find 𝑙. [4]

(e) If the airplane can follow any curve, find the minimum value of 𝑙. [9]
9. [Maximum mark: 27]

This question asks you to investigate the hyperbolic functions cosh and sinh.

Draw line segments from (0, 0) to (𝑝, 𝑞) and (𝑝, −𝑞) on the right side of the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1.
Call the area of the enclosed region 𝐴 if 𝑞 ≥ 0, or − 𝐴 if 𝑞 < 0.

Define: cosh 𝐴 = 𝑝 sinh 𝐴 = 𝑞

𝑞
√𝑞2 + 1
(a) Show that 𝐴 = 2 ∫ (√𝑦 2 + 1 − 𝑦) d𝑦. [3]
0 𝑞

(b) (i) Differentiate 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦√𝑦 2 + 1 + ln (𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1) with respect to 𝑦 and simplify.

(ii) Hence, or otherwise, show that 𝐴 = ln(𝑞 + √𝑞2 + 1). [7]

e𝐴 − e−𝐴 e𝐴 + e−𝐴
(c) Show that sinh 𝐴 = and cosh 𝐴 = . [6]
2 2

(d) (i) Show that cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1.

d d
(ii) Show that cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 and sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥.
d𝑥 d𝑥

sinh 𝑥 d
(iii) Given that tanh 𝑥 = , find tanh 𝑥 and simplify your answer. [7]
cosh 𝑥 d𝑥

The inverse of sinh, denoted by sinh−1 , is defined by sinh−1 (sinh 𝑥) = 𝑥.

1
(e) Show that ∫ d𝑥 = sinh−1 𝑥 + 𝑐. [4]
√1 + 𝑥 2
12. [Maximum mark: 31]

This question asks you to investigate the envelope curve of projectiles.

A projectile is launched from a point on flat ground with speed 𝑣0 at an angle 𝜃 with the ground.
The acceleration due to gravity is 𝑔. You may ignore air resistance.

(a) (i) Express the projectile′ s horizontal displacement 𝑥, in terms of 𝑣0 , 𝜃 and time 𝑡.

𝑔
(ii) Show that the projectile′s vertical displacement is 𝑦 = − 𝑡 2 + 𝑣0 (sin 𝜃)𝑡.
2

𝑔
(iii) Show that the equation of the projectile′ s path is 𝑦 = − (1 + tan2 𝜃)𝑥 2 + (tan 𝜃)𝑥. [7]
2𝑣0 2

The diagram below shows several projectile paths and the envelope of projection (dotted curve),
which encloses all the projectile paths.

For any point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the envelope, there is only one value of 𝜃 that would cause a projectile to reach
that point.

(b) (i) Express the projectile′ s path as a quadratic equation in tan 𝜃.

𝑣0 2 𝑔 2
(ii) Show that the envelope of projectiles has equation 𝑦 = − 𝑥 . [5]
2𝑔 2𝑣0 2

The “danger zone” is the region in which a bird could be hit by a projectile.

(c) Find the volume of the danger zone. [6]

2𝑣0 2
(d) Verify that, at the apex of a projectile, 𝑥 2 = −4𝑦 2 + 𝑦. [7]
𝑔

(e) A bird is randomly located in the danger zone. Find the probability it could be hit from below. [6]
14. [Maximum mark: 28]

This question asks you to investigate definite integrals of powers of (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1.

(a) On the same set of axes, sketch and label 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 , 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 and 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )−3
for 0 < 𝑥 < 1. [3]

1
(b) Find the exact value of ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 d𝑥. [3]
0

1
(c) By substituting 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 , or otherwise, find the exact value of ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 d𝑥. [8]
0

1
Let 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )−𝑛 d𝑥.
0

(d) (i) By expressing (1 + 𝑥 2 )−𝑛 as (1 + 𝑥 2 )−𝑛 (1), or otherwise, show that

1 2−𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛+1 = (1 − ) 𝐼𝑛 + for 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2𝑛 𝑛

1
(ii) Find the exact value of ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )−3 d𝑥. [10]
0

1
(e) Find the exact value of ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2)−3 d𝑥. [4]
0
16. [Maximum mark: 26]

ln 𝑥
This question asks you to investigate possible applications of the curve 𝑦 = .
𝑥

ln 𝑥
(a) For the curve 𝑦 = , find the
𝑥

(i) x-intercept(s)

(ii) asymptote(s)

(iii) coordinates of the stationary point(s) and their nature [9]

ln 𝑥
(b) Sketch the curve 𝑦 = . [3]
𝑥

ln 𝑥
(c) By considering two points on the curve 𝑦 = , show that 𝜋 e < e𝜋 . [3]
𝑥

(d) Given that 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 < 𝑏, find the ranges of 𝑎 and 𝑏. [5]

(e) Given that log𝑎 𝑏 = log𝑏 𝑎 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 < 𝑏, find the ranges of 𝑎 and 𝑏. [6]
19. [Maximum mark: 23]

This question asks you to investigate the pigeonhole principle (PHP), which states that if 𝑛 pigeons are
put in 𝑚 pigeonholes, where 𝑛 > 𝑚, then at least one pigeonhole must contain more than one pigeon.

(a) An equilateral triangle of side length 2 m contains five points. By dividing the triangle into four
equilateral triangles, or otherwise, show that two of the points must be within 1 m of each other. [2]

(b) (i) A circle contains four points. By drawing a diameter through one of the points, or otherwise,
show that three of the points must be in the same closed semicircle.

(ii) A circle contains four randomly located points. Find the probability that all of the points are
in the same closed semicircle. [7]

(c) A sphere contains five points. Show that four of the points must be in the same closed
hemisphere. [3]

(d) (i) List the possible remainders when a positive integer is divided by 𝑛, where 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
𝑛

(ii) By considering the numbers 7, 77, 777, … , 7 ∑ 10𝑘 , or otherwise, show that, for
𝑘=0

any 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ , there is a number whose digits are limited to 0 and 7 that is divisible by 𝑛. [5]

(e) Given real numbers 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , by letting 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 , or otherwise, show that two of them
𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗
must satisfy 0 ≤ ≤ √3. [6]
1 + 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗
20. [Maximum mark: 32]

𝑓(𝑥)
This question asks you to investigate functions of the form 𝑦 = , where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) goes through
𝑥
the origin and is concave up.

(a) In each part below, show that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) goes through the origin and is concave up, then sketch
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦= .
𝑥

(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = e𝑥 − 1

(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = − ln(𝑥 + 1)

𝜋 𝜋
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = sec 𝑥 − 1, − <𝑥< [9]
2 2

d 𝑓(𝑥)
(b) Make a conjecture about ( ) , 𝑥 ≠ 0. [1]
d𝑥 𝑥

Let the tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 ≠ 0 be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.

d 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐
(c) (i) Show that ( ) = − 2 for 𝑥 ≠ 0.
d𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥)
(ii) Show that 𝑦 = is increasing for 𝑥 ≠ 0. [5]
𝑥

arcsin 𝑥
(d) Show that 𝑦 = is increasing for 0 < 𝑥 < 1. [3]
𝑥

1 1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥
(e) (i) By expressing ( ) as e𝑔(𝑥) , or otherwise, show that 𝑦 = ( ) , 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑏,
2 2

is increasing for 𝑥 ≠ 0.

1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥
(ii) Find the range of 𝑦 = ( ) , 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑏. [12]
2

(f) Determine, with justification, whether 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) is increasing for all 𝑥 in its domain. [2]
21. [Maximum mark: 24]

This question asks you to investigate the application of complex numbers to geometry.

(a) Show that, when a complex number 𝑧 is multiplied by i, the number ′ s position in the complex
𝜋
plane is rotated anticlockwise about the origin. [4]
2

The diagram below shows an arbitrary quadrilateral with squares with centres 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅, 𝑆 drawn on
each side. Van Aubel′s theorem states that 𝑃𝑅 ⊥ 𝑄𝑆 and 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆.

Q
R

In the diagram below, the quadrilateral and squares are superimposed on the complex plane.

B 2(a+b)
C
2a

2(a+b+c)
A

0 = 2(a+b+c+d)
D

(b) (i) Explain why 𝐵 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑏i.

(ii) Express 𝐴, 𝐶, 𝐷 in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑. [6]

(c) Show that 𝑃𝑅 ⊥ 𝑄𝑆 and 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆. [7]

(d) Determine whether 𝑃𝑅 and 𝑄𝑆 necessarily bisect each other. [7]

22. [Maximum mark: 24]

This question asks you to investigate sums and products of cosines and sines.

For this question, answers obtained only by technology will not receive marks.

(a) (i) Simplify sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵).

𝜋
(ii) By multiplying and dividing by 2 sin , or otherwise, simplify
7
0𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
cos + cos + cos + cos .
7 7 7 7

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
(iii) Simplify cos + cos + cos + cos . [8]
7 7 7 7

(b) (i) Solve sin 7𝜃 = 0.

sin 7𝜃
(ii) Show that = 64cos 6 𝜃 − 80cos 4 𝜃 + 24cos2 𝜃 − 1 for sin 𝜃 ≠ 0.
sin 𝜃

(iii) Solve 64𝑥 6 − 80𝑥 4 + 24𝑥 2 − 1 = 0.

𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
(iv) Deduce the value of (cos ) (cos ) (cos ) … (cos ). [12]
7 7 7 7

𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 100𝜋
(c) (i) Find the value of (sin ) (sin ) (sin ) … (sin ).
100 100 100 100

𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 100𝜋
(ii) Approximate sin + sin + sin + ⋯ + sin . [4]
100 100 100 100
23. [Maximum mark: 29]

This question asks you to investigate the radii of “stacked” circles.

𝑦 = |𝑥|1 𝑦 = |𝑥|1.5 𝑦 = |𝑥|2

It can be shown that the radii of the circles on the left are in a geometric sequence, and the radii of the circles
on the right are in an arithmetic sequence. In this question, we are looking for the sequence of radii of the
circles in the middle.

𝑟1 + 𝑟2
(a) Using a geometrical argument, or otherwise, show that 𝑟lim ( 1.5
)=1 [5]
2 →1 𝑟2 − 𝑟11.5
𝑟1
2
(b) Show that 𝑟lim (√𝑟2 − √𝑟1 ) = . [6]
2 →1 3
𝑟1
2
2
(c) Show that, for large values of 𝑟, 𝑟𝑛 ≈ ( (𝑛 − 1) + √𝑟1 ) . [3]
3

2
(d) (i) Show that 𝑐1 = 𝑡11.5 + 𝑡1 0.5 .
3

(ii) Show that if 𝑡1 = 100 then 𝑟1 ≈ 100.222 and 𝑟2 ≈ 114.010.

(iii) Comment on the closeness of the approximation in (c). [12]

(e) On the same set of axes, sketch graphs of 𝑟𝑛 against 𝑛 for stacked circles on
𝑦 = |𝑥|1 , 𝑦 = |𝑥|1.5 and 𝑦 = |𝑥|2, assuming that their 𝑟1 are equal and large. [3]
25. [Maximum mark: 27]

This question asks you to investigate arithmetic and geometric sequences that have three matching terms.
For example, the arithmetic sequence 1, −2, −5, −8 and the geometric sequence 1, −2, 4, −8 have the same
𝑢1 , 𝑢2 and 𝑢4 .

(a) Find a geometric sequence that has three matching terms with the arithmetic sequence
5 1 1
1, , , − . [1]
8 4 8

Suppose an arithmetic sequence with common difference 𝑑, and a geometric sequence with common
ratio 𝑟, have the same 𝑢1 , 𝑢𝑝+1 and 𝑢𝑞+1 where 0 < 𝑝 < 𝑞.

(b) (i) Sketch graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑢1 𝑟 𝑥−1 for 𝑥 > 0, for the cases 𝑟 > 1, 𝑟 = 1 and 0 < 1 < 𝑟.

(ii) Find the possible positive values of 𝑟, justifying your answer. [5]

(c) Show that 𝑝(𝑟 𝑞 − 1) − 𝑞(𝑟 𝑝 − 1) = 0. [4]

Let 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑝(𝑟 𝑞 − 1) − 𝑞(𝑟 𝑝 − 1), where 𝑝 is even and 𝑞 is odd.

(d) (i) Show that 𝑓(𝑟) has a root between − 1 and 0.

(ii) Show that 𝑓(𝑟) cannot have more than one negative root. [10]

𝑟𝑞 − 1
(e) (i) Evaluate lim for the negative root 𝑟.
𝑞→∞ 𝑟 2 − 1

(ii) Show that the negative root 𝑟 can be arbitrarily close to − 1. [7]
1.
1
(a) (i) 𝜋𝑚𝑋 2 = 𝜋12 𝑀1
2
1
𝑚𝑋 = 𝐴1
√2
(ii) Probability density is proportional to circumferences of concentric circles,
which increase linearly with radius.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 𝐴1
1 1
𝑘𝑥 2 𝑘
∫ 𝑘𝑥 d𝑥 = [ ] = =1 𝑀1
0 2 0
2

𝑘=2 𝐴1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝐴𝐺
1
2
(iii) E(𝑋) = ∫ 𝑥(2𝑥) d𝑥 = 𝑀1𝐴1
0 3
1
(b) (i) 𝑚𝑆 = = √2 𝐴1
𝑚𝑋
1
1 1 1 𝑠
(ii) P(𝑆 < 𝑠) = P ( < 𝑠) = P (𝑋 > ) = 1 − P (𝑋 < ) = 1 − ∫ 2𝑥 d𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠 −2 𝑀2𝐴2
𝑋 𝑠 𝑠 0

d
𝑔(𝑠) = (1 − 𝑠 −2) = 2𝑠 −3 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
d𝑠
∞
2
(iii) E(𝑆) = ∫ 𝑠(2𝑠 −3 ) d𝑠 = lim [−2𝑠 −1 ]1𝑏 = lim (− + 2) = 2 𝑀1𝐴2
1 𝑏→∞ 𝑏→∞ 𝑏
(c) (i) P(𝑁 = 5)
= P(in 6 throws (including teacher′ s), highest score is 6th, and 2nd highest score is 1st ) 𝐴3
1 1
= ( )( ) 𝐴𝐺
6 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) + ( )( ) + ( )( ) + ( )( ) + ⋯ = + ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) + ⋯ = 1 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(iii) E(𝑁) = 1 ( ) ( ) + 2 ( ) ( ) + 3 ( ) ( ) + ⋯ = + + + ⋯ 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
2 1 3 2 4 3 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(iv)( )+ ( + ) + ( + + + ) + ⋯ > 1( ) + 2( ) + 4( )+ ⋯ = ∞ 𝐴2𝐴𝐺
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 4 8
E(𝑁) = ∞
(v) Not realistic, because distances cannot be measured with infinite precision. 𝐴1𝑅1
(d) Example:

𝐴3
2.
(a) Draw another ladder that makes an "X" with the first ladder. 𝑀1
2
𝑙
As the ladders slide, their midpoint moves along the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = ( ) . 𝐴1
2
d𝑦
(b) = −√𝑙 2 − 𝑦 2 𝐴1
d𝑡
1
∫ d𝑦 = ∫ −d𝑡 𝐴1
√𝑙 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑦
arcsin = −𝑡 + 𝑐 𝐴1
𝑙
𝜋
𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑙 ⇒ 𝑐= 𝐴1
2
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑙 sin ( − 𝑡) 𝐴1
2
𝜋
𝑦=0 ⇒ 𝑡= s 𝐴1
2
(c) (i) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑙 2
d𝑥 d𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0 𝑀1𝐴1
d𝑡 d𝑡
d𝑦 𝑥
=− 𝐴1
d𝑡 𝑦
d𝑦
As 𝑦 → 0, | | → ∞ m s −1 𝑀1𝐴1
d𝑡
(ii) Not realistic. In real life, the ladder will separate from the wall before it hits the floor. 𝐴2
(d) (i)

𝐴4
(ii) 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑦 ′ = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = −𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1−𝑛 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑏 = −𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1−𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑘
𝑘 = 𝑏1−𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑏1−𝑛 𝑙𝑛
𝑦 = −𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1−𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏1−𝑛 𝑙 𝑛 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
(iii) Assume the equation of the envelope curve is of the form 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑙 𝑛 . 𝑀1
Make the distance between the tangent′ s axes intercepts equal to 𝑙. (𝑀1)
(𝑎1−𝑛 𝑙 𝑛 )2 + (𝑏1−𝑛 𝑙𝑛 )2 = 𝑙 2 𝐴1
𝑎2−2𝑛 + 𝑏2−2𝑛 = 𝑙 2−2𝑛 𝐴1
𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 𝑛 𝐴1
2
𝑛 = 2 − 2𝑛 ⇒ 𝑛= ⇒ A solution for 𝑛 exists, so the assumption is correct. 𝑀1
3
2 2 2
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑙3 𝐴1
3.
(a)

𝐴sectors in triangle
Maximum proportion = (𝑀1)
𝐴triangle
1 2
= 2 𝜋𝑟 =
𝜋
≈ 0.907 𝐴4
1 𝜋 2√3
(2𝑟)2 sin
2 3
(b) (i) (𝑘 + 1)3 = 𝑘 3 + 3𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 1 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

(ii) 3 3 2
∑(𝑘 + 1) = ∑ 𝑘 + 3 ∑ 𝑘 + 3 ∑ 𝑘 + ∑ 1 𝐴1
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1 1 3𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
∑ 𝑘 = (∑(𝑘 + 1)3 − ∑ 𝑘 3 − 3 ∑ 𝑘 − ∑ 1) = ((𝑛 + 1)3 − 1 −
2
− 𝑛) 𝑀1𝐴1
3 3 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

1 3 1 1 1 1
= (𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛) = 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 𝐴1𝐴𝐺
3 2 2 3 2 6
𝑘(𝑘 + 1)
(c) (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑘 = 𝑀1𝐴1
2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑘(𝑘 + 1) 1
(ii) ∑ = (∑ 𝑘 2 + ∑ 𝑘 ) 𝑀1𝐴1
2 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)) = 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
2 3 2 6 2 6 2 3
(d) Edge length = 𝑛 − 1 (𝐴1)
1 𝜋 √3
Area of base = (𝑛 − 1)2 sin = (𝑛 − 1)2 𝑀1𝐴1
2 3 4

2
2 𝑛−1 2
Height = √(𝑛 − 1)2 − ( ( )) = √ (𝑛 − 1) 𝑀1𝐴1
√3 2 3

1 √3 2 √2
Volume = ( ) (𝑛 − 1)2 √ (𝑛 − 1) = (𝑛 − 1)3 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
3 4 3 12

4𝜋 1 3 𝜋
(e) Volume of each sphere = ( ) = 𝐴1
3 2 6
𝜋 1 3 1 2 1
( 𝑛 + 2 𝑛 + 3 𝑛) 𝜋
Proportion = lim 6 6 = ≈ 0.740 𝑀1𝐴3
𝑛→∞ √2 3√2
(𝑛 3
12 − 1)
4.
(a) (i)

L
2

R

𝐿 1 2
𝐴2 2 𝐿 (2𝜃) 4𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 2 ⇒ 𝐿 = 2𝑅 cos 𝜃 ⇒ = = cos2 𝜃 𝑀1𝐴3𝐴𝐺
𝑅 𝐴3 𝜋𝑅 2 𝜋
𝜋 𝐴2 1 𝜋 𝐴2 1
(ii) 𝜃 = ⇒ = 𝜃= ⇒ = 𝐴2
6 𝐴3 2 4 𝐴3 2
(b) (i) 0.52451 𝐴1
𝐴2 5𝜋
(ii) GDC: At ( ) , 𝜃 = 0.65327 … ≠ . 𝑀1𝐴1
𝐴3 max 24
Naim′ s guess is incorrect. 𝐴1
(c) (i)

r

r r
sin

𝑟
𝐿= +𝑟 𝑀1𝐴1
sin 𝜃

𝑟 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝐴1 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2

2𝑅 cos 𝜃 = +𝑟 ⇒ = = ⇒ =( ) 𝑀1𝐴2𝐴𝐺
sin 𝜃 𝑅 1 1 + sin 𝜃 𝐴3 1 + sin 𝜃
+1
sin 𝜃
𝐴1
(ii) GDC: ( ) = 0.3607 𝐴1
𝐴3 max
(d)
R 2-r 2

R 2-r 2 r

R r

If circles are concentric, 𝐿 = 2√𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 = 𝑅 + 𝑟 𝑀1𝐴1

2𝑟 + √4𝑟 2 + 60𝑟 2 5
4𝑅 2 − 4𝑟 2 = 𝑅 2 + 2𝑟𝑅 + 𝑟 2 ⇒ 3𝑅 2 − 2𝑟𝑅 − 5𝑟 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑅= = 𝑟 𝑀1𝐴2
6 3
𝐴1 𝑟 2 9
=( ) = ≠ 0.3607 𝑀1𝐴1
𝐴3 𝑅 25
Renee′ s guess is incorrect. 𝐴1
5.
∞
𝑥𝑘
(a) ∑ 𝐴1
𝑘!
𝑘=0

12 13 12
(b) e = 1+1+ + + ⋯ > 1 + 1 + = 2.5 𝐴2𝐴𝐺
2! 3! 2!
(c) (i) 𝐻𝑛 : 2 𝑛−1
< 𝑛!
When 𝑛 = 3, LHS = 4, RHS = 6 ⇒ 𝐻3 is true. 𝑀1𝐴1
Assume 𝐻𝑘 is true for some 𝑘 ≥ 3. 𝑀1
𝐻𝑘 ⇒ 2𝑘−1 < 𝑘!
⇒ 2(𝑘+1)−1 < 2𝑘! < (𝑘 + 1)𝑘! = (𝑘 + 1)! 𝑀1𝐴1
⇒ 𝐻𝑘+1
𝐻3 is true, and 𝐻𝑘 ⇒ 𝐻𝑘+1 .
𝐻𝑛 is true for 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, 𝑛 ≥ 3. 𝑅1
∞ ∞ 1
1 1
(ii) e = 2.5 + ∑ < 2.5 + ∑ 𝑘−1 = 2.5 + 4 = 3 𝑀1𝐴2𝐴𝐺
𝑘! 2 1
𝑘=3 𝑘=3 1−2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 2 1 1 1 1
(d) P(0 < 𝑍 < 𝑎) = ∫ e−2𝑥 d𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 + ⋯ ) d𝑥 = [𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯ ] 𝑀1𝐴2
√2𝜋 0 √2𝜋 0 2 √2𝜋 6 0
1 1 3 𝑎
= (𝑎 − 𝑎 + ⋯ ) ≈ for small 𝑎. 𝐴1𝐴𝐺
√2𝜋 6 √2𝜋
(e) 𝑓(𝑥) = e𝑥 > 0 𝑅1𝐴𝐺
(f) Not always true. E. g. when 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑥 = −2, 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 − 2 = −1 < 0 𝑀1𝐴1
2𝑛
2𝑛
𝑥 𝑘−2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
(g) (i) lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 ∑ ) = lim ( )=∞ 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑘! 𝑥→−∞ (2𝑛)!
𝑘=0

lim ℎ(𝑥) = ∞ 𝐴1
𝑥→∞

ℎ(𝑥) is continuous. 𝐴1
∴ ℎ(𝑥) has a minimum point. 𝐴𝐺
𝑥 2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
(ii) At this minimum point, ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ′ (𝑥) + = . 𝐴2𝐴𝐺
(2𝑛)! (2𝑛)!
(h) Assume ℎ(𝑥) has a real root. 𝐴1
2𝑛
𝑥
At the minimum point, ℎ(𝑥) = cannot be negative, so ℎ(𝑥) = 0 and so 𝑥 = 0. 𝐴2
(2𝑛)!
But ℎ(0) = 1, contradiction. 𝐴1
ℎ(𝑥) has no real root. 𝐴1
ℎ(0) = 1 > 0. 𝐴1
ℎ(𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. 𝐴𝐺
6.
(a) 𝑃 = √32 + 42 − 2(3)(4) cos 𝛼 + √32 + 42 − 2(3)(4) cos 𝛽 + √42 + 42 − 2(4)(4) cos(2𝜋 − 𝛼 − 𝛽) (𝑀1)

= √25 − 24 cos 𝛼 + √25 − 24 cos 𝛽 + √32 − 32 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝐴3

𝑡𝜋
(b) (i) 𝑀1𝐴1
30
𝑡𝜋
(ii) 𝑀1𝐴1
1800
𝑡𝜋
(iii) 𝑀1𝐴1
21600
𝑡𝜋 𝑡𝜋 11𝜋
(c) 𝛼= − = 𝑡 𝑀1𝐴1
1800 21600 21600
𝑡𝜋 𝑡𝜋 719𝜋
𝛽= − =− 𝑡 𝑀1𝐴1
21600 30 21600

11𝜋 719𝜋 59𝜋

𝑃 = √25 − 24 cos ( 𝑡) + √25 − 24 cos ( 𝑡) + √32 − 32 cos ( 𝑡) 𝐴1
21600 21600 1800

𝑡𝜋 𝑡𝜋 𝑡𝜋
(d) (i) When the three hands coincide after midnight, = + 2𝑚𝜋 = + 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ . 𝑀1
30 1800 21600
720𝑡 = 12𝑡 + 43200𝑚 = 𝑡 + 43200𝑛
43200 43200 43200
𝑡= 𝑚= 𝑛= (𝑛 − 𝑚) 𝐴1
708 719 11
𝑚 708
= 𝐴1
𝑛−𝑚 11
11 is prime
(𝑛 − 𝑚)min = 11 𝐴1
𝑡min = 43200 = 12 hours 𝐴1
The three hands coincide only at midnight and noon. 𝐴𝐺
(ii) 𝑃 reaches its minimum value only at midnight and noon. 𝐴1
Period is not more than 12 hours. 𝐴1
Period = 12 hours 𝐴1
(e) (i) At 𝐼max , 𝛼 = 𝛽. 𝐴1
𝐼 = 2√25 − 24 cos 𝛼 + √32 − 32 cos 2𝛼 𝑀1
GDC: 𝐼max = 19.1109 𝐴1
(ii) GDC: 𝑃 exceeds 19.105, e. g. 𝑃(1302.620) ≈ 19.108 𝑀1
19.105 < 𝑃max < 19.111 𝐴1
𝑃max = 19.11 to two decimal places 𝐴1
7.
(a) 𝑑 = 6000 𝐴1
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑀1)
𝑐=0 𝐴1
(b) At 𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝑦 = 0 3 2
⇒ 0 = 𝑎𝑙 + 𝑏𝑙 + 6000 𝑀1𝐴𝐺
′
At 𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 3𝑎𝑙 2 + 2𝑏𝑙 ⇒ 0 = 3𝑎𝑙 + 2𝑏 𝑀1𝐴𝐺
(c) (i)

𝐴2
(ii)

𝐴2
(iii) − 0.1 m s −2
𝐴1
d𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
(iv) vertical velocity = = ( ) ( ) = (3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥)100 𝑀1𝐴1
d𝑡 d𝑥 d𝑡
d𝑣 d𝑣 d𝑥
vertical acceleration == ( ) ( ) = (6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏)1002 𝑀1𝐴1
d𝑡 d𝑥 d𝑡
(v) 𝑥 = 0, vertical acceleration = −0.1: − 0.1 = (2𝑏)1002 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑏 = −5 × 10−6 𝐴𝐺
(d) 0 = 3𝑎𝑙 + 2(−5 × 10−6 ) 𝑀1
1
𝑎= 𝐴1
(3 × 105 )𝑙
1
0= (𝑙 3) + (−5 × 10−6 )𝑙2 + 6000 𝑀1
(3 × 105 )𝑙
𝑙 = 60000 𝐴1
(e) On the graph of vertical velocity against time, the area enclosed by the curve and the t-axis equals
vertical distance travelled (6 km) and is therefore constant.
For any given 𝑙, the maximum magnitude of acceleration is minimized when the graph has this shape:

𝑅1𝐴1
𝑙
So for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ the plane′ s path is 𝑦 = 6000 − 𝑘𝑥 2 . 𝐴1
2
𝑙 12000 12000 2
( , 3000) ⇒ 𝑘= ⇒ 𝑦 = 6000 − 𝑥 𝑀1𝐴1
2 𝑙2 𝑙2
24000
vertical velocity = − 𝑥(100) 𝐴1
𝑙2
24000
vertical acceleration = − (100)2 ≥ −0.1 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑙2
𝑙min = 20000√6 𝐴1
8.
1
(a) (i) P(𝑋 = 1) = 𝐴1
6
(ii) If 𝑋 = 4, the first three throws are not 6, and the 4th throw is 6. 𝐴2𝐴𝐺
8
5
(iii) P(𝑋 < 9) = 1 − P(𝑋 > 8) = 1 − ( ) ≈ 0.767 𝑀1𝐴1
6
(i) 2 3 (𝑀1)𝐴1
(b) E(𝑋) = 𝑞 + 2𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑝 𝑞 + 4𝑝 𝑞 + ⋯
(ii) E(𝑋) = (1 − 𝑝) + 2(1 − 𝑝)𝑝 + 3(1 − 𝑝)𝑝2 + 4(1 − 𝑝)𝑝3 + ⋯
= 1 − 𝑝 + 2𝑝 − 2𝑝2 + 3𝑝2 − 3𝑝3 + 4𝑝3 − 4𝑝4 + ⋯ 𝐴1
= 1 + 𝑝 + 𝑝2 + 𝑝3 + ⋯ 𝐴1
1
= 𝑀1
1−𝑝
=6 𝐴𝐺
(c) (i) Var(𝑋) = 𝑞 + 4𝑝𝑞 + 9𝑝2 𝑞 + 16𝑝3𝑞 + ⋯ − 62 𝐴1
= (1 − 𝑝) + 4(1 − 𝑝)𝑝 + 9(1 − 𝑝)𝑝2 + 16(1 − 𝑝)𝑝3 + ⋯ − 36 𝑀1
= 1 − 𝑝 + 4𝑝 − 4𝑝2 + 9𝑝2 − 9𝑝3 + 16𝑝3 − 16𝑝4 + ⋯ − 36
= 1 + 3𝑝 + 5𝑝2 + 7𝑝3 + ⋯ − 36 𝐴1
= 2𝑝(1 + 2𝑝 + 3𝑝2 + ⋯ ) + (1 + 𝑝 + 𝑝2 + 𝑝3 + ⋯ ) − 36 𝐴𝐺
d d 𝑡 1
(ii) 1 + 2𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 + ⋯ = (𝑡 + 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 3 + ⋯ ) = ( )= 𝑀1𝐴1
d𝑡 d𝑡 1 − 𝑡 (1 − 𝑡)2
1 1
Var(𝑋) = 2𝑝 ( )+ − 36 𝐴1
(1 − 𝑝) 2 1−𝑝
= 60 + 6 − 36
= 30 𝐴1
1
(d) (i) P(𝑌 = 2) = 𝐴1
6
5 3 1 125
(ii) P(𝑌 = 5) = ( ) ( ) = 𝐴2
6 6 1296
(iii) E(𝑌) = 1 + E(𝑋) = 7 𝐴1
6! 5
(e) (i) P(𝑍 = 6) = 6
= 𝑀1𝐴2
6 324
6!
6 (2!) 5
(ii) P(𝑍 = 7) = 𝑀1𝐴2
67
25
= 𝐴1
648
(iii) E(𝑍) = E(number of throws to get 1st new score)
+ E(number of throws to get 2nd new score) + ⋯
+ E(number of throws to get 6th new score) 𝑀1
1 1 1 1 1 147
= 1+ + + + + = 𝐴2
5 4 3 2 1 10
6 6 6 6 6
9.
𝑝 √𝑞2 + 1
(a) The line from (0, 0) to (𝑝, 𝑞) has equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥= 𝑦 𝐴2
𝑞 𝑞
The right side of 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1 has equation 𝑥 = √𝑦 2 + 1. 𝐴1
𝑞
√𝑞2 + 1
𝐴 = 2 ∫ (√𝑦 2 + 1 − 𝑦) d𝑦 𝐴𝐺
0 𝑞

2𝑦
1+
2𝑦 2√𝑦 2 + 1
(b) (i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1 + 𝑀1𝐴1
2√𝑦 2 + 1 𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1

𝑦 2 (𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1) + (𝑦 2 + 1)(𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1) + √𝑦 2 + 1 + 𝑦
=
√𝑦 2 + 1(𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1)

2(𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 √𝑦 2 + 1 + 𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1) 2 (𝑦(𝑦 2 + 1) + √𝑦 2 + 1(𝑦 2 + 1))

= = = 2√𝑦 2 + 1 𝑀1𝐴1
√𝑦 2 + 1(𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1) √𝑦 2 + 1(𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1)
𝑞
√𝑞2 + 1 2
(ii) 𝐴= [𝑦√𝑦 2 + 1 + ln (𝑦 + √𝑦 2 + 1) − 𝑦 ] 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑞
0

= 𝑞√𝑞2 + 1 + ln(𝑞 + √𝑞2 + 1) − 𝑞√𝑞2 + 1 = ln(𝑞 + √𝑞2 + 1) 𝐴1𝐴𝐺

e𝐴 − e−𝐴 1 1 𝑞 − √𝑞2 + 1
(c) = (𝑞 + √𝑞2 + 1 − ( )) 𝑀1𝐴1
2 2 𝑞 + √𝑞2 + 1 𝑞 − √𝑞2 + 1

1
= (𝑞 + √𝑞2 + 1 + 𝑞 − √𝑞2 + 1) = 𝑞 = sinh 𝐴 𝑀1𝐴𝐺
2
2
e𝐴 − e−𝐴 e𝐴 + e−𝐴
cosh 𝐴 = 𝑝 = √𝑞2 + 1 = √( ) +1= 𝑀1𝐴2𝐴𝐺
2 2

e𝑥 + e−𝑥 2 e𝑥 − e−𝑥 2 1 2𝑥
(d) (i) cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = ( ) −( ) = (e + 2 + e−2𝑥 − e2𝑥 + 2 − e−2𝑥 ) = 1 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
2 2 4
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
d d e +e e −e
(ii) cosh 𝑥 = ( )= = sinh 𝑥 𝑀1
d𝑥 d𝑥 2 2
d d e𝑥 − e−𝑥 e𝑥 + e−𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = ( )= = cosh 𝑥 𝑀1𝐴𝐺
d𝑥 d𝑥 2 2
d d sinh 𝑥 cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 1
(iii) tanh 𝑥 = ( )= 2
= 𝑀1𝐴2
d𝑥 d𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosh2 𝑥

(e) 𝑞 = sinh 𝐴 ⇒ sinh−1 𝑞 = 𝐴 = ln (𝑞 + √𝑞2 + 1) (𝑀1)𝐴1

2𝑞
1+
d 2√𝑞2 + 1 1 1
sinh−1 𝑞 = = ⇒ ∫ d𝑥 = sinh−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
d𝑞 𝑞+ √𝑞2 +1 √𝑞2 +1 √1 + 𝑥2
10.
√2 √10
(a) <𝑟< 𝐴2
2 2
𝑝
(b) Assume √2 is rational, i. e. √2 = where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are coprime integers. 𝐴1
𝑞
𝑝2 = 2𝑞2 𝐴1
𝑝 is even, so 𝑝 = 2𝑘, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ. 𝐴1
(2𝑘)2 = 2𝑞2 𝐴1
𝑞2 = 2𝑘 2 𝐴1
𝑞 is even. 𝐴1
𝑝 and 𝑞 are not coprime, contradiction. 𝐴1
√2 is irrational. 𝐴𝐺
(c) Assume 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are rational and not all 0. 𝐴1
Square both sides: 2𝑥 2 + 2√2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 3𝑧 2 𝐴1
3𝑧 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
If 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑦 ≠ 0, then √2 = ∈ ℚ, contradiction 𝑀1𝐴1
2𝑥𝑦
𝑦
If 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 ≠ 0, then 𝑦 = √3𝑧 ⇒ √3 = ∈ ℚ, contradiction 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑧
𝑥
If 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 0, then √2𝑥 = √3𝑧 ⇒ √1.5 = ∈ ℚ, contradiction 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑧
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0 is the only rational solution. 𝐴𝐺
(d) Assume (√2, √3) is equidistant to two distinct lattice points (𝑎, 𝑏) and (𝑐, 𝑑). 𝐴1
2 2 2 2
(√2 − 𝑎) + (√3 − 𝑏) = (√2 − 𝑐) + (√3 − 𝑑) 𝑀1

2 − 2√2𝑎 + 𝑎2 + 3 − 2√3𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 2 − 2√2𝑐 + 𝑐 2 + 3 − 2√3𝑑 + 𝑑 2 𝑀1

2 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑑
√2(𝑐 − 𝑎) + = √3(𝑏 − 𝑑) 𝐴1
2
From (c), 𝑐 − 𝑎 = 𝑏 − 𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑐, 𝑏 = 𝑑 𝑅1
(𝑎, 𝑏) and (𝑐, 𝑑) are not distinct, contradiction 𝐴1
(√2, √3) cannot be equidistant to two distinct lattice points (𝑎, 𝑏) and (𝑐, 𝑑). 𝐴𝐺
(e) Let (√2, √3) be the centre of a circle. 𝐴1
Increase the radius. The circle will never touch two lattice points at the same time. 𝐴2
So the radius can be increased until the circle encloses exactly 𝑛 lattice points. 𝐴𝐺
11.
(a) 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
= 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽)(𝑥 − 𝛾) 𝐴1
= 𝑎(𝑥 3 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)𝑥 2 + (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾)𝑥 − 𝛼𝛽𝛾) 𝐴2
(b) (i) 𝑏 = −𝑎(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) 𝐴1
𝑏 = −𝑎𝑆1 𝐴1
𝑆1 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 𝐴𝐺
(ii) (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾) 𝐴1
𝑐
𝑆1 2 = 𝑆2 + 2 ( ) 𝐴1
𝑎
𝑏
𝑆1 (− ) 𝑎 = 𝑆2 𝑎 + 2𝑐 𝑀1
𝑎
𝑆2 𝑎 + 𝑆1 𝑏 + 2𝑐 = 0 𝐴𝐺
(iii) Add the equations 𝛼 𝑛−3 𝑓(𝛼) = 0, 𝛽 𝑛−3 𝑓( 𝛽) = 0, 𝛾 𝑛−3 𝑓( 𝛾) = 0 𝑀2
𝑆𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑆𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑆𝑛−2 𝑐 + 𝑆𝑛−3 𝑑 = 0 𝐴𝐺
(c) (i) 𝑆1 = 0 𝐴1
(ii) 𝑆2 + 0𝑆1 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑆2 = 2 𝑀1𝐴1
(iii) 𝑆3 + 0𝑆2 − 𝑆1 + 𝑆0 𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 𝑆3 = −3𝑑 𝑀1𝐴1
1
(iv) 𝑆2 + 0𝑆1 − 𝑆0 + 𝑆−1 𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 𝑆−1 = 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑑
1 1 1 𝛼+𝛽+𝛾
(v) + + = =0 𝑀1𝐴1
𝛼𝛽 𝛽𝛾 𝛼𝛾 𝛼𝛽𝛾
(d) 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 0, 𝑠o roots are − 𝛼, −𝛽, −𝛾. 𝑀1𝐴1
Reflect in y-axis. (𝑀1)
(−𝑥)3 − (−𝑥) + 𝑑 = 0
𝑥3 − 𝑥 − 𝑑 = 0 𝐴1
12.
(a) (i) 𝑥 = 𝑣0 (cos 𝜃)𝑡 𝐴2
(ii) 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 (𝐴1)
𝑣𝑦 = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑣0 (sin 𝜃) 𝐴2
𝑔
𝑦 = − 𝑡 2 + 𝑣0 (sin 𝜃)𝑡 𝐴𝐺
2
𝑥
(iii) 𝑡 = 𝐴1
𝑣0 (cos 𝜃)
𝑔 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑔
𝑦=− ( ) + 𝑣0 (sin 𝜃) =− (1 + tan2 𝜃)𝑥 2 + (tan 𝜃)𝑥 𝐴1𝐴𝐺
2 𝑣0 (cos 𝜃) 𝑣0 (cos 𝜃) 2𝑣0 2
𝑔𝑥 2 2
𝑔𝑥 2
(b) (i) tan 𝜃 − 𝑥 tan 𝜃 + 𝑦 + =0 𝐴2
2𝑣0 2 2𝑣0 2
𝑔𝑥 2 𝑔𝑥 2
(ii) ∆ = 𝑥 2 − 4 ( ) (𝑦 + )=0 𝑀1𝐴1
2𝑣0 2 2𝑣0 2
𝑔𝑥 2 𝑣0 2 2
𝑦+ = 𝑥 𝐴1
2𝑣0 2 2𝑔𝑥 2
𝑣0 2 𝑔 2
𝑦= − 𝑥 𝐴𝐺
2𝑔 2𝑣0 2
𝑣0 2 𝑣0 2
2𝑔
2
2𝑔 𝑣0 4 2𝑣0 2
(c) 𝑉 = 𝜋∫ 𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ ( − 𝑦) d𝑦 𝑀1𝐴2
0 0 𝑔2 𝑔

𝑣0 2
2
𝑣0 4 𝑣0 2 2 2𝑔 𝑣0 4 𝑣0 2 𝑣0 2 𝑣0 2 𝑣0 6 𝜋
= 𝜋[ 2 𝑦− 𝑦 ] = 𝜋( 2 ( )− ( ) )= 𝑀1𝐴2
𝑔 𝑔 0
𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔 4𝑔3
𝑣0 (sin 𝜃)
(d) At apex, 𝑣𝑦 = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑣0 (sin 𝜃) = 0 ⇒ 𝑡= 𝐴1
𝑔
𝑣0 2 (cos 𝜃)(sin 𝜃)
𝑥= 𝐴1
𝑔
𝑣0 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑦= 𝐴1
2𝑔
2
𝑣0 2 (cos 𝜃)(sin 𝜃) 𝑣0 4
LHS = ( ) = 2 (cos2 𝜃)(sin2 𝜃) 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑔 𝑔
2
𝑣0 2 sin2 𝜃 2𝑣0 2 𝑣0 2sin2 𝜃 𝑣0 4 𝑣0 4
RHS = −4 ( ) + ( ) = 2 (−sin4 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 2 (cos2 𝜃)(sin2 𝜃) 𝑀1𝐴1
2𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
LHS = RHS
(e) Let 𝑉𝐵 = volume of region in which bird could be hit from below
𝑣0 2 𝑣0 2
2 2
2𝑔 2𝑣0 4 𝑣0 2 2𝑔
𝑉𝐵 = 𝜋 ∫ (−4𝑦 2 + 𝑦) d𝑦 = 𝜋 [− 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 ] 𝑀1𝐴2
0 𝑔 3 𝑔 0

2
4 𝑣0 6 𝑣0 2 𝑣0 2 𝑣0 6 𝜋
= 𝜋 (− ( 3 ) + ( ) )= 𝑀1𝐴1
3 8𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔 12𝑔3

𝑉𝐵 1
= 𝐴1
𝑉 3
13.
(a) (i) 210 ( = 1024 ) 𝐴1
(ii) Put 5 𝑇 down, then put each 𝐻 separately between 𝑇s or at ends: 6𝐶5 = 6 (𝑀1)𝐴1
(iii) Put 6 𝑇 down, then put each 𝐻 separately between 𝑇s or at ends: 7𝐶4 = 35 (𝑀1)𝐴1
6𝐶5 + 7𝐶4 + 8𝐶3 + 9𝐶2 + 10𝐶1 + 11𝐶0 55
(iv) 1− = 𝑀2𝐴3
210 64
(b) 𝐶3 = 1 𝐴1
(c) 2𝐶𝑛−1 = number of sequences with 3 consecutive 𝐻 before last toss and last is either 𝐻 or 𝑇. 𝑅2
𝑛−4
2 − 𝐶𝑛−4 = number of sequences with 3 consecutive 𝐻 for first time with last toss,
so last 4 are 𝑇𝐻𝐻𝐻 and before that there were no 3 consecutive 𝐻. 𝑅2
(d) 𝐶4 = 2𝐶3 + 20 − 𝐶0 = 2 + 1 − 0 = 3
𝐶5 = 2𝐶4 + 21 − 𝐶1 = 6 + 2 − 0 = 8
𝐶6 = 2𝐶5 + 22 − 𝐶2 = 16 + 4 − 0 = 20
𝐶7 = 2𝐶6 + 23 − 𝐶3 = 40 + 8 − 1 = 47
𝐶8 = 2𝐶7 + 24 − 𝐶4 = 94 + 16 − 3 = 107
𝐶9 = 2𝐶8 + 25 − 𝐶5 = 214 + 32 − 8 = 238
𝐶10 = 2𝐶9 + 26 − 𝐶6 = 476 + 64 − 20 = 520 𝑀2𝐴1
𝐶10 65
(e) 10
= (𝑀1)𝐴1
2 128
(f) For 𝑛 tosses, let 𝐷𝑛 = number of sequences with at least 3 consecutive 𝐻 or 𝑇. 𝑀1
For 𝑛 ≥ 7, use 𝐷𝑛 = 2𝐷𝑛−1 + 2(2𝑛−4 − 𝐷𝑛−4 − (2𝑛−7 − 𝐷𝑛−7 )). 𝐴2
For 𝑛 ≤ 6, use 𝐷𝑛 = 2𝐶𝑛 − {number of sequences with 3 consecutive 𝐻 and 3 consecutive 𝑇}.
𝐷7 = 2𝐷6 + 2(23 − 𝐷3 − (20 − 𝐷0 )) = 76 + 2(8 − 2 − (1 − 0)) = 86
𝐷8 = 2𝐷7 + 2(24 − 𝐷4 − (21 − 𝐷1 )) = 172 + 2(16 − 6 − (2 − 0)) = 188
𝐷9 = 2𝐷8 + 2(25 − 𝐷5 − (22 − 𝐷2 )) = 376 + 2(32 − 16 − (4 − 0)) = 400
𝐷10 = 2𝐷9 + 2(26 − 𝐷6 − (23 − 𝐷3 )) = 800 + 2(64 − 38 − (8 − 2)) = 840 𝑀1𝐴1
𝐷10 105
= 𝐴1
210 128
14.
(a)

𝐴3
1
𝜋
(b) ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 d𝑥 = [arctan 𝑥]10 = 𝑀1𝐴2
0 4
d𝑥
(c) 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 ⇒ = sec 2 𝜃 𝐴1
d𝜃

∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 d𝑥 = ∫(1 + tan2 𝜃)−2 sec2 𝜃 d𝜃 𝐴1

= ∫ cos 2 𝜃 d𝜃 𝐴1

cos 2𝜃 + 1
=∫ d𝜃 𝐴1
2
1 sin 2𝜃
= ( + 𝜃) + 𝑐 𝐴1
2 2
𝜋
1
2 )−2
1 sin 2𝜃 4
∫ (1 + 𝑥 d𝑥 = [ + 𝜃] 𝐴1
0 2 2 0

1 1 𝜋
= ( + ) 𝑀1
2 2 4
𝜋 1
= + 𝐴1
8 4
1
(d) (i) 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )−𝑛 (1)d𝑥
0
1
= [𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )−𝑛 ]10 + 2𝑛 ∫ 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )−𝑛−1 d𝑥 𝑀1𝐴2
0
1
= 2−𝑛 + 2𝑛 ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 − 1)(1 + 𝑥 2 )−𝑛−1 d𝑥 𝑀2
0
= 2−𝑛 + 2𝑛(𝐼𝑛 − 𝐼𝑛+1 ) 𝐴1
2𝑛𝐼𝑛+1 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛 + 2−𝑛 𝐴1
1 2−𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛+1 = (1 − ) 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐴𝐺
2𝑛 𝑛
1 2−3 3 𝜋 1 1 3𝜋 1
(ii) 𝐼3 = (1 − ) 𝐼2 + = ( + )+ = + 𝑀1𝐴2
4 2 4 8 4 16 32 4
1 1 0
(e) ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2)−3 d𝑥 = ∫ (1 + (𝑥 − 1)2 )−3 d𝑥 = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )−3 d𝑥 𝐴2
0 0 −1
1
3𝜋 1
= ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )−3 d𝑥 = + 𝐴2
0 32 4
15.
𝐮∙𝐯
(a) (i) 𝑟= 𝐴2
|𝐮||𝐯|
(ii)
𝑟 = cos 𝜃 𝐴1
−1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1 𝐴1
−1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1 𝐴𝐺
(b) (i) 𝐮 = 𝐯 ⇒ 𝑟 = cos 0 = 1 𝑅1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
(ii) 𝐮 = −𝐯 ⇒ 𝑟 = cos 𝜋 = −1 𝑅1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
2
(c) 7! ( = 25401600 ) 𝐴2

(d) (i) √(∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 ) (∑(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2 ) = ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 2(32 + 22 + 12 ) + 02 = 28 𝑀1𝐴2

(ii) − 28 ≤ ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) ≤ 28 𝐴1

𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅ ∈ ℤ ⇒ ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) ∈ ℤ 𝑅2

The number of possible 𝑟 values cannot exceed 28 + 1 + 28 = 57. 𝐴𝐺

(e) (i) Reduction = ((𝑎 − 4)(𝑏 − 4) + (𝑐 − 4)(𝑑 − 4)) − ((𝑎 − 4)(𝑑 − 4) + (𝑐 − 4)(𝑏 − 4)) 𝑀1𝐴1
= 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑 − 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 − 4(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 − 𝑎 − 𝑑 − 𝑐 − 𝑏) 𝑀1
= (𝑎 − 𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑑) 𝐴𝐺
(ii) Example:

(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7) ⇒ ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) = 28

(1, 6), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 1), (7, 7) ⇒ ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) = 28 − (1 − 6)(1 − 6) = 3

(1, 6), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 5), (6, 1), (7, 7) ⇒ ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) = 3 − (2 − 4)(2 − 4) = −1

(1, 6), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2), (5, 5), (6, 1), (7, 7) ⇒ ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) = −1 − (2 − 3)(4 − 3) = 0

𝑟 = 0 for (1, 6), (2, 3), (3,4), (4, 2), (5, 5), (6, 1), (7, 7). (𝑀3)𝐴1
16.
(a) (i) 𝑥 = 1 𝐴1
(ii) 𝑥 = 0 𝐴1
1
ln 𝑥
lim = lim 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 1

𝑦=0 𝐴1
1
𝑥 ( ) − ln 𝑥
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
′
=0 𝐴1
𝑥
𝑥=e 𝐴1
1
𝑥 2 (− ) − 2𝑥(1 − ln 𝑥) −e
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥 = 4 <0 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑥4 e
1
(e, ) maximum 𝐴2
e
(b)

𝐴3

ln 𝜋 ln e
(c) < 𝐴1
𝜋 e
e ln 𝜋 < 𝜋 ln e 𝐴1
ln 𝜋 e < ln e𝜋 𝐴1
𝜋 e < e𝜋 𝐴𝐺
(d) ln 𝑎𝑏 = ln 𝑏𝑎 𝐴1
𝑏 ln 𝑎 = 𝑎 ln 𝑏 (𝐴1)
ln 𝑎 ln 𝑏
= 𝐴1
𝑎 𝑏
1 < 𝑎 < e, 𝑏 > e 𝐴2
ln 𝑏 ln 𝑎
(e) = 𝐴1
ln 𝑎 ln 𝑏
(ln 𝑎)2 = (ln 𝑏)2
ln 𝑎 = − ln 𝑏 𝐴1
1
𝑎= 𝐴1
𝑏
1 1
𝑎<𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎< , 𝑏> 𝐴1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑎2 < 1, 𝑏2 > 1
0 < 𝑎 < 1, 𝑏 > 1 𝐴2
17.
(a) (i) P(𝐻 = 10)max = 1, P(head) = 1 𝐴2
(ii) P(𝐻 = 0)max = 1, P(head) = 0 𝐴2

(iii) When P(head) = 0, P(𝐻 = 0) = (10) 00 (1 − 0)10 = 1 𝑀1

0
00 = 1 𝐴1
(b) (i) 𝑢 − 1 is tangent to ln 𝑢 at 𝑢 = 1, and ln 𝑢 is concave down. 𝑅2
∴ ln 𝑢 < 𝑢 − 1 for 𝑢 > 0, 𝑢 ≠ 1. 𝐴𝐺
1
(ii) ln 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) ln (1 − ) 𝑀1
𝑥
1 1 1 𝑥−1
𝑦 ′ = ( + ln (1 − )) (1 − ) 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥>1
1 1
1− > 0, 1− ≠1 𝐴1
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
ln (1 − ) < (1 − ) − 1 𝐴1
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
+ ln (1 − ) < 0 𝐴1
𝑥 𝑥
′
𝑦 <0 𝐴𝐺
𝑛
(c) P(𝑛, 𝑛 − 1) = ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥)1 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 − 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝐴1
𝑛−1
d
P(𝑛, 𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2 − 𝑛2 𝑥 𝑛−1 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−2 (𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛𝑥) = 0 𝑀1
d𝑥
1
𝑥 =1− 𝐴1
𝑛
𝑟 ≠ 0, 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑛min = 2 𝐴1
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
1 1 1
P(𝑛, 𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛 (1 − ) ( ) = (1 − ) is decreasing. 𝐴2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1 2−1 1
P(𝑛, 𝑛 − 1)max = (1 − ) = 𝐴1𝐴𝐺
2 2
1
By symmetry, P(𝑛, 1)max = 𝑅1𝐴𝐺
2
(d) (i) P(𝑛, 𝑟) = 𝑥P(𝑛 − 1, 𝑟 − 1) + (1 − 𝑥)P(𝑛 − 1, 𝑟) 𝐴2
(ii) Assume P(𝑛 − 1, 𝑟 − 1) < P(𝑛, 𝑟) and P(𝑛 − 1, 𝑟) < P(𝑛, 𝑟). 𝐴1
P(𝑛, 𝑟) < 𝑥P(𝑛, 𝑟) + (1 − 𝑥)P(𝑛, 𝑟) = P(𝑛, 𝑟), contradiction. 𝐴2
∴ P(𝑛, 𝑟) ≤ P(𝑛 − 1, 𝑟 − 1) or P(𝑛, 𝑟) ≤ P(𝑛 − 1, 𝑟). 𝐴𝐺
(iii) If 1 < 𝑟 < 𝑛 − 1 then P(𝑛, 𝑟) ≤ P(𝑘, 1) or P(𝑛, 𝑟) ≤ P(𝑘, 𝑘 − 1) for some 𝑘. 𝑀1𝐴1
1
P(𝑛, 𝑟) ≤ 𝐴𝐺
2
1
(e) P(𝑛, 𝑟)max = 𝐴1
2
18.
∞ ∞
1 1
(a) ∑ >∫ d𝑥 = lim [ln 𝑥]1𝑏 = lim (ln 𝑏) = ∞ 𝐴2
𝑛 1 𝑥 𝑏→∞ 𝑏→∞
𝑛=1

∞
1
∑ =∞ 𝐴𝐺
𝑛
𝑛=1

sin 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
(b) (i) =1− + − +⋯=0 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑥 3! 5! 7!
𝑥 = 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ, 𝑘 ≠ 0 𝐴1
(ii) LHS and RHS are polynomials with the same complex roots and the same y-intercept. 𝑅3
1 1 1 1
(iii) − = − ( 2 + + + ⋯) 𝑀1𝐴1
3! (𝜋) (2𝜋) 2 (3𝜋)2
∞
1 𝜋2
∑ = 𝐴1
𝑛2 6
𝑛=1

∞ ∞
1 1
(iv) ∑ 2 =∑ (𝐴1)
𝑛 −1 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛=2 𝑛=2

∞
1 1 1
= ∑ ( )( − ) 𝐴1
2 𝑛−1 𝑛+1
𝑛=2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ((1 − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) + ⋯ ) (𝑀1)
2 3 2 4 3 5 4 6
3
= 𝐴1
4
∞ ∞
∞
1 1 1
(c) (i) ∫ 3 d𝑥 < ∑ 3 < ∫ 3 d𝑥 𝑀1𝐴1
7 𝑥 𝑛 6 𝑥
𝑛=7

∞
1 𝑏 1 1 𝑏
lim [− 2 ] < ∑ 3 < lim [− 2 ] 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑏→∞ 2𝑥 7 𝑛 𝑏→∞ 2𝑥 6
𝑛=7

∞
1 1 1
<∑ 3< 𝐴𝐺
98 𝑛 72
𝑛=7

6 6 ∞ 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) ∑ 3+ < ∑ 3+∑ 3< ∑ 3+ 𝑀1
𝑛 98 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 72
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=7 𝑛=1

∞
1
1.200496 … < ∑ < 1.204180 … 𝐴3
𝑛3
𝑛=1

∞
1
∑ = 1.20 to 3 sf 𝐴1
𝑛3
𝑛=1
19.
(a)

𝐴1
By PHP, at least one small triangle must contain two points. 𝑅1
Those two points must be within 1 m of each other. 𝐴𝐺
(b) (i) Draw a diameter through one of the points to create two closed semicircles. 𝐴1
By PHP, one of the semicircles must contain two of the other three points. 𝑀1𝐴1
That semicircle contains three of the four points. 𝐴𝐺
(ii) Call the points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷.
Draw a radius through 𝐴 and rotate the radius clockwise 𝜋 to form a closed semicircle. 𝐴1
3
1
The probability all four points lie in a semicircle with 𝐴 as the first one clockwise is ( ) . 𝐴1
2
Likewise for 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷. 𝐴1
3
1 1
So the total probability is 4 ( ) = . 𝐴1
2 2
(c) Draw a plane through two of the points and the centre of the sphere to create two closed
hemispheres. 𝐴2
By PHP, one of the hemispheres must contain two of the other three points. 𝐴1
That hemisphere contains four of the five points. 𝐴𝐺
(d) (i) 0, 1, 2, … , 𝑛 − 1 𝐴1
𝑛

(ii) By PHP, two of the numbers 7, 77, 777, … , 7 ∑ 10𝑘 must have the same remainder when
𝑘=0

divided by 𝑛. 𝐴2
The difference between them has digits limited to 0 and 7, and is divisible by 𝑛. 𝐴2
(e) Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋. 𝐴1
Divide the interval 0 to 𝜋 into three equal closed intervals. 𝐴1
By PHP, at least one interval must contain two 𝜃, call them 𝜃𝑖 and 𝜃𝑗 where 𝜃𝑖 ≤ 𝜃𝑗 . 𝐴1
𝜋
0 ≤ 𝜃𝑗 − 𝜃𝑖 ≤ 𝐴1
3
0 ≤ tan(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑗 ) ≤ √3 𝐴1
tan 𝜃𝑖 − tan 𝜃𝑗
0≤ ≤ √3 𝐴1
1 + tan 𝜃𝑖 tan 𝜃𝑖
𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗
0≤ ≤ √3 𝐴𝐺
1 + 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗
20.
(a) (i) 𝑓(0) = e0 − 1 = 0 𝐴1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = e𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = e𝑥 > 0 𝐴1

𝐴1
(ii) 𝑓(0) = − ln(0 + 1) = 0 𝐴1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −
𝑥+1
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = >0 𝐴1
(𝑥 + 1)2

𝐴1
(iii) 𝑓(0) = sec 0 − 1 = 0 𝐴1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (sec 𝑥)(tan 𝑥)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = sec 3 𝑥 + (sec 𝑥)(tan2 𝑥) > 0 𝐴1

𝐴1

d 𝑓(𝑥)
(b) ( )>0 𝐴1
d𝑥 𝑥
d 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
(c) (i) ( )= 𝑀1
d𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥𝑚 − (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)
= 𝐴1
𝑥2
𝑐
=− 2 𝐴𝐺
𝑥
(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up. 𝑅1
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is below 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴1
𝑐<0 𝐴1
d 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐
( )=− 2>0 𝐴𝐺
d𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(d) arcsin 0 = 0 𝐴1
d 1
arcsin 𝑥 =
d𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
d2 𝑥
2
arcsin 𝑥 = 3 >0 𝐴2
d𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2

arcsin 𝑥
𝑦= is increasing for 0 < 𝑥 < 1. 𝐴𝐺
𝑥
1 1 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥
𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 𝑥 ln( )
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥 ln(
𝑎
) 2
(e) (i) ( ) =e 2 = e 𝑥 𝐴1
2
𝑎0 + 𝑏0
ln ( )=0 𝐴1
2
d 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 ln 𝑏
ln ( )= 𝐴1
d𝑥 2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥
d2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 )(𝑎 𝑥 (ln 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 𝑥 (ln 𝑏)2 ) − (𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 ln 𝑏)2
ln ( ) = 𝑀1
d𝑥 2 2 (𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 )2
𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 (ln 𝑎 − ln 𝑏)2
= >0 𝐴1
(𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 )2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥
ln ( )
2
is increasing for 𝑥 ≠ 0. 𝐴1
𝑥
1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥
( ) is increasing for 𝑥 ≠ 0. 𝐴𝐺
2
𝑎 𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 ( ) ln 𝑎+ln 𝑏
ln( ) 𝑎𝑥 ln 𝑎+𝑏𝑥 ln 𝑏 ( 𝑏 )
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥 2 ( ) 𝑎 𝑥
( ) +1
(ii) lim ( ) = lim e 𝑥 = lim e 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 = lim e 𝑏 =𝑏 𝑀1𝐴2
𝑥→∞ 2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

𝑎 𝑥
1 ( ) ln 𝑎+ln 𝑏
( 𝑏 )
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
( ) +1
lim ( ) = lim e 𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 𝐴1
𝑥→0 2 𝑥→0

𝑏 𝑥
ln 𝑎+( ) ln 𝑏
1 ( 𝑎 )
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥
1+( )
lim ( ) = lim e 𝑎 =𝑎 𝐴1
𝑥→−∞ 2 𝑥→−∞
1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑥
𝑎<( ) <𝑏 𝐴1
2
d
(f) No. E. g. (𝑥(e𝑥 − 1)) = 𝑥e𝑥 + e𝑥 − 1 = −1 < 0 when 𝑥 = −1. 𝐴1𝑅1
d𝑥
21.
(a) |i𝑧| = |i||𝑧| = |𝑧| 𝑀1𝐴1
𝜋
arg(i𝑧) = arg(i) + arg(𝑧) = arg(𝑧) + 𝑀1𝐴1
2
(b) (i) To move from 0 to 𝐵,
we move from 0 to 2𝑎, 𝑅1
then move half the displacement to 2(𝑎 + 𝑏), which is 𝑏, 𝑅1
𝜋
then move 𝑏 rotated anticlockwise , which is 𝑏i. 𝑅1
2
(ii) 𝐴 = 𝑎 + 𝑎i 𝐴1
𝐶 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑐i 𝐴1
𝐷 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑑i 𝐴1
(c) 𝐶 − 𝐴 = 𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑐i − 𝑎i 𝑀1
= 𝑏 − 𝑑 + 𝑐i − 𝑎i 𝐴1
𝐵 − 𝐷 = −𝑏 + 𝑏i − 2𝑐 − 𝑑 − 𝑑i 𝑀1
= 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑏i − 𝑑i 𝐴1
= i(𝑏 − 𝑑 + 𝑐i − 𝑎i) 𝐴1
= i(𝐶 − 𝐴) 𝐴1
𝜋
𝐵 − 𝐷 is 𝐶 − 𝐴 rotated anticlockwise about the origin ⇒ 𝑃𝑅 ⊥ 𝑄𝑆 and 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆 𝑅1𝐴𝐺
2
1 1
(d) (𝐴 + 𝐶) = (3𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 + i(𝑎 + 𝑐)) 𝑀1𝐴1
2 2
1 1 1
(𝐵 + 𝐷) = (4𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 𝑑 + i(𝑏 + 𝑑)) = (3𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 + i(𝑏 + 𝑑)) 𝑀1𝐴2
2 2 2
𝑎 + 𝑐 is not necessarily equal to 𝑏 + 𝑑. 𝑅1
𝑃𝑅 and 𝑄𝑆 do not necessarily bisect each other. 𝐴1
22.
(a) (i) sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 (𝐴1)
= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 𝐴1
0𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
(ii) cos + cos + cos + cos
7 7 7 7
1 𝜋 0𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋 6𝜋
= 𝜋 (2 sin 7 cos 7 + 2 sin 7 cos 7 + 2 sin 7 cos 7 + 2 sin 7 cos 7 )
2 sin 7

1 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋
= 𝜋 (2 sin 7 + (sin ( 7 + 7 ) + sin ( 7 − 7 )) + (sin ( 7 + 7 ) + sin ( 7 − 7 ))
2 sin 7

𝜋 6𝜋 𝜋 6𝜋
+ (sin ( + ) + sin ( − ))) 𝑀1𝐴1
7 7 7 7

1 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋
= 𝜋 (2 sin 7 + sin ( 7 ) − sin ( 7) + sin ( 7 ) − sin ( 7 ) + sin ( 7 ) − sin ( 7 )) 𝐴1
2 sin 7

1
= 𝐴1
2
7
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 1
(iii) ∑ cos =0 ⇒ cos + cos + cos + cos =− 𝑅1𝐴1
7 7 7 7 7 2
𝑘=0

𝑘𝜋
(b) (i) 𝜃= , 𝑘∈ℤ 𝐴2
7
sin 7𝜃 Im(cos 𝜃 + i sin 𝜃)7
(ii) = 𝐴1
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1
= (7𝑐 6 𝑠 − 35𝑐 4𝑠 3 + 21𝑐 2 𝑠 5 − 𝑠 7 ) 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑠
= 7𝑐 6 − 35𝑐 4 (1 − 𝑐 2 ) + 21𝑐 2 (1 − 𝑐 2 )2 − (1 − 𝑐 2 )3 𝑀1
= 7𝑐 6 − 35𝑐 4 (1 − 𝑐 2 ) + 21𝑐 2 (1 − 2𝑐 2 + 𝑐 4 ) − (1 − 3𝑐 2 + 3𝑐 4 − 𝑐 6 ) 𝐴1
= 64cos 6𝜃 − 80cos 4 𝜃 + 24cos2 𝜃 − 1 𝐴𝐺
𝑘𝜋
(iii) 𝑥 = cos , 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 𝐴2
7
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋 1 1
(iv) (cos ) (cos ) (cos ) … (cos ) = (product of roots) (cos ) = (− ) (−1) = 𝐴3
7 7 7 7 7 64 64
(c) (i) 0 𝐴1
100
𝑘𝜋
(ii) ∑ sin ≈ 100 × (average value of sin 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝜋) 𝐴1
100
𝑘=1
𝜋
∫ sin 𝑥 d𝑥
= 100 0 𝐴1
𝜋
200
= 𝐴1
𝜋
23.
𝑟2
(a) As → 1, 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 ≈ 𝑡21.5 − 𝑡11.5 ≈ 𝑟21.5 − 𝑟11.5 𝑀1𝐴3
𝑟1
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
1.5
≈1 𝐴1
𝑟2 − 𝑟11.5

𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑟1 √𝑟2 − 𝑟1 √𝑟1
(b) lim (√𝑟2 − √𝑟1 ) = 𝑟lim (√𝑟2 − √𝑟1 ) ( 1.5 1.5
) = 𝑟lim ( ) ( 1.5 ) 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑟2
→1 2 →1 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 2 →1 𝑟1 𝑟2 − 𝑟11.5
𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟1

𝑟 0.5 𝑟 −0.5
(𝑟2 ) − 1 0.5 ( 2 )
𝑟1 2
= 2 𝑟lim ( 1 1.5 ) = 2 𝑟lim 0.5 = 𝑀1𝐴3𝐴𝐺
2 →1 𝑟 2 →1 𝑟 3
𝑟1 (𝑟2 ) − 1 𝑟1 1.5 ( 2 )
𝑟
1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(c) √𝑟𝑛 ≈ + √𝑟𝑛−1 ≈ + + √𝑟𝑛−2 ≈ + + + √𝑟𝑛−3 ≈ ⋯ ≈ (𝑛 − 1) + √𝑟1 𝑀1𝐴2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2
2
𝑟𝑛 ≈ ( (𝑛 − 1) + √𝑟1 ) 𝐴𝐺
3
d 1.5
(d) (i) 𝑥 = 1.5𝑥 0.5 𝐴1
d𝑥
𝑡1 2
𝑐1 = 𝑡11.5 + 0.5 = 𝑡1
1.5
+ 𝑡1 0.5 𝑀1𝐴1𝐴𝐺
1.5𝑡1 3

2
2
(ii) 𝑟1 = √𝑡1 2 + ( 𝑡1 0.5 ) ≈ 100.2219759 𝑀1𝐴𝐺
3

𝑐2 − 𝑐1 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝐴1

2 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 2

(𝑡2 1.5 1.5 √ 2
+ 𝑡2 ) − (𝑡1 + 𝑡1 ) = 100.2219759 + 𝑡2 + ( 𝑡2 ) 𝑀1𝐴2
3 3 3

GDC: 𝑡1 = 100 ⇒ 𝑡2 = 113.7876 𝐴1

2
2
𝑟2 = √𝑡2 2 + ( 𝑡2 0.5 ) ≈ 114.010 𝐴1𝐴𝐺
3
(iii) From (c), letting 𝑛 = 2, LHS = 114.010, RHS = 114.015. 𝐴1
Approximation is close. 𝐴1
(e)

𝐴3
24.
(a) General point on base permimeter is (cos 𝜃 , 0, sin 𝜃). 𝐴1
cos 𝜃 0 cos 𝜃
Direction of 𝑙1 : ( 0 ) − (5) = ( −5 ) 𝐴1
sin 𝜃 0 sin 𝜃

0 cos 𝜃
𝑙1 : 𝐫 = (5) + 𝜆 ( −5 ) 𝐴𝐺
0 sin 𝜃

5 cos 𝜃
(b) (i) ( 1 ) 𝐴3
5 sin 𝜃

5 cos 𝜃 1
(ii) ( 1 )⋅( 1 )= 0 𝐴1
5 sin 𝜃 −2
5 cos 𝜃 − 10 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0 𝐴1
𝜋 𝜋
Bird flies on right side of tree, so − <𝜃< . 𝑅1𝐴1
2 2
GDC: 𝜃 ≈ 0.55321 𝐴𝐺
𝜆 cos 𝜃 𝑡 𝜆 cos 𝜃 − 𝑡
(c) Common perpendicular to 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 : (5 − 5𝜆 ) − ( 𝑡 ) = ( −5𝜆 − 𝑡 + 5 ) 𝐴1
𝜆 sin 𝜃 5 − 2𝑡 𝜆 sin 𝜃 + 2𝑡 − 5

𝜆 cos 𝜃 − 𝑡 cos 𝜃
( −5𝜆 − 𝑡 + 5 ) ⋅ ( −5 ) = 0 𝑀1
𝜆 sin 𝜃 + 2𝑡 − 5 sin 𝜃
26𝜆 + (− cos 𝜃 + 5 + 2 sin 𝜃)𝑡 − 25 − 5 sin 𝜃 = 0
26𝜆 + 5.2𝑡 − 27.62711 = 0 [A] 𝐴1
𝜆 cos 𝜃 − 𝑡 1
( −5𝜆 − 𝑡 + 5 ) ⋅ ( 1 ) = 0 𝑀1
𝜆 sin 𝜃 + 2𝑡 − 5 −2
(cos 𝜃 − 5 − 2 sin 𝜃)𝜆 − 6𝑡 + 15 = 0
−5.2𝜆 − 6𝑡 + 15 = 0 [B] 𝐴1
6[A] + 5.2[B]: 128.96𝜆 − 87.76264 = 0 (𝑀1)
𝜆 = 0.68054 𝐴1
(0.57903, 1.59729, 0.35757)
(0.579, 1.60, 0.358) to 3 sf 𝐴1
(d) 𝑡 = 1.91020 𝐴1
(1.91020, 1.91020, 1.17960) (𝐴1)
𝑑 = √(1.91020 − 0.57903)2 + ( 1.91020 − 1.59729)2 + (1.17960 − 0.35757)2 = 1.60 𝑀1𝐴1
(e) Shortest distance is when 𝑡 = 0. (𝐴1)
Shortest distance = 10√2 − 1 𝐴1
25.
1 1 1
(a) 1, − , , − 𝐴1
2 4 8
(b) (i)

𝐴3
(ii) If 0 < 𝑟 < 1 or 𝑟 > 1, a straight line cannot intersect 𝑦 = 𝑢1 𝑟 𝑥−1 at three points. 𝑅1
∴ The only possible positive value of 𝑟 is 1. 𝐴1
(c) 𝑢𝑝+1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑝𝑑 = 𝑢1 𝑟 𝑝 𝐴1
𝑢𝑞+1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑞𝑑 = 𝑢1 𝑟 𝑞 𝐴1
𝑢1 𝑟 𝑝 − 𝑢1 𝑢1 𝑟 𝑞 − 𝑢1
𝑑= = 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑝 𝑞
𝑝(𝑟 𝑞 − 1) − 𝑞(𝑟 𝑝 − 1) = 0 𝐴𝐺
(d) (i) 𝑓(−1) = −2𝑝 < 0 𝐴2
𝑓(0) = 𝑞 − 𝑝 > 0 𝐴2
𝑓(𝑟) is continuous. 𝐴1
∴ 𝑓(𝑟) has a root between − 1 and 0. 𝐴𝐺
(ii) Assume 𝑓(𝑟) has more than one negative root. 𝐴1
𝑓 ′ (𝑟) = 0 for some 𝑟 < 0. 𝐴1
𝑓 ′ (𝑟) = 𝑝𝑞𝑟 𝑞−1 − 𝑝𝑞𝑟 𝑝−1 = 𝑝𝑞𝑟 𝑝−1 (𝑟 𝑞−𝑝 − 1) = 0 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑟 = 0, 1, contradiction 𝐴1
∴ 𝑓(𝑟) cannot have more than one negative root. 𝐴𝐺
𝑟𝑞 − 1 𝑞
(e) (i) = 𝐴1
𝑟2 − 1 2
𝑟𝑞 − 1 𝑞
lim 2 = lim = ∞ 𝑀1𝐴1
𝑞→∞ 𝑟 − 1 𝑞→∞ 2

(ii) − 2 ≤ lim (𝑟 𝑞 − 1) ≤ −1 𝑀1𝐴1

𝑞→∞

lim (𝑟 2 − 1) = 0 𝐴1
𝑞→∞

lim 𝑟 = −1 𝐴1
𝑞→∞

𝑟 can be arbitrarily close to − 1. 𝐴𝐺

 Further information on the questions

1. Some of my students were not easily convinced that the expected value of 𝑁 is ∞. To design a target so
that 𝑆 is approximately normally distributed, we make most of the target’s available space clustered
around a certain distance from the centre of the target, and taper the ends, with the outer ends tapering
1 1 2
− ( −5)
more gradually than the inner ends. An example of such a target is the graph of 𝑦 = ±1000𝑥 −2 e 2 |𝑥| .
2. Ferenc Beleznay showed me how to find the equation of the envelope curve of the ladder without assuming
it is of the form 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑙 𝑛 .
3. A triangular pyramid and a square pyramid give the same result for packing density. In both pyramids,
each sphere touches 12 other spheres. The maximum packing density of spheres is controversial.
𝐴1 √5−1
4. When is maximized, sin 𝜃 = , the golden ratio.
𝐴3 2

5. The last part of this question came from my student Nick Nie, who is now studying mathematics at Oxford
University.
6. 𝑃 reaches its maximum value of approximately 19.110675 (compared to 𝐼max ≈ 19.110865 ) at
approximately 1:26:48 and 10:33:12. This question was inspired by my student Wen Ding, who recently
graduated from Cornell University. For his Math IA, he explored questions related to clocks, such as “Do
the hands of a clock ever trisect the face of the clock?”
7. Variations of this question have been circulating on the internet for many years. To make it more
challenging, I added the last part: if the airplane can follow any path, find the minimum value of 𝑙.
8. Here is a very fast way to derive the formula for the expectation of a geometric distribution:
1
E = 𝑝(1) + (1 − 𝑝)(1 + E) ⇒ E =
𝑝
9. Some textbooks define the hyperbolic functions cosh and sinh in terms of e𝑥 , without explaining how the
hyperbolic functions are related to the unit hyperbola just as the circular functions (cos and sin) are related
to the unit circle.
10. This question was adapted from the 2010 Oxford Admissions Test. A harder question is to determine
whether, for every positive integer 𝑛, there exists a circle of area 𝑛 that encloses exactly 𝑛 lattice points.
11. Making a substitution 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , we can quickly find higher orders of 𝑆𝑛 , e.g. 𝑆9 or 𝑆12.
12. This question was inspired by a lengthy discussion with Ferenc Beleznay and Andrew Chambers on the
MyIB maths forum. If the jerk (3rd derivative of position with respect to time) due to gravity were constant,
then projectiles would have cubic equations. In that case, what would the equation of the envelope be?
13. For the last part, the recursive formula is 𝐷𝑛 = 2𝐷𝑛−1 + 2(2𝑛−4 − 𝐷𝑛−4 − (2𝑛−7 − 𝐷𝑛−7 )).Explanation:
2𝐷𝑛−1
= number of sequences with 3 consecutive 𝐻 or 𝑇 before last toss and last toss is either 𝐻 or 𝑇.
𝑛−4
2 − 𝐷𝑛−4 − (2𝑛−7 − 𝐷𝑛−7 )
= number of sequences with 3 consecutive 𝐻 or 𝑇 for first time with last toss and last toss is 𝐻,
so last 4 are 𝑇𝐻𝐻𝐻 and before that there were no 3 consecutive 𝐻 or 𝑇 and there was no … 𝐻𝑇𝑇.
14. I wonder if some calculators can give the exact value of these integrals.
𝐮∙𝐯
15. The equation cos 𝜃 = |𝐮||𝐯| applies to vectors of height 𝑛 ≥ 2 . When 𝑛 ≥ 3 , 𝜃 is the angle between

𝐮 and 𝐯 within the plane spanned by 𝐮 and 𝐯, i.e. 𝐫 = 𝜆𝐮 + 𝜇𝐯. If the Maths and Physics grades are
 randomly assigned, 𝑟 has an interesting probability distribution, which I have not worked out yet. The
expression of the Pearson correlation coefficient in terms of vectors was shown to me by my former
colleague David Marland, who was the only teacher at my school who gave students harder math questions
than mine.
16. I thought about adding the question, “What are the integer solutions to 𝑎√𝑏 = 𝑏√𝑎 ?” but I did not add it,
because I am not sure how to answer it.
17. This question arose when I noticed that most binomial probabilities are small, i.e. less than 1/2. The
solution presented is based on a solution by Ferenc Beleznay. Part (d)(iii) can be understood by arranging
binomial probabilities like Pascal’s triangle.
1 1 1 𝑝 𝑝
18. ∑∞
𝑛=𝑘 𝑛𝑝 ≈ 𝑝+1 𝑘
𝑝+1
+ 2 𝑘 𝑝 + 12 𝑘 𝑝−1 is a very good approximation. I found the last term, 12
𝑘 𝑝−1, by using

Excel. I do not know how to derive this approximation algebraically.

19. The question about the 7’s and 0’s was given to me by my colleague Russell Kirk, who taught the discrete
𝑥𝑖 −𝑥𝑗
math option topic. The question with 1+𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗
is a variation of a question I saw on math stackexchange

posted by a user called Noud.

20. The theorem presented in this question was inspired by my colleague Sofia Zhang, who asked me to prove
1
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 𝑥
that 𝑦 = ( 2
) , 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑏, is increasing for 𝑥 ≠ 0. The proof uses the fact that if a curve is concave
up, then it lies above its tangents.
21. The theorem presented in this question was shown to me many years ago by my colleague Dr. Alan Laine.
The theorem is also true for squares drawn on the inside of the quadrilateral. Is it true for three
dimensional quadrilaterals?
22. This question was inspired by my student Terry Li, when he showed me this question:
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
Prove that cot − cot + cot = √3.
9 9 9

23. This question shows that a quadratic-like sequence is between an arithmetic and a geometric sequence.
Try choosing different even functions that are increasing for positive 𝑥 and stack circles on them, and
work out a formula for the radius of the 𝑛th circle. For example, if we stack circles on 𝑦 = ln |𝑥|, we get
𝑟𝑛 ≈ 𝑟𝑛−1 e4𝑟𝑛−1 for large 𝑟. Each type of function requires a different technique, much like integration.
24. My practice questions were lacking in vectors, so I thought of this question, and it turned out to be one of
my favorites. In (b)(ii), the equation 5 cos 𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0 has two solutions for −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋: one
gives the line on the tree that is closest to the bird’s path, and the other gives the line on the tree that is
√31 2√31−3
farthest from the bird’s path. The exact values for the bird’s closest approach are 𝑡 = 2 − 62
, 𝑑= .
√26

25. This question was inspired by my colleague Dominic Dong. It can be shown that the negative values of 𝑟
1
are between −2 and − , and that −1 is the only number with arbitrarily close 𝑟 values.
2