GENERATING OPERATION

ELECTRICAL ELECTRO-MECHANICAL MECHANICAL

CONVERSION SYSTEM
ENERGY ENERGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 DC GENERATOR PRINCIPLE
IS A MACHINE THAT CONVERTS
MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY USING
THE PRINCIPLE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
 PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
1. MAGNETIC FRAME OR YOKE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES

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 PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
3. FIELD OR EXCITING COIL

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 PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
4. ARMATURE CORE

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 PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
5. ARMATURE WINDING

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 PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
6. COMMUTATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
7. BRUSHES

8. BRUSH ROCKER

9. END HOUSING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
10. BEARINGS

11. SHAFT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 DC GENERATOR PRINCIPLE
A GENERATOR IS DRIVEN BY A MECHANICAL SOURCE OF ENERGY
CALL PRIME MOVER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 ENERGY TRANSMISSION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
 TWO WAYS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY IN
GENERATOR
1. ROTATING CONDUCTORS
THROUGH MAGNETIC
FIELD.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 TWO WAYS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY IN
GENERATOR
2. ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
THROUGH STATIONARY
CONDUCTORS.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 ❑
EMF EQUATION
Thus, we conclude that the induced emf is directly proportional to flux per pole and
speed. Moreover, the polarity of the induced emf depends upon the direction of magnetic
field and the direction of rotation. If either of the two is reversed, the polarity of induced
emf i.e., brushes is reversed, but when both are reversed the polarity does not change.
This induced emf is fundamental phenomenon to all DC machines whether they are
working as generator or motor. However, when the machine is working as a generator,
this induced emf is called generated emf and is represented as
General Formula: (DC or AC) Compute for Power: where: Eb – Back EMF
Z – Total no. of armature conductor
Eg = ZPΦN Pg = Eb Ia (Motor) Φ – Flux per pole in (wb)
60a′ = Eg Ia (Generator) N – Speed of armature in rpm
Also, N ∝ EgΦ it shows that speed of generator is directly Pg – Power Generated
proportional to magnetic field or flux. Ia – Armature Current

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE:
1. An eight pole lap wound DC generator has 960 conductors, a flux of 40 mWb per pole
and is driven at 400 rpm. Find Open Circuit (OC) emf

Given: Solution:
Z = 960
a ′ = 1x8 Eg = ZPΦN
Φ =40mWb 60a′
N = 400 rpm =(960) (8) (40x10^-3) (400)
P=8 60 (1 x 8)
Find: Eg = 256 V

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE:
2. A 4-pole, DC machine is having 500 wave wound conductors and running at 1000 rpm.
The flux per pole is 30 m Wb. What will be the voltage induced in the armature winding
Given: Solution:
Z = 500
a′= 2 Eg = ZPΦN
Φ = 30mWb 60a′
N = 1000 rpm =(500) (500) (30x10^-3) (1000)
60 (2 x 1)
Find: Eg = 1528.8 V

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE:
3. A 4-pole, DC machine has 144 slots in the armature with two coil-sides per slot, each coil
has two turns. The flux per pole is 20 m Wb, the armature is lap wound and if rotates at
720 rpm, what is the induced emf (i) across the armature (ii) across each parallel path?

Given: Solution:
Z = 144 slots x 2 coil/slot x 2turn/coil=576
a′= 4 Eg = ZPΦN
Φ = 20mWb 60a′
N = 720 rpm =(576) (4) (20x10^-3) (720)
P-4 60 (4)
Find: Eg, Across a′ = 138.24 V = Across a′

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE:
4. When a generator is being driven at 1200 rpm. The generated EMF is 230v. What is the
generated emf if the field flux is decrease by 10% with the speed.

Given: Solution:
N1 – 1200 rpm
Eg1 – 230v Eg = ZPΦN 230 = 1
Φ1 – 1 Eg2 0.9
60a′
Φ2 – 1 – 10% = 0.9 Eg = Φ Eg2 = 207v
Eg1 = Φ1
Find: Eg2 Eg2 = Φ2

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
❑ IT IS SUPPLIED FIELD EXCITATION FROM AN INDEPENDENT DC SOURCE SUCH
AS STORAGE BATTERY OR SEPARATED DC GENERATOR.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
❑ A FIELD RHEOSTAT MAY BE CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE FIELD TO
PROVIDE MEANS OF VARYING THE FIELD EXCITATION.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
❑ THE FIGURE BELOW SHOW THE REGULATION CURVE OF A TYPICAL
SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR. IT WILL BE NOTED THAT AS THE LOAD
CURRENT INCREASES THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DECREASES. THERE ARE TWO
IMPORTANT REASONS FOR THIS DECREASE IN TERMINAL VOLTAGE:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
❑ THE AMOUNT OF EFFECTIVE FIELD FLUX IS REDUCED AND THE GENERATED
EMF THEREBY DECREASED BY DEMAGNETIZING EFFECT OF THE ARMATURE
CURRENT. ARMATURE CURRENT ESTABLISH AN MMF THAT DISTORTS AND
WEAKENS THE MAIN FIELD FLUX. ESPECIALLY IN NON-INTERPOLE MACHINES.
THIS EFFECT OF ARMATURE CURRENT ON THE FIELD FLUX OF A GENERATOR IS
CALLED ARMATURE REACTION.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 ADVANTAGE
❑ THE SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR HAS A DECIDED ADVANTAGE OVER THE
SELF EXCITED GENERATOR IN THAT IT WILL OPERATE IN A STABLE CONDITION
WITH ANY FIELD EXCITATION. THUS, A WIDE RANGE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGES MAY
BE OBTAINED.

DISADVANTAGE
❑ THE MAIN DISADVANTAGE OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR LIES IN THE
CONVINIENCE AND EXPENSE OF PROVIDING THE SEPARATE EXCITATION
SOURCE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR
Applying KVL: where:
Eg - Generated EMF
Eg - IaRa – Vt = 0 Vt – Total Output Voltage
Eg = Vt + IaRa Ia – Armature Current
IL – Line Current
Solving for Power: Ra – Armature resistance
Pg – Power generated
Pg or Pa = EgIa Pa – Power armature
Po – Power Output
Po or Pl = Vt x IL Pl – Power Line

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR
❑ A SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR DEPENDS ON THE RESIDUAL MAGNETISM OF ITS
FIELD POLES FOR ITS OPERATION.

ORDINARILY THERE IS SOME RESIDUAL MAGNETISM IN THE FIELD POLES IF

THE POLES HAVE AT A PREVIOUS TIME BEEN MAGNETIZED.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SHUNT DC GENERATOR
❑ IF THEN, THE SHUNT GENERATOR IS
BROUGHT UP TO SPEED, THE
ARMATURE CONDUCTORS WILL CUT THE
SMALL AMOUNT OF FLUX PRESENT AND
A SMALL AMOUNT OF EMF WILL BE
GENERATED.
AS THE SHUNT FIELD IS CONNECTED
DIRECTLY ACROSS THE BRUSHES, A
CURRENT WILL FLOW IN THIS WINDING.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SHUNT DC GENERATOR
❑ AT FIRST IT WOULD APPEAR THAT THIS
BUILD-UP PROCESS WOULD GO
INDEFINITELY, BUT A LIMIT IS REACHED
OWING TO THE SATURATION OF THE
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT. AS THE
GENERATOR MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
APPROACHES SATURATION, SMALLER
AND SMALLER INCREASE IN THE
GENERATED EMF PRODUCE SMALLER
AND SMALLER INCREASES IN FIELD
CURRENT PRODUCE JUST STOPS.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SHUNT DC GENERATOR
❑ THIS CURVE SHOWS THE
PERFORMANCE OF A SHUNT
GENERATOR TO BE SIMILAR TO
THAT OF SEPARATELY EXCITED
GENERATOR, EXCEPT THAT THE
VOLTAGE OF THE SHUNT
GENERATOR FALL OF MORE
RAPIDLY WITH ADDITION OF LOAD.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SHUNT DC GENERATOR
❑ THE SHUNT GENERATOR MAY BE
USED FOR SUPPLYING
EXCITATION TO AC GENERATOR
OR IN OTHER APPLICATIONS
WHERE THE DISTANCE FROM
THE GENERATOR TO ITS LOAD IS
SHORT. IT IS ALSO USED FOR
CHARGING STORAGE
BATTERIES.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SHUNT DC GENERATOR
Applying KVL: where:
Eg - IaRa – Vf = 0 Eg - Generated EMF
Eg = Vf + IaRa Vt – Total Output Voltage
Eg = Vt + IaRa Ia – Armature Current
Applying KCL: IL – Line Current
Ia = IL + If Ra – Armature resistance
Pg – Power generated
Solving for Power: Pa – Power armature
Pg or Pa = EgIa Po – Power Output
Po or Pl = Vt x IL Pl – Power Line
IL = Po / Vt Vf=Vsh – Voltage field winding
If = Vt / Rf

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SERIES DC GENERATOR
❑ THE SERIES DC GENERATOR IS A
SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR
WITH THE ARMATURE, FIELD
WINDINGS, AND LOAD ALL
CONNECTED IN SERIES. THUS,
THE FIELD CURRENT AND FIELD
FLUX ARE PROPORTIONAL TO
THE LOAD CURRENT.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SERIES DC GENERATOR
❑ WHEN THE GENERATOR IS
RUNNING WITHOUT LOAD, THERE
IS A SMALL EMF GENERATED
OWING TO THE RESIDUAL
MAGNETISM.

AS AN EXTERNAL LOAD IS
APPLIED AND CURRENT BEGINS
TO FLOW IN THE FIELD WINDINGS,
THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF THE
GENERATOR IS INCREASED. A
SERIES GENERATOR REGULATION
CURVGE IS SHOWN BELOW.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SERIES DC GENERATOR
Applying KVL: where:
Eg – Ia (Ra+Rs) – Vt = 0 Eg - Generated EMF
Eg = Vt + IaRa + IaRs Vt – Total Output Voltage
Ia – Armature Current
Applying KCL: IL – Line Current
Ia = IL + If Ra – Armature resistance
Pg – Power generated
Solving for Power: Pa – Power armature
Pg or Pa = EgIa Po – Power Output
Po or Pl = Vt x IL Pl – Power Line
IL = Po / Vt
If = Vt / Rf

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 COMPOUND DC GENERATOR
❑ THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF A SHUNT GENERATOR DROPS CONSIDERABLY
WITH THE ADDITION OF LOAD. MANY APPLICATION, SUCH AS LIGHTING
CIRCUITS, REQUIRE A PRACTICALLY CONSTANT SOURCE OF VOLTAGE, AND
FOR SUCH APPLICATIONS THE SHUNT GENERATOR IS UNSUITABLE,
ESPECIALLY IF THE AMOUNT OF LOAD IS VARIABLE.

THE DECREASE IN TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF A SHUNT GENERATOR IS DUE

MAINLY TO THE ARMATURE REACTION AND IR DROP IN THE ARMATURE
CIRCUIT. BOTH OF THESE FACTORS ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE ARMATURE
CURRENT.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 COMPOUND DC GENERATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 COMPOUND DC GENERATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 COMPOUND DC GENERATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 LONG SHUNT DC COMPOUND GENERATOR
Applying KVL: where:
Eg – Ia (Ra+Rs) – Vf = 0 Eg - Generated EMF
thus, Vf = Vt Vt – Total Output Voltage
Eg = Vt + IaRa + IaRs Ia – Armature Current
Applying KCL: IL – Line Current
Ia = Ise = Ish + IL Ra – Armature resistance
Rse – Series Field
resistance
Ise – Series field Current

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 SHORT SHUNT DC COMPOUND GENERATOR
Applying KVL: where:
Eg – IaRa – Vf = 0 Eg - Generated EMF
thus, Vf not equal Vt Vt – Total Output Voltage
Ia – Armature Current
Eg = Vt – IaRa - ILRse IL – Line Current
Ra – Armature resistance
Rse – Series Field
Applying KCL: resistance
Ia = If + IL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE:
5. The output of a shunt generator is 24kw at a terminal voltage of 200volts. Armature
resistance 0.05 ohms, shunt field resistance 40 ohms. What is the armature current of the
generator.
Solution:
Ia = IL + Ish
0.05 Ia = IL + Ish = 120 + 5
Ia = 125 A
40 200V
24kw
*P=IV
24000=(I)(200)
IL = 120 A
Find: Ia
*Ish = 200/40
Ish = 5 A

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

 EXAMPLE:
6. Calculate the flux per pole required on full load for a 50kw, 400v, 8 pole, 600rpm dc shunt
generator with 256 conductor arranged in a lap connected winding. The armature winding
resistances is 0.1 ohms, the shunt field resistance is 200 ohms and there is a brush
contract voltage drop of 1v at each brush on full load. Ans. 0.162 wb
Given: Find : Φ (flux in weber)
Po - 50kw Solution: Eg - Vd – Iara – Vt = 0
Vo - 400v Eg = ZPΦN Eg = Vt + Iara + Vd
0.1
60a′ = 400 + 127(0.1) + 2
P-8 = 414.7v
Vd = 2v 414.7 = (256)(8)(Φ)(600)
N - 600rpms 60(8)
Z - 256 200 Φ = 0.162 wb Ia == 400/200 Ish + IL
+ 50kw/400
a’ - mp = 1x8 = 8 400V
50kw =127A
Ra - 0.1 ohms
Rs - 200 ohms
Vd/resistance – 1vx2 = 2
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY