CHAPTER-1
INTRODUTION TO PYTHON
1.1 Introduction:
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General-purpose Object Oriented Programming language.
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High-level language
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Developed in late 1980 by Guido van Rossum at National Research Institute for
Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.
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It is derived from programming languages such as ABC, Modula 3, small talk, Algol-68.
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It is Open Source Scripting language.
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It is Case-sensitive language (Difference between uppercase and lowercase letters).
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One of the official languages at Google.
1.2 Characteristics of Python:
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Interpreted: Python source code is compiled to byte code as a .pyc file, and this byte code
can be interpreted by the interpreter.
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Interactive
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Object Oriented Programming Language
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Easy & Simple
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Portable
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Scalable: Provides improved structure for supporting large programs.
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Integrated
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Expressive Language
1.3 Python Interpreter:
Names of some Python interpreters are:
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PyCharm
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Python IDLE
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The Python Bundle
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pyGUI
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Sublime Text etc.
There are two modes to use the python interpreter:
i. Interactive Mode
ii. Script Mode
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i. Interactive Mode: Without passing python script file to the interpreter, directly
execute code to Python (Command line).
Example:
>>>6+3
Output: 9
Fig: Interactive Mode
Note: >>> is a command the python interpreter uses to indicate that it is ready. The
interactive mode is better when a programmer deals with small pieces of code.
To run a python file on command line:
exec(open(“C:\Python33\python programs\program1.py”).read( ))
ii. Script Mode: In this mode source code is stored in a file with the .py extension and
use the interpreter to execute the contents of the file. To execute the script by the
interpreter, you have to tell the interpreter the name of the file.
Example:
if you have a file name Demo.py , to run the script you have to follow the following
steps:
Step-1: Open the text editor i.e. Notepad
Step-2: Write the python code and save the file with .py file extension.
(Default directory is C:\Python33/Demo.py)
Step-3: Open IDLE ( Python GUI) python shell
Step-4: Click on file menu and select the open option
Step-5: Select the existing python file
Step-6: Now a window of python file will be opened
Step-7: Click on Run menu and the option Run Module.
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Step-8: Output will be displayed on python shell window.
Fig. : IDLE (Python GUI)
Fig: Python Shell
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CHAPTER-2
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 Python Character Set :
It is a set of valid characters that a language recognize.
Letters: A-Z, a-z
Digits : 0-9
Special Symbols
Whitespace
2.2 TOKENS
Token: Smallest individual unit in a program is known as token.
There are five types of token in python:
1. Keyword
2. Identifier
3. Literal
4. Operators
5. Punctuators
1. Keyword: Reserved words in the library of a language. There are 33 keywords
in python.
False class finally is return break
None continue for lambda try except
True def from nonlocal while in
and del global not with raise
as elif if or yield
assert else import pass
All the keywords are in lowercase except 03 keywords (True, False, None).
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