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Unit 4 Testing of Hypothesis

The document explains the concept of a hypothesis, which is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables, and outlines the process of hypothesis testing used to determine if there is enough evidence to support or reject a hypothesis. It details key steps in hypothesis testing, including formulating null and alternative hypotheses, and discusses Type I and Type II errors. Additionally, it introduces various statistical tests such as the Chi-Square Test, t-test, and z-test that are used to analyze data in hypothesis testing.

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12 views60 pages

Unit 4 Testing of Hypothesis

The document explains the concept of a hypothesis, which is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables, and outlines the process of hypothesis testing used to determine if there is enough evidence to support or reject a hypothesis. It details key steps in hypothesis testing, including formulating null and alternative hypotheses, and discusses Type I and Type II errors. Additionally, it introduces various statistical tests such as the Chi-Square Test, t-test, and z-test that are used to analyze data in hypothesis testing.

Uploaded by

qamarparveen0786
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Testing of Hypothesis

Dr. Akhilesh Yadav


Hypothesis:
A hypothesis is a statement or prediction about the relationship
between variables that can be tested through research or
experimentation. In research, hypotheses guide the investigation,
helping researchers identify what they aim to observe, measure, or
establish through data. Hypotheses are used in many fields, from
science to business, as a way to test theories or make informed
decisions based on evidence.
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to determine whether
there is enough evidence in a sample of data to support or reject a
hypothesis about a population parameter. The goal is to make an
inference about the larger population based on sample data, helping to
determine if an observed effect is genuine or due to random chance.
Key Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
1.Formulate the Hypotheses:
1. Null Hypothesis (H₀): This is the default assumption that there is no
effect or relationship between variables. It’s what researchers aim to
test against. Example: "A new marketing campaign does not increase
product sales."
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Ha): This is the hypothesis that there
is an effect or relationship, which researchers hope to support.
Example: "A new marketing campaign increases product sales."
Type I and Type II error
In the context of testing of hypotheses, there are basically two types of errors we can make. We may reject Ho
when Ho is true and we may accept Ho when in fact Ho is not true. The former is known as Type I error and the
latter as Type II error. In other words, Type I error means rejection of hypothesis which should have been
accepted and Type II error means accepting the hypothesis which should have been rejected. Type I error is
denoted by a α (alpha) known as a error, also called the level of significance of test; and Type II error is denoted
by β (beta) known as β error.
Key Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
In hypothesis testing, various statistical tests can be used to analyze data and determine whether to accept
or reject a hypothesis. The choice of test depends on factors like the type of data, sample size, and whether
you are comparing means, proportions, or relationships. Here are some commonly used tests for hypothesis
testing:
Example of a Two-Sample Z-Test
Chi Square Test
The Chi-Square Test is a statistical test used to determine if there is a
significant association between categorical variables or to compare
observed frequencies with expected frequencies. It’s widely used in
hypothesis testing to assess relationships in categorical data.
T Test
The t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of two groups or to test whether the mean of
a single group differs from a known value. It is commonly used to determine if there is a significant
difference between the means of two datasets, assuming the data follows a normal distribution.
Z test
• The z-test is a statistical test used to determine whether there is a
significant difference between sample and population means, or
between two sample means, when the population variance is known
or the sample size is large (n>30).
F test

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