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Programming Skills

This document is an insert for the Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science Paper 2, providing essential resources for the exam. It outlines various functions related to strings, characters, numbers, dates, and file handling, along with examples of their usage. Additionally, it includes information on operators and comparison operators relevant to programming tasks.

Uploaded by

hassanahmed1206
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Programming Skills

This document is an insert for the Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science Paper 2, providing essential resources for the exam. It outlines various functions related to strings, characters, numbers, dates, and file handling, along with examples of their usage. Additionally, it includes information on operators and comparison operators relevant to programming tasks.

Uploaded by

hassanahmed1206
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PMT

Cambridge International AS & A Level

COMPUTER SCIENCE 9618/22


Paper 2 Fundamental Problem-solving and Programming Skills May/June 2022

INSERT 2 hours
*6646749220-I*

INFORMATION
● This insert contains all the resources referred to in the questions.
● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 4 pages.

DC (EF) 311804
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
PMT

Functions
Note: An error will be generated if a function call is not properly formed or if the parameters are of an
incorrect type or an incorrect value.

String and Character Functions

LEFT(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING


returns leftmost x characters from ThisString
Example: LEFT("ABCDEFGH", 3) returns "ABC"
RIGHT(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING
returns rightmost X characters from ThisString
Example: RIGHT("ABCDEFGH", 3) returns "FGH"
MID(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER, y : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING
returns a string of length y starting at position x from ThisString
Example: MID("ABCDEFGH", 2, 3) returns string "BCD"
LENGTH(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER
returns the integer value representing the length of string ThisString
Example: LENGTH("Happy Days") returns 10
LCASE(ThisChar : CHAR) RETURNS CHAR
returns the character representing the lower-case equivalent of ThisChar
Alphabetic characters that are not upper case are returned unchanged.
Example: LCASE('W') returns 'w'
UCASE(ThisChar : CHAR) RETURNS CHAR
returns the character representing the upper-case equivalent of ThisChar
Alphabetic characters that are not lower case are returned unchanged.
Example: UCASE('a') returns 'A'
TO_UPPER(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS STRING
returns a string formed by converting all characters of ThisString to upper case.
Example: TO_UPPER("Error 803") returns "ERROR 803"
TO_LOWER(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS STRING
returns a string formed by converting all characters of ThisString to lower case.
Example: TO_LOWER("JIM 803") returns "jim 803"
NUM_TO_STR(x : <datatype1>) RETURNS <datatype2>
returns a string representation of a numeric value.
Note: <datatype1> may be REAL or INTEGER, <datatype2> may be CHAR or STRING
Example: NUM_TO_STR(87.5) returns "87.5"
STR_TO_NUM(x : <datatype1>) RETURNS <datatype2>
returns a numeric representation of a string.
Note: <datatype1> may be CHAR or STRING, <datatype2> may be REAL or INTEGER
Example: STR_TO_NUM("23.45") returns 23.45

© UCLES 2022 9618/22/INSERT/M/J/22


PMT

String and Character Functions

IS_NUM(ThisString : <datatype>) RETURNS BOOLEAN


returns the value TRUE if ThisString represents a valid numeric value.
Note: <datatype> may be CHAR or STRING
Example: IS_NUM("-12.36") returns TRUE
ASC(ThisChar : CHAR) RETURNS INTEGER
returns an integer value (the ASCII value) of character ThisChar
Example: ASC('A') returns 65, ASC('B') returns 66, etc.
CHR(x : INTEGER) RETURNS CHAR
returns the character whose integer value (the ASCII value) is x
Example: CHR(65) returns 'A', CHR(66) returns 'B', etc.

Numeric Functions

INT(x : REAL) RETURNS INTEGER


returns the integer part of x
Example: INT(27.5415) returns 27
RAND(x : INTEGER) RETURNS REAL
returns a real number in the range 0 to x (not inclusive of x).
Example: RAND(87) could return 35.43

Date Functions

Note: Date format is assumed to be DD/MM/YYYY unless otherwise stated.

DAY(ThisDate : DATE) RETURNS INTEGER


returns the current day number from ThisDate
Example: DAY(04/10/2003) returns 4
MONTH(ThisDate : DATE) RETURNS INTEGER
returns the current month number from ThisDate
Example: MONTH(04/10/2003) returns 10
YEAR(ThisDate : DATE) RETURNS INTEGER
returns the current year number from ThisDate
Example: YEAR(04/10/2003) returns 2003
DAYINDEX(ThisDate : DATE) RETURNS INTEGER
returns the current day index number from ThisDate where Sunday = 1, Monday = 2, etc.
Example: DAYINDEX(12/05/2020) returns 3
SETDATE(Day, Month, Year : INTEGER) RETURNS DATE
returns a variable of type DATE with the value of <Day>/<Month>/<Year>
TODAY() RETURNS DATE
returns a variable of type DATE with the value set to the current date.

© UCLES 2022 9618/22/INSERT/M/J/22 [Turn over


PMT

Text File Functions

EOF(FileName : STRING) RETURNS BOOLEAN


returns TRUE if there are no more lines to be read from file FileName
Note: The function will generate an error if the file is not already open in READ mode.

Operators

Note: An error will be generated if an operator is used with a value or values of an incorrect type.

Concatenates (joins) two strings


& Example: "Summer" & " " & "Pudding" evaluates to "Summer Pudding"
Note: May also be used to concatenate a CHAR with a STRING

Performs a logical AND on two Boolean values


AND
Example: TRUE AND FALSE evaluates to FALSE

Performs a logical OR on two Boolean values


OR
Example: TRUE OR FALSE evaluates to TRUE

Performs a logical NOT on a Boolean value


NOT
Example: NOT TRUE evaluates to FALSE

Finds the remainder when one number is divided by another


MOD
Example: 10 MOD 3 evaluates to 1

Finds the quotient when one number is divided by another


DIV
Example: 10 DIV 3 evaluates to 3

Comparison Operators

= Used to compare two items of the same type. Returns TRUE if the condition is true,
otherwise returns FALSE
>
Notes:
<
• may be used to compare types REAL and INTEGER
• may be used to compare types CHAR and STRING
>=
• case sensitive when used to compare types CHAR or STRING
• cannot be used to compare two records.
<= Examples:
• "Program" = "program" evaluates to FALSE
<> • count = 4 evaluates to TRUE when variable count contains the value 4

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 9618/22/INSERT/M/J/22

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