WHAT IS A MACHINE?

MACHINE
 Machine is anything that reduces human
effort and anything that simplifies work or
saves time
 A machine that converts electrical energy
to mechanical energy or mechanical
energy to electrical energy ; it is either
generator or a motor.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 MOTORING OPERATION

ELECTRICAL ELECTRO-MECHANICAL MECHANICAL

CONVERSION SYSTEM
ENERGY ENERGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 GENERATING OPERATION

ELECTRICAL ELECTRO-MECHANICAL MECHANICAL

CONVERSION SYSTEM
ENERGY ENERGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 DYNAMO
 Dynamo is a rotating electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy or vice versa.

Principle of Dynamo:
 Generating Action – it involves development of voltage
 Motor Action – it involves the development of force or torque

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 HOW ELECTRIC MOTOR WORKS
TWO BASIC CATEGORIES OF MOTOR

1. DIRECT CURRENT
2. ALTERNATING CURRENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 MAGNETIC FIELD OF A PERMANENT BAR
MAGNET
 Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet:
Like all magnets, the field lines of
a bar magnet will flow from the
north pole into the south pole of
the magnet. The stronger the
magnetic field, the greater the
number of lines of flux.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 LAWS OF MAGNET

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 ELECTROMAGNETISM
COMBINATION OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. THE
STRENG OF MAGNETIC FIELD IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH THE
CONDUCTOR.

TWO TYPES OF CURRENT FLOW:

1. CONVENTIONAL (+ to -)
2. ELECTRON FLOW ( - to +)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCE BY CURRENT
CARRYING CONDUCTOR
TO STRENGTHIN THE
MAGNETIC FIELD:
1. INCREASE
CURRENT/VOLTAGE
2. INCREASE NUMBER OF
TURN/COIL
3. INCLUDE CORE OF IRON
(SOFT)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 HOW ELECTROMAGNET WORK

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 MOTOR ROTATION
ELECTROMAGNET - ROTOR

PERMANENT MAGNET - STATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 MOTOR ROTATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 MOTOR ROTATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 DC MOTOR
 An electro-mechanical energy conversion device (electrical machine) that converts DC
electrical energy or power (EI) into mechanical energy or power (Z T) is called a DC
motor.

Electric motors are used for driving industrial machines, e.g., hammers, presses, drilling
machines, lathes, rollers in paper and steel industry, blowers for furnaces, etc., and
domestic appliances, e.g., refrigerators, fans, water pumps, toys, mixers, etc. The block
diagram of energy conversion,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY CONVERSION (MOTOR ACTION)
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION MECHANICAL
DEVICE
SYSTEM (MOTOR) ENERGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMECHANICAL
ENERGY CONVERSION
 An electromechanical conversion device is a link between electrical and mechanical
system. The purpose of electro-mechanical conversion device to change the form of
energy. When it is converting mechanical input to electrical output the device is
“generating”. With electrical input, and mechanical output is obtained the device is
motoring.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF A DC MOTOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A DC MOTOR
DC MOTOR OPERATE ON FARADAYS PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
WHICH STATES THAT A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR EXPERIENCES A
FORCE WHEN PLACE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD. ACCORDING TO FLEMINGS ‘LEFT
HAND RULE” FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS THE MOTION OF THIS CONDUCTOR IS
ALWAYS DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE CURRENT AND THE MAGNETIC
FIELD.

MATHEMATICALLY, WE CAN EXPRESS THIS FOR AS F = (sinθ) BIL

where: F – Force , Newton (N)

B – Magnetic Field/Flux, tesla = (N/A-m)
I – Current, ampere
L – conductor, meter

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE 1
 A conductor carrying a current of 2 A is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.5
T. The length of the conductor segment in the field is 0.3 m. Calculate the force
experienced by the conductor.

Given: Solution:
L=0.3m
F=? F = (sin θ ) BIL
B=0.5 T (N/A-m) = (sin90) (0.5 N/A.m) (2A)(0.3m)
I=2A F = 0.3 N

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE 2
 A 5 cm length of wire is at 90° to the direction of an external magnetic field. When a
current of 1.5 A flows through the wire it experiences a force of 0.06 N from the motor
effect. Calculate the magnetic flux density of the magnet.

Given: Solution:
F=0.06 N F = (sin θ ) BIL
B=? T (N/A-m) 0.06N = (sin90) (B) (1.5A)(0.5m)
I=1.5A B = 0.8 T
L=5cm

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE (FOR MOTORS)
 THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF A
MOTOR IS GIVEN BY “FLEMINGS LEFT
HAND-RULE” WHICH STATES IF THE
INDEX FINGER, MIDDLE FINGER, AND
THE THUMB OF YOUR LEFT HAND ARE
EXTENDED MUTUALLY
PERPENDICULAR TO EACH OTHER AND
IF THE MIDDLE FINGER INDICATES THE
DIRECTION OF CURRENT, THEN THE
THUMB REPRESENT THE DIRECTION IN
WHICH FORCE IS EXPERIENCED BY THE
SHAFT OF THE DC MOTOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE (FOR MOTORS)
 THUMB FINGER IS FOR DIRECTION FORCE

 INDEX FINGER IS FOR MAGNETIC FIELD

 MIDDLE FINGER IS DIRECTION OF CURRENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE 4
 What direction is the force acting on the wire?

a. Up, towards the N pole

b. Down, towards the S pole
c. Out of the page
d. Into the page
e. No movement

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE 5
 What direction is the force acting on the wire?

a. Up, towards the N pole

b. Down, towards the S pole
c. Out of the page
d. Into the page
e. No movement

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE 6
 What direction is the force acting on the wire?

a. Up, towards the N pole

b. Down, towards the S pole
c. Out of the page
d. Into the page
e. No movement

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 BACK EMF
 It has been seen that when current is supplied
to the armature conductors, as shown in Fig.
5.5(a), placed in the main magnetic field, torque
develops and armature rotates. Simultaneously,
the armature conductors cut across the
magnetic field and an emf is induced in these
conductors. The direction of this induced emf in
the armature conductors is determined by
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule and is

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 BACK EMF
 It can be seen that the direction of this induced emf is opposite to the applied voltage.
That is why this induced emf is called back emf (Eb). The magnitude of this induced emf
is given by the relation;

General Formula: (DC or AC) Compute for Power: where: Eb – Back EMF
Z – No, of conductor
Eb = ZPΦN Pg = Eb Ia (Motor) Φ – Flux (wb)
60a’ = Eg Ia (Generator) N – rpm
Pa – Power Generated
Ia – Armature Current

Also, N ∝ Eb/Φ it shows that speed of motor is inversely proportional to magnetic field or flux.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 BACK EMF
A simple conventional circuit diagram of the machine
working as motor, is shown in Fig. 5.6. In this case, the
supply voltage is always greater than the induced or
back emf (i.e., V > Eb ). Therefore, current is always
supplied to the motor from the mains and the relation
among the various quantities will be; Eb = V – I a Ra.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SIGNIFICANCE OF BACK EMF
The current flowing through the armature is given by the relation:
where: Ia – Armature current
Ia = V – Eb V – Line Voltage
Ra Eb – Back emf
Ra – Armature resistance

When mechanical load applied on the motor increases, its speed decreases which reduces the
value of Eb. As a result the value (V – Eb) increases which consequently increases Ia. Hence,
motor draws extra current from the mains.
Thus, the back emf regulates the input power as per the extra load.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 TORQUE DEVELOPED IN ARMATURE
Torque is the rotational effect of a force on a body. In
practice, it plays a major role in the performance of
motors. While rotational speed is indirectly proportional to
torque, high torque allows the application of high forces,
such as those required in extruders, shredders, and servo
presses. Fast responsiveness and rapid acceleration to
high rotational speeds are also possible when high torque
is maintained in motors.
where: T - Torque To solve for a’
T = 60 P
Z - no, of conductor 1. Lap – mP
2π N
Φ - flux (wb) 2. Wave – 2m
T = ZΦPIa P - no. of Poles
a’ – parallel path thus, m = multiplier (1 for simplex,
2 π a’
2 for duplex, 3 for triplex)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 TORQUE IN MOTOR TORQUE DEVELOPED

Torque Developed

T = 60 Pg
2π N

TORQUE DEVELOPED
Torque Output

T = 60 Po
2π N

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 MECHANICAL OUTPUT POWER
P = 2πNT T = n-m
60a’ P = powers

P = 2πNT T = n-m
44760 P = Bhp or Hp

P = 2πNT T = n-m Note:

33000 P = hp 1 Hp = 746 watts
1 BHp = 746 watts 1 BHp = 550 lb-ft/sec
1 mHp = 733.5 watts

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 STARTING CURRENT OF DC MOTOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 TYPES OF DC MOTORS
1. Series Motor
• Used to drive heavy load
• High starting torque
• Universal motor (AC or DC)

ex. Crane, hoist where:

Vt - Line Voltage
Ia – Armature Current
Is – Field Shunt Current
IL – Line Current
Eb – Back emf
Ra – Armature Current
Rs – Shunt Resistance

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 TYPES OF DC MOTORS
where:
2. Shunt Motor Vt - Line Voltage
• Constant speed operation
Ia – Armature Current
Ex. Machine tools, lathe machine Is – Field Shunt Current
IL – Line Current
Eb – Back emf
Ra – Armature Current
Rs – Shunt Resistance

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 TYPES OF DC MOTORS
where:
2. Shunt Motor Vt - Line Voltage
• Constant speed operation
Ia – Armature Current
Ex. Machine tools, lathe machine Is – Field Shunt Current
IL – Line Current
Eb – Back emf
Ra – Armature Current
Rs – Shunt Resistance

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 TYPES OF DC MOTORS
3. Compound Motor
• Pulsating loads
• Intermittent loads

ex. Shear punches

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

EXAMPLE 8

• An 8 pole dc motor has a wave wound armature with 900 conductors. The useful flux per
pole is 25 mWb. Determine the torque exerted when current of 30A flows in each
armature conductor.. Ans. 429.72 N-m
EXAMPLE 9

• At what speed in rpm must the armature of a dc machine run to develop 5720 watts at at
torque of 46.06 N-m? Ans. 1185.89 rpm
EXAMPLE 10

• A 110v dc motor draws an armature current of 16A. If the armature resistance is 0.25 Ω.
Compute for the back emf? Ans. 106v
EXAMPLE 11

• A DC machine has a 4 pole wave wound armature w/ 46 slots and 16 conductors per
slot. If the induce voltage in the armature is 480v at 16.3x10^-3. Det. the speed of the
machine? Ans. 1200.32 rpm
EXAMPLE 12

• A DC machine has a 4 pole wave wound armature w/ 46 slots and 16 conductors per
slot. If the induce voltage in the armature is 480v at 16.3x10^-3. Det. the speed of the
machine? Ans. 1200.32 rpm
EXAMPLE 13
• A 220v, 4 pole, duplex lap shunt motor take 32A from a DC source. The motor has 50
conductors embedded on its armature. The armature resistance and the field takes 1A
as it develop 5.3x10^6 maxwell per pole. Calculate the speed at which the motor
operates? Ans. 8698.87

Note: 1 wb = 10^8 maxwell