PS5211

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

LABORATORY

Power System Engineering Division

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

College of Engineering Guindy

Anna University - Chennai
 INDEX

EX.NO EXPERIMENT PG.

NO

IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM CREATION, FAULT INJECTION, AND ANALYSE THE

1 POWER FLOW PARAMETERS

2 RELAY COORDINATION OF SYSTEM

3 DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR TRANSMISSION LINES – CHARACTERISTICS

USING MHO RELAY

4 OUT OF STEP PROTECTION OF SMIB SYSTEM – USING VARIOUS

PARAMETERS

5 NON-DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY

EX.NO: 01 IEEE 5 BUS CREATION, FAULT INJECTION
& FAULT ANALYSIS

AIM:
To create a IEEE 5 bus system in a concerned MATLAB, PSCAD, ETAP software and
inject various faults and analyse the Load flow parameters.

TOOLS REQUIRED:
❖ MATLAB
❖ PSCAD
❖ ETAP

THEORY:
With the advent of power systems, the Load Flow Analysis became an important
consideration for the purpose of power system extensions, analysis of system parameter
majorly with respect to various bus like Slack bus, PV voltage control bus & PQ Load bus.
The various algorithm pretends to Load flow analysis & solution are:
❖ Gauss-Seidel method
❖ Newton-Raphson method
Adaptive Newton Raphson method
Modified Newton Raphson method
❖ Fast decoupled method

IEEE 5 BUS BASE:

The IEEE 5 bus standard system has been contributed and applicable as wider range of
countries. The IEEE 5 bus overall block diagram is mentioned in the Fig.1. There are many
standard bus systems like IEEE 5, IEEE 14, IEEE 30 and so on. In standard, the IEEE 5 bus
consists of:

❖ 5 Bus ( 1 – Slack; 1 – PV; 3 – PQ )

❖ 7 Transmission lines
❖ 4 Loads
IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig.1: IEEE 5 BUS System

PROCEDURE:
1. Design the IEEE 5 bus system
2. Transmission lines has updated with positive, negative and zero sequence equivalent
impedances.
3. The Load flow analysis has to be executed.

IN MATLAB:

a) Once the design of standard system is done in MATLAB / SIMULINK, open the
CONTINOUS POWERGUI block.
b) Click the Load Flow Analyser block
c) The system will show the result, only if it converges.

IN ETAP:

a) Once the design of standard system is done in ETAP OLV mode, Click the PQ flow
mode.
b) Once selected, Click the Load Flow icon to perform LFA.
c) In the report manager, Click and save the file format as per the need like PDF, Word,
Descriptive inbuilt etc.
IN PSCAD:
a) Once the system has been designed by using tools from Master main Library, connect
Multi-meters across varies buses needed to know the P-Q-V-Del parameters.
b) The multi-meter output signal has to be filled in and plotted out with various signal
names for all 5 buses.
INJECTING FAULT:
a) Once the design of standard IEEE 5 bus system has been done, now injecting fault is
almost uncertain and it pertains to user
b) The Fault contributes to various dip in voltage and rise in fault currents which keenly
depends on the fault type.
c) Therefore, in order to appreciate all understandings, go through all types of shunt faults
like LG, LLG, LL, LLL, LLLG faults.

MATLAB 5 BUS SYSTEM:

Fig.2: Design of IEEE 5 bus system in MATLAB

MATLAB LFA OUTPUT:

Fig.3: Load Flow Output of IEEE 5 Bus system

ETAP 5 BUS NETWORK:

ETAP OUTPUT:

PSCAD 5 BUS NETWORK:

PSCAD OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus, the IEEE standard 5 bus system has been designed and various fault has been
injected analysed various PS parameters successfully.
EX.NO: 02 RELAY COORDINATION

AIM:
To understand the concept of relay coordination and its operation & relaying principles by
using small reference zone
[ Reference: YG PAINTHKAR pg.no 50/301 – Fundamentals of power system protection]

TOOLS REQUIRED:
❖ ETAP

THEORY:
When considering the power system, each equipment and section has been protected by
various relaying schemes. In order to avoid the maloperation between the circuit breakers i.e.)
of primary and backup protection confusions and to increase the system stability and reliability,
the concerned power system or the zone has to be coordinated successfully.

Therefore, the system has to be behaved like the primary protection has to be in prior with
the back protection. The coordination has also in need to consider the worst case i.e.) if the
primary protection fails, then sure the secondary / backup protection should ignite relaying and
isolate the faulty system as soon as specified to operate. So that, the equipment remains to be
protected and system stability is reliable one.
EXAMPLE SYSTEM:

[ Ref: Fundamentals of Power system protection – YG PAINTHKAR – 1st edition – Pg.no 50 / 301 ]

As mentioned in the Ref., the problem statement and details will be appended in the
document last pages of appendix which is understood through a small 3 bus example of
protective relaying principles. In this example, we have to appreciate both the following:

a) Secondary / backup protection should not execute the protective relaying in prior to the
primary protection relaying scheme.
b) If primary protection fails i.e. due to sensor CT faults or any other physical damage
errors, then the secondary protection should operate without giving option for the failure
of particular equipment.

PROCEDURE:
1. Design the basic 3 bus system ( As mentioned in the Reference problem statement )
2. Operate for various loading considerations and
3. Run the Load Flow Analysis program first
 4. Run the short circuit studies mode in ETAP to ruin over the data of CT heavy duty
burdens, CB insulation selections and percentage error of CT through this analysis.
5. Once these study cases are done, then the relaying characteristics are interruption
between the relaying principle, the STAR PROTECTION will ruin the cases
6. The curves should not allow to overlap, to avoid the maloperation of breakers and
confusion over operation of primary & backup protections.

EXAMPLE SYSTEM IN ETAP:

OUTPUT:

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS:

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:
OUTPUT RELAY COORDINATION:
RESULT:
Thus, the concept of understanding the relay coordination and the various primary
and backup protection is understood and analysed successfully.
EX.NO: 03 DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR TRANSMISSION LINES
07.07.2021 MHO RELAY

AIM:
To apply the principle of MHO relaying for distance protection of overhead
transmission lines using PSCAD.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

 PSCAD

THEORY:

When considering the protection of transmission lines, in specific we use the IMPEDANCE
RELAY, because when the distance is considerably large and system is a lumped one, then the
angle between voltage and current varies in a specified range. Thus the ratio of voltage to
current i.e. the Impedance is calculated and triggered to trip the circuit breaker.

MHO relay trips if the circuit touches the diameter of the MHO circle and penetrate into it.
Thus how it differentiates the region to be protected and also appreciates the unstable and
stable region of protection needed.

The system converts the phase sequence components into positive, negative and zero
sequence components which in turn used for forming the radius of the MHO circle. The FFT
filters used to split the phase and angles of the values. The Fault with various considerations
are observed here for the separation of LG, LL, LLG, LLLG faults and so to differentiate the
contribution of tripping of the CB’s. The MHO relay operates in a inversed manner i.e.
operating time for crucial fault like LLLG and LLL is lesser than the ordinary LG faults.
SMIB SYSTEM:

For the understanding and study case, a small SMIB feeding Infinite Bus is considered
where the transmission lines are varied to observe how the trip signal produced when there is
a change in the distance (length) of the transmission lines.

It includes LG fault and LL fault considerations, so that all the mentioned shunt faults gets
replicated in this system. The CB acts accordingly. The overall system designed and dedicated
for the Distance protection for transmission lines using MHO relay spilled in the PSCAD /
EMTDC platform is:
PROCEDURE:

1. Design the SMIB system as shown above

2. Use FFT filters to split the voltage and current values measured through the multi
meter into magnitude and phase angles.
3. The Magnitude and phase angles of phasor sequence now converter into positive,
negative and zero sequence components.
4. Now only through the zero sequence components are used to penetrate the MHO relay
circle (zone of protection).
5. Now for LG and LL fault, calculate the impedance i.e. R-X values. Because all those
shunt faults will be comprised within these two faults.
6. Now combining the results of all the MHO circles, the dedicated logic gate gives
concern to the CB signals.
7. Simulate faults for all 3 phases and observe the results.

FFT FILTERS:
LG FAULT IMPEDANCE CALCULATION:

LL FAULT IMPEDANCE CALCULATION:

MHO CIRCLE RADIUS CALCULATION:

 RADIUS CALCULATION:

Z1 = (0.11998*10-3+0.66475*10-3j)Ω/m
Z1 = (0.11998*+0.66475*j)Ω/Km
Z1 = (11.98+66.475j) For 100 Km transmission Line
Z1 = 67.549∟79.7688

For 80% of transmission line protection

Zn = 0.8*Z1
Zn = 54.039

Radius of the circle = 27.02

Center of the circle

X = 27.02*Cos(79.768) = 4.799
Y = 27.02*Sin(79.768) = 26.59

Center = (4.799,26.59)

OUTPUT:
WHEN FAULT AT 39 KM:

WHEN FAULT AT 100 KM:

WHEN FAULT AT 79 KM:

RESULT:

Thus the characteristics of MHO relaying is observed for distance protection of

transmission lines for various types of faults.
 EXPT NO: 4 OUT OF STEP PROTECTION CONSIDERING
GENERATOR SIDE FAULT AND POWER SWING ON
POWER SYSTEM SIDE

AIM:
To simulate loss of synchronism or generator out of step by considering generator side faults
and power swings on power system side and design protection schemes.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
MATLAB, MiCOM Relay.

THEORY:
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system to regain a state of operating
equilibrium after being subjected to disturbances such as faults, load rejection, line switching, and loss
of excitation. Power systems are subjected to a wide range of small or larger disturbances during
operating conditions. Small changes in loading conditions occur continually. The power system must
adjust to these changing conditions and continue to operate satisfactorily and within the desired bounds
of voltage and frequency.
Under steady-state conditions, there is an equilibrium between the input mechanical torque and
the output electrical torque of each generator. All synchronous machines connected to the power
system operate at the same constant speed. The generator speed governors maintain the machine speed
close to its nominal value.
If the system is perturbed, this equilibrium is upset, resulting in acceleration or deceleration of
the rotors of the synchronous machines according to the laws of motion of a rotating body. If one
generator runs faster than another, the angular position of its rotor relative to that of the slower machine
will advance. The resulting angular difference transfers part of the load from the slow machine to the
faster machine, depending on the power-angle relationship. This tends to reduce the speed difference
and hence the angular separation. Beyond a certain limit, an increase in angular separation is
accompanied by a decrease in power transfer. This results into a further angular separation that leads
to instability caused by sustained torque imbalance.
Power system faults, line switching, generator disconnection, and the loss and application
of large blocks of load result in sudden changes of the electrical power, whereas the mechanical power
input to generators remains relatively constant. These major system disturbances cause severe
oscillations in machine rotor angles and severe swings in power flows. The time frame of interest in
transient stability is in the order of 3–5 seconds following a disturbance. Such disturbances result in
Loss of synchronism between one generator and the rest of the system, or between groups of
generators.
OUT OF STEP OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATOR:
Causes: – Loss of excitation with resulting asynchronous running
– Falling out of step with existing excitation intact, as a result of faults in the system
 Due to Generator out of step operation, alternating mechanical stresses are impressed on
generator stators, rotors, shafts and coupling. Out of step operation starting with generator or part of
the system may spread to the other parts of the system and system may collapse.
Power swings can be classified as either stable or unstable. Basically, a relay which is expected
to issue trip decision on a fault should not pick up on a swing (either stable or unstable). When a power
swing is a consequence of stable disturbance, unwanted line tripping can aggravate disturbance and
lead to instability. On the other hand, when the power swing is a consequence of disturbance, classified
as unstable, then interconnected operation of the system is simply not possible.

PROTECTION USING DUAL BLINDER SCHEME:

Dual blinder scheme is the most common method in distance relays to detect power swings. In
MiCOM relay, this method uses two resistive blinders at each side of the relay distance zones, Resistive
left Outer and inner blinders (RLO, RLI) and resistive right outer and inner blinders (RRO, RRI). The
implementation requires two timers, namely, out-of-step blocking delay (OSBD) and out-of-step
tripping delay (OSTD).

Fig.1 Out of step dual blinder characteristics

The inner resistive blinder must be placed outside the largest distance protection characteristic
(zone) that is to be blocked. In addition, the outer resistive blinder must be place away from the load
region to prevent PSB operation caused by heavy loads in the system. The timer starts when the
impedance vector crosses the outer blinder and stops when the inner blinder is crossed. If the measured
time is greater than the delta time setting then power swing is detected.
 The above requirements are difficult to achieve in some application systems, depending on the
relative line and source impedance magnitudes. If the line impedance is larger than the system
impedance, the swing locus could enter zone2 and zone1 before the phase angle difference of voltage
reaches 120 degrees that is even during the stable power swing. It may be difficult to set the inner and
outer blinders in this case.
If the line is heavily loaded, the necessary PSB settings are so large that the load impedance
may cause incorrect blocking. To overcome this problem, traditionally two methods are used. One is
using lenticular distance characteristics and the other is using blinders that restricts the tripping area
of mho elements. In modern numerical protection relays, there is load encroachment feature to deal
with loading issues.
The blinder settings and the timer settings are not trivial to calculate and depending upon the
system, it is necessary to run extensive stability studies to determine the fastest power swing and proper
blinder resistance settings. The source impedances also vary constantly according to the network
changes such as addition of generation, load shedding. Generally, very detailed system stability studies
are necessary to consider all contingencies in determining the equivalent source impedance to set the
power swing blocking function.

CALCULATION OF DUAL BLINDER CHARACTERISTICS:

Inner resistance blinder:
𝑍
𝑅1 𝑅6 = 1.2 × 2×sin2𝑀𝑃 (1)
𝑍 1𝐴𝑁𝐺

Outer resistance blinder:

Let Maximum load current be 𝐼(max) and corresponding line-neutral voltage be VLN.
𝑉𝐿𝑁
Minimum load impedance 𝑍𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼 (2)
𝐿(𝑚𝑎𝑥)

R1 R 7 = 0.9 × 𝑍𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 × cos(45 + (90 − 𝑍1𝐴𝑁𝐺 )) (3)

Inner reactance blinder:
𝑋1 𝑇6 = 1.2 × 𝑍2𝑀𝑃 (4)
Outer reactance blinder:
𝑋1 𝑇7 = 𝑋1 𝑇6 + (𝑅1 𝑅7 − 𝑅1 𝑅6 ) (5)

OSD RELAY:
Total transfer impedance 𝑍𝑇 = 𝑍1𝑆 + 𝑍1𝑅 + 𝑍1𝐿 (6)
𝑍𝑇

𝐴𝑛𝑔 𝑅6 = 2 × tan−1( 𝑅 2𝑅 ) (7)

1 6

𝑍𝑇
−1 2
𝐴𝑛𝑔 𝑅7 = 2 × tan ( 𝑅 ) (8)
1 𝑅7
Let the fastest unstable swing frequency be 𝑓𝑠𝑙𝑖p
(𝐴𝑛𝑔 𝑅6 −𝐴𝑛𝑔 𝑅7 )×𝑓𝑛𝑜𝑚
𝑂𝑆𝑇𝐷 = (9)
360×𝑓𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝

SYSTEM MODEL:
Kundur two area system is most suitable test system for the study of out-of-step protection
because it consists of two areas which are connected by two weak tie lines. The electrical center of the
system lies on the tie line. If a fault occurs on one of the tielines, the power swing will be created with
swing center on the second tie-line. The out-of-step relay is implemented on this second tie line to
observe the system stability.
The test system contains four generators in two symmetrical areas connected by two tie lines.
Area 1 has the load of 967MW and generation of 1400MW. Area 2 has a load of 1767MW and
generation of 1463MW. Each tie line is carrying approximately 200MW.

Fig.2 SLD of Kundur two area system

Distance protection relays are implemented on the both ends of the tie-line 1 (Relay A, Relay B). Out-
of-step protection is implemented using MiCOM P342 or P343 numerical relays. Relay A and Relay
B are incorporated with auto reclose feature to get the tripped line back into the service after a specific
set time. A three phase fault is injected in the middle of tie-line 1 and is cleared by Relay A and Relay
B. The generated power swing is observed and protected in case of unstable power swing using dual
blinder scheme.
 Fig.3 Simulation of out-of-step

CALCULATION OF RELAY SETTINGS:

𝐶𝑇𝑅 500
= 2000 = 0.25
𝑃𝑇𝑅

Positive sequence impedance of the line

𝑍1 𝐿1 = 116.96∠84.29° 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 29.24∠84.29° 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 2 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑍2𝑀𝑃 = 140.35 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 35.0875 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍1𝑆 = 118.94 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 29.375 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍1𝑅 = 114.84 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 28.71 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑓𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 60 𝐻𝑧
𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑅1 𝑅6 = 21.157 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝐿(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 536.4 𝐴 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 1.0728 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝐿𝑁 = 132.79 𝑘𝑉 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 66.395 𝑘𝑉 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

𝑉𝐿𝑁 66.395
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍𝐿(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = = 1.0728 = 61.89 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝐿

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑅1 𝑅7 = 35.27 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑋1 𝑇6 = 42.105 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑋1 𝑇7 = 56.218 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
OSTD RELAY:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍𝑇 = 87.685 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐴𝑛𝑔 𝑅6 = 128.45°
𝐴𝑛𝑔 𝑅7 = 102.37°
For this test system fast unstable swing frequency 𝑓𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 4 𝐻𝑧
(128.45−102.37)∗60
𝑂𝑆𝑇𝐷 = = 1.0866 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 18.11 𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐
360∗4

Hence, the nearest OSTD setting is 1.125 cycle.

SIMULATED TEST CASES:

Case Description Critical Clearing Power Swing
Time
Case-1 Three phase fault on Bus-1, 0.22 Stable
cleared after 0.2 sec
Case-2 Three phase fault on Bus-1, 0.22 Unstable
cleared after 0.22 sec

WAVEFORMS:
Case 1: Three phase fault on bus 1 cleared after 0.2 second
Case 2: Three phase fault on bus 1 cleared after 0.22 second

No trip signals are issued for case I (stable power swing), whereas Trip signal is issued for case II
(unstable power swing).

Similar waveforms and observations can be made by fault injection at various locations to generate
different test cases and analyze corresponding power swings.

RESULT:
Thus, Out-of-step protection based on dual blinder protection scheme has been designed and
its operation has been verified with several test cases in Kundur two area system.
EX.NO: 05 NON-DIRECTIONAL OCR

AIM:

The design of digital non-directional over current relay and its performance on
MATLAB / SIMULINK.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

❖ MATLAB Simulink

THEORY:

Any protection scheme is a combination of various types of relays such as Over-current,

over and under-voltage, over and under-frequency relays etc. All of these were traditionally
constructed electromechanically and later in solid-state. Currently, digital relays have replaced
both types; being faster, compact and reliable in operation ensuring minimum power outage in
case of fault. OCRs are employed to protect distribution and sub-transmission system from the
effects of excessive currents occurring either due to short circuits or overload conditions. It is
also used for the protection of generators, power transformers and electric motors. To limit the
extent of damage caused by such faults to a minimum level; fast, reliable and selective
operation of relay are basic demands of any power system. To meet these expectations,
advantages of digital logic, communication, information storage and processing capabilities of
modern microprocessors are employed in digital design. The design of inverse as well as
instantaneous portion of over-current relay on MATLAB/SIMULINK is done here.

In general, the inverse time characteristics of an over current relay can be expressed as in
terms of,

𝐾
𝑇= for I < Ix < ( Is/Ip )
𝐼𝑓−1

T – Operating time of the relay

If – Fault current
Ip – pickup current
Is – short circuit current
n & K are constants
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PROPOSED SYSTEM:

Fig.1. Proposed system for Non-directional relay

MATLAB SIMULINK DIAGRAM:

Fig.2. Matlab – Simulink diagram of proposed system

MODELLING OF INVERSE OCR: OVERALL BLOCK SETS

Fig.3 Modelling of non-directional relay

MEASURING Ipc :

AC current signal(I) of frequency ‘f’ entering the relay must first converted to a
representative dc value (peak/RMS) for comparison with the pre-set pick-up current of relay.
By measuring the slope at the zero crossing of the current signal, we get its peak value (Ic) as
mathematically given as,

SIMULINK OF CALCULATING IPC:

Fig.3. Simulink block diagram for calculating IPC

MODELLING OF FRE QUENCY:

Fig.4. Simulink of Modelling frequency

MODELLING OF INSTANTANEOUS OCR:

Fig.5. Modelling of Instantaneous OCR

DESIGNING CASE STUDY:

To demonstrate performance of the current time characteristics of the relay designed, we

consider a radial network shown. The load is considered to be a motor, rated 110kW, 400V,
0.885 power factors whose initial starting current is 4 times the nominal current. The
accelerating period of the motor is 3 seconds.

The relay settings (shown in table 1) are such that,

1. The pickup current setting IP allows the motor to carry continuous full load current (i.e.
179A r.m.s. or 253 A peak).

2. Severe fault current setting (IS) is more than the initial starting current of the motor
(1000A peak). The relay RA has higher Is setting than that of relay RB.

3. Constant K is such selected that it does not cause false tripping during motor starting and
transient conditions.

The K and Ts setting of RA is kept greater than that of RB for proper relay coordination.
The circuit breaker contacts operating time is assumed zero here.

RELAY SETTING:

PICKUP SEVERE INSTAN-

RELAYS CURRENT CONSTANT FAULT -TANEOUS
SETTING K CURRENT TIME
Ip (A) SETTING Is SETTING
(A) TS (sec)
RA 260 1400 1500 0.2

RB 260 1100 1200 0.1

Case 1: For fault current Ic=560 A.
In this case the integrator output of RB rises until it reaches the value of K (1100) causing
the relay RB to trip the circuit breaker after 3.7 seconds of fault (neglecting CB operating time).
This is indicating the fault current and relay performance during the fault. It can be noticed that
the relay RA will take more time (4.7s) due to greater value of K settings.
The operating time of relay RB can be determined as follows:

Case.1: for fault current IPC = 560 Amps

Case 2: For fault current Ic =770 A.

In this case, the relay RB will operate much quicker than the previous case because the
current is more and the relay follows inverse current-time characteristics. The operating time
of the relay can also be found by:

It indicating the relay performance during the fault current of 770A, which clearly shows
inverse characteristic as compared to previous case.
 Case.2: For Fault current Ic = 770 Amps

Case 3: For fault current Ic=770A with C.BB failing to ‘open’.

In this case C.BB fails to open at 8.7 sec as directed by RB. In that case RA acting as backup
operates C.BA to interrupt the fault current at t=9.5 in 3.5seconds after the fault as verified
below.

Case.3: For If = 770 A with C.BB failing to ‘open’

Case 4: For fault current Ic=1350A (> Is).
In this case the relay RB will operate instantaneously (0.1 sec) in order to minimize extent
of damage to the power equipment’s involved, while status of RA will not be changed

Case.4: For fault current Ic = 1350A (>Is)

Case 5: For fault current Ic=1350A (I S(RB) <IC<I S(RA)) with CBB failing to ‘open’.

In this case, relay RA will provide the backup protection. However since the level of fault current
falls in the inverse characteristic region of RA, therefore the time taken by it to operate will be given
by (rather than instantaneous)
 Case.5: For fault current Ic=1350A (I S(RB) <IC<I S(RA)) with CBB failing to ‘open’.

Case 6: for fault current Ic=2000A (>IS) with CBB failing to ‘open’.
The relay RA will provide the backup protection and operate after 0.2 sec of fault, maintaining
coordination with relay RB. Fig. 15f indicating the relay’s instantaneous characteristic performance
during the severe fault current of 2000A.

Case.6: for fault current Ic=2000A (>IS) with CBB failing to ‘open’.
RESULT:

Thus, the modelling of Non-directional Overcurrent relay has been done and verified with
various cases successfully.
EX.NO: 6 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF
TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To simulate the differential protection of transformer using MATLAB

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
❖ MATLAB / SIMULINK

THEORY:
The differential protection scheme of the transformer is based on Merz Price's circulating
current principle. For the protection of 3 phase delta-delta connected power transformer against
phase to phase and phase to ground fault. CTs on the two sides of the power transformers are
connected in star. This arrangement compensates phase difference between transformer
primary and secondary winding.

Principle of operation of differential relay:

• Differential relay actuates when the phase difference of two or more similar electrical
quantity exceeds a predetermined value.
• The differential relay operates only for internal faults.
The principle of such protection is the comparison of the currents entering and leaving the ends
of a Transformer.

The vector difference of current (I1-I2) passes through the operating coil and the average
current (I1+I2)/2 flows through the restraining coil.

In normal operating conditions, the two currents at two ends of the transformer are equal and
balance. No current flows through the operating coil and hence operating coil remains
Inoperative , but when an internal fault occurs in the transformer like phase to phase fault or
phase to ground. The differential current passes through the operating coil due to which the
differential protection relay operates and it trips the circuit breaker.

1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2
SIMULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF
TRANSFORMER

3
SIMULATION RESULTS

4
RESULT:
Thus, the differential protection of transformer was simulated and
analysed using MATLAB

5
6
 EX NO. 9
DATE: HARDWARE-IN-LOOP SIMULATION WITH GENERATOR
PROTECTION RELAY

AIM
To verify relay tripping characteristics for generation protection using MiCOM P343 and omicron
relay testing kit CMC 356.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

1. Secondary Injection Test kit – Omicron Make Model CMC 356

2. Omicron Software – Test Universe installed Laptop/PC & LAN cable (RJ45 cable)
3. Numerical relay – Alstom Make MiCOM P343 – Generator Protection relay
4. Relay software - MiCOM S1 Agile.
5. R, Y,B,N wires for CT’s, PT’s.
6. Wires for Aux DC, Binary inputs, Earthing of test kit & Relays.
7. Power supply chord.
8. Rs-232 (Straight cable).

PRECAUTION
Please ensure ground terminal is connected proper at earth point in rear side of Test kit (CMC 356)
And Constant AC supply (230V AC).

THEORY
Each relay includes an extensive range of control and data gathering functions to provide a
completely integrated system of protection, control, instrumentation, data logging, fault, event and
disturbance recording. The relays have a user – friendly display with 7 push buttons, which allow
menu navigation and setting changes. Also, by utilizing the either the front or rear serial ports of the
relay, functions can be read, reset and changed on demand from a local or remote personal computer
loaded with the MiCOM S1 software.

The CMC 356 is the universal solution for testing all generations and types of protection relays.
Its powerful six current sources (three-phase mode: up to 64 A / 860 VA per channel) with a great
dynamic range, make the unit capable of testing even high-burden electromechanical relays with very
high power demands. The CMC 356 is the first choice for applications requiring the highest versatility,
amplitude and power. Commissioning engineers will particularly appreciate its ability to perform wiring
and plausibility checks of current transformers, by using primary injection of high currents from the
test set.
The P342 and P343 relays provide extensive protection for generators from a few hundred
kilowatts to several hundred mega-watts.
Front plate Familiarization
The front plate of the relay includes the following,
 16-character by 2-line alphanumeric liquid crystal display (LCD)
 7-key keypad comprising 4 arrow keys, an enter key, a clear key, and a read key.
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  12 LEDs; 4 fixed function LEDs on the left hand side of the front panel and 8 programmable
function LEDs on the right hand side.
 Battery compartment to hold the ½ AA size battery which is used for memory backup for the real
time clock, event, fault and disturbance records.
 A 9-pin female D-type front port for communicating with a PC locally to the relay (up to 15m
distance) via an EIA(RS)232 serial data connection.
 A 25-pin female D-type port providing internal signal monitoring and high speed local downloading
of software and language text via a parallel data connection.
Trip LED (red) - This indicates that the relay has issued a trip signal. It is reset when the associated fault
record is cleared from the front display. (Alternatively the trip LED can be configured to be self –resetting)*.
The trip LED is initiated from relay 3, the protection trip contact.
Alarm LED (yellow) - Flashes to indicate that the relay has registered an alarm. This may be triggered by a
fault, event or maintenance record. The LED will flash until the alarms have been accepted (read), after
which the LED will change to constant illumination, and will extinguish when the alarms have been cleared.
Out of service (Yellow) - indicates the relay protection is unavailable.
Healthy (Green) - indicates that the relay is in correct working order, and should be on at all times. It will
be extinguished if the relay’s self-test facilities indicate that there is an error with the relay’s hardware or
software. The state of the healthy LED is reflected by the watchdog contact at the back of the relay.

Field Failure Protection

Complete loss of excitation may arise as a result of accidental tripping of the excitation system or even open
circuit or short circuit faults occurring the DC system.

Figure: Field Failure Characteristics

2
 Loss of the excitation causes the internal emf to collapse and the reduction of active power output.
Under this condition the generator can over-speed and draw reactive power from the system. The difference
in speed between the rotor and the system causes low frequency currents to flow in the rotor circuit, which
may result in damage to the machine depending upon its construction. The P342 and P343 utilises a mho
characteristic to detect this condition and disconnect the machine if appropriate.

Step 1: Connection Procedure

 Connect AUX DC supply from CMC365 to J Slot terminals ( J2  +ve & J1-Ve)
and BINARY ANALOG INPUT to H slot – Output contacts ( H1 & H2) terminals of
the relay as shown below.

 Check that the power supply is set at the appropriate auxiliary voltage, see under top
flap for auxiliary voltage range.
 Connect VOLTAGE OUTPUT & CURRENT OUTPUT A & B to voltage and current
terminal of relay kit indicated by V , A in the Relay’s slot C & E. ( Slot – C for
Neutral side of Generator CT’s & Slot-E for Phase side of Generator CT’s).

 Plug in the serial connection leads between the computer and the 9 pin port on the front of
the MiCOM relay.
 Switch on the auxiliary power supply
The relay will now run through a self – check and perform an SRAM check. After the
relay has finished its internal checks it will have the following message: Description
MiCOM P343

Step 2: Injection Procedure

1) Direct instantaneous injection by using Quick CMC :

o Open TEST UNIVERSE software to access Omicron Test kit.
o Open Quick CMC module, which is enable to access the basic operation of Relay
testing kit in order to inject voltage & current source. In this window 3 fixed voltages
and 6 fixed currents can be specified and those can be injected via 3 voltage channels
and 6 current channels.

3
 2) Transplay Module
o In order to playback the COMTRADE file simulated from modeling of the power
system/equipment by using software like PS-CAD, we have option via “Transplay
Module” in the test kit , so that the simulation can be verified with relays protection
functionality checking.
o Click “TransPlay module” to open as below,

o Select TransPlay add the required COMTRADE file which need to playback via
test kit to relay by clicking add to listselect the file set the values of voltage,
current and transformation ratio on comtrade import window.
o Click the file name on test view window to see the waveform to be injected &
ensure all quantities are configured in secondary side only. This step is carried out
ensure the limit the voltages and currents to be transplayed. The same can be
viewed by using WaveWin tool in MiCOM S1 Agile software of MiCOM P343.

Step 3: Testing Field Failure Characteristics

1. Locate the CONFIGURATION column and then enable “Field Failure”. Ensure that all other
protection functions are disabled in this column.

2. Locate the GROUP 1 FIELD FAIL column and then apply the settings for Status, Alarm, Angle
etc. The operation of Field Failure alarm/start/trip signals can be shown in the Test Port Status cell
in the Commission Test menu.

3. Apply the following voltage and current: Va = 100V<0°, Ia = 0.25A<+90°. The applied
impedance is at position “A” of the polar diagram.

4. Increase the current until the relay operates. This should occur at roughly 0.42A (100V/(220+20))
and indicates that we are now at the outer edge of the circle – point “B” (Xa1+Xb1).

5. Increase the current to 0.5A. The relay should be operating strongly as the relay impedance is now
at point C.

4
 figure: Micom P343

6. Rotate the phase angle of the current anti-clockwise until the relay drops off and it is possible to
reset it. Slowly rotate the current phase angle clockwise until the relay just operates again. Record
the phase angle between the current and voltage (Ɵ1 on the polar diagram).

7. Without changing the magnitude of the current and voltage, rotate the current phase angle
clockwise, passing through the operating area, until once again it is possible to reset the relay.
Slowly rotate the current phase angle anti-clockwise until the relay again just operates. Measure
the new angle, Ɵ2 on the polar diagram. The relay characteristic angle is the mean of the two
measured angles and should be roughly 0°.

8. Apply the following voltage and current: Va = 10V<0°, Ia = 1.0A<+90°. The applied impedance is
at position “D” of the polar diagram.

9. Slowly increase the voltage until the relay again just operates. This should occur at 20V
(20ohm/1Amp). The relay impedance is now at point “E”, thus proving that the characteristic has
the correct dimensions and position.

10. It can be observed that the relay trips when the trajectory falls inside the circle.

RESULT:
The relay tripping characteristics for Generator Protection during field failure was studied
successfully using MiCOM P343.