ICT - 03 Computer Architecture I-C
ICT - 03 Computer Architecture I-C
Lecture 2: C Fundamentals
Muhammad Yousaf Lecture of CS (RLKU)
[email protected]
❖ Harvard Architecture
Advantages:
1. Simpler design due to shared memory for instructions and data.
2. Lower cost to implement, as only one memory system is needed.
3. Easy to program and widely supported by compilers and operating
systems.
4. Flexibility to modify code and data at runtime.
Disadvantages:
1. Von Neumann Bottleneck: CPU and memory share the same data
bus, limiting the speed of data transfer.
2. Slower execution due to sequential instruction and data fetching.
3. Vulnerable to security risks like code injection, since instructions and
data share the same memory.
Harvard Architecture
• Definition: The Control Unit (CU) is a part of the CPU that manages
and coordinates the execution of instructions. It directs the operation
of the processor by interpreting the instructions from the memory
and sending control signals to other parts of the system (e.g., ALU,
memory, I/O devices). It does not execute the operations itself, but it
ensures everything is done in the correct sequence.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Definition: The Data Bus is a set of pathways that carry the actual
data between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It is a bidirectional
bus, meaning data can travel in both directions: from the CPU to
memory or I/O devices (write operation) and from memory or I/O
devices to the CPU (read operation). The width of the data bus (i.e.,
the number of lines it has) determines how much data can be
transferred at one time (e.g., 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit).
Input/Output Unit (I/O Unit)