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Study Guide 2

This study guide covers key concepts in mathematics including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, probability, and calculus. It provides formulas, examples, and solutions for various mathematical problems such as solving quadratic equations, calculating areas, and finding derivatives and integrals. Each section includes clear explanations and worked-out examples to aid understanding.

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4 views2 pages

Study Guide 2

This study guide covers key concepts in mathematics including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, probability, and calculus. It provides formulas, examples, and solutions for various mathematical problems such as solving quadratic equations, calculating areas, and finding derivatives and integrals. Each section includes clear explanations and worked-out examples to aid understanding.

Uploaded by

rmonish810
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Study Guide: Mathematics Key Concepts and Solved Problems

1. Algebra

 Quadratic Equation:
General Form: ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0
Solution: x=−b±b2−4ac2ax = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}x=2a−b±b2−4ac.
 Example: Solve 2x2+3x−2=02x^2 + 3x - 2 = 02x2+3x−2=0.
o Solution:
a=2,b=3,c=−2a = 2, b = 3, c = -2a=2,b=3,c=−2
Discriminant: Δ=b2−4ac=32−4(2)(−2)=9+16=25\Delta = b^2 - 4ac = 3^2 - 4(2)(-
2) = 9 + 16 = 25Δ=b2−4ac=32−4(2)(−2)=9+16=25.
x=−3±254x = \frac{-3 \pm \sqrt{25}}{4}x=4−3±25
x=−3±54x = \frac{-3 \pm 5}{4}x=4−3±5
Roots: x=12,x=−2x = \frac{1}{2}, x = -2x=21,x=−2.

2. Geometry

 Area of a Triangle:
A=12×base×heightA = \frac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height}A=21
×base×height.
 Pythagoras Theorem:
a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2a2+b2=c2 (In a right-angled triangle).
 Example: Find the hypotenuse of a triangle with sides 3 cm3 \, cm3cm and 4 cm4 \,
cm4cm.
o Solution:
c2=32+42=9+16=25c^2 = 3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25c2=32+42=9+16=25.
c=25=5 cmc = \sqrt{25} = 5 \, cmc=25=5cm.

3. Trigonometry

 Basic Ratios:
o sin⁡θ=OppositeHypotenuse\sin\theta = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\
text{Hypotenuse}}sinθ=HypotenuseOpposite
o cos⁡θ=AdjacentHypotenuse\cos\theta = \frac{\text{Adjacent}}{\
text{Hypotenuse}}cosθ=HypotenuseAdjacent
o tan⁡θ=OppositeAdjacent\tan\theta = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\
text{Adjacent}}tanθ=AdjacentOpposite.
 Example: If sin⁡θ=35\sin\theta = \frac{3}{5}sinθ=53, find cos⁡θ\cos\thetacosθ.
o Solution:
sin⁡2θ+cos⁡2θ=1\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1sin2θ+cos2θ=1.
cos⁡2θ=1−sin⁡2θ=1−(35)2=1−925=1625\cos^2\theta = 1 - \sin^2\theta = 1 - \left(\
frac{3}{5}\right)^2 = 1 - \frac{9}{25} = \frac{16}{25}cos2θ=1−sin2θ=1−(53
)2=1−259=2516.
cos⁡θ=45\cos\theta = \frac{4}{5}cosθ=54.

4. Probability

 Basic Probability:
P(E)=Number of favorable outcomesTotal number of outcomesP(E) = \frac{\
text{Number of favorable outcomes}}{\text{Total number of
outcomes}}P(E)=Total number of outcomesNumber of favorable outcomes.
 Example: A die is rolled. What is the probability of getting a number greater than 4?
o Solution:
Favorable outcomes: 5,65, 65,6.
Total outcomes: 1,2,3,4,5,61, 2, 3, 4, 5, 61,2,3,4,5,6.
P(E)=26=13P(E) = \frac{2}{6} = \frac{1}{3}P(E)=62=31.

5. Calculus

 Derivative of f(x)=xnf(x) = x^nf(x)=xn:


f′(x)=nxn−1f'(x) = nx^{n-1}f′(x)=nxn−1.
 Example: Find the derivative of f(x)=3x3−5x2+6x−4f(x) = 3x^3 - 5x^2 + 6x -
4f(x)=3x3−5x2+6x−4.
o Solution:
f′(x)=9x2−10x+6f'(x) = 9x^2 - 10x + 6f′(x)=9x2−10x+6.
 Integration of f(x)=xnf(x) = x^nf(x)=xn:
∫xndx=xn+1n+1+C\int x^n dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C∫xndx=n+1xn+1+C, n≠−1n \
neq -1n=−1.
 Example: Integrate f(x)=2x3−4x+1f(x) = 2x^3 - 4x + 1f(x)=2x3−4x+1.
o Solution:
∫f(x)dx=2x44−4x22+x+C\int f(x) dx = \frac{2x^4}{4} - \frac{4x^2}{2} + x +
C∫f(x)dx=42x4−24x2+x+C.
∫f(x)dx=x42−2x2+x+C\int f(x) dx = \frac{x^4}{2} - 2x^2 + x + C∫f(x)dx=2x4
−2x2+x+C.

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