Dept.

Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET

LABORATORY manual
FOR
THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH -KTU

SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING
LABORATORY
(ECL 201)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION

ILAHIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
MULAVOOR P. O, MUVATTUPUZHA
(AFFILIATED TO KTU)

MULAVOOR P. O, MUVATTUPUZHA
(AFFILIATED TO KTU)
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET

VISION
To nurture the talents of electronics and communication engineers, making them highly
competent for growth of the society.

MISSION
 To deliver excellence in teaching - learning process.
 Promote safe, orderly, caring and supportive environment to learners.
 Development of skilled engineers to perform innovative Research for betterment of the
society.
 To encourage industry - institute interaction, career advancement, innovation and
entrepreneurship development.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OUTCOME (PEO)

PEO1: To acquire a strong foundation in mathematics and scientific fundamentals, to develop an

ability to analyze various functional elements of different disciplines of electronics and
communication engineering.
PEO2: Develop technical competence to move in pace with rapid changes in technology.
PEO3: Equip learners to strengthen knowledge and soft skills for carrier advancement.
PEO4: Adhere to ethics to contribute for betterment of the society.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)

PSO1. To understand principles and applications of various electronic components/devices and

circuits.
PSO2. Enable learners to solve complex problems using modern hardware and software tools.
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET

SYLLABUS
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET

COURSE OUTCOMES

The student will be able to

CO 1 Describe the needs and requirements of scientific computing and to familiarize one
programming language for scientific computing and data visualization.
CO 2 Approximate an array/matrix with matrix decomposition.
CO 3 Implement numerical integration and differentiation.
CO 4 Solve ordinary differential equations for engineering applications
CO 5 Realize how periodic functions are constituted by sinusoids
CO 6 Realize how periodic functions are constituted by sinusoids
CO 7 Simulate random processes and understand their statistics.

MAPPING OF COURSE OUTCOMES WITH PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

EXPERIMENT
NAME OF EXPERIMENT
NUMBER
Familiarization of Scientific computing
1.
Familiarization of Computing tool
2.
Realization of Arrays and Matrices
3.
Numerical Differentiation and Integration
4.
Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
5.
Simple Data Visualization
6.
Simple Data Analysis with Spreadsheets
7.
Convergence of Fourier Series
8.
Coin Toss and the Level Crossing Problem
9.
Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET

INDUX

EXPT. NO NAME OF EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.

Familiarization of Scientific computing
1. 01
Familiarization of Computing tool
2. 13
Realization of Arrays and Matrices
3. 25
Numerical Differentiation and Integration
4. 38
Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
5. 50
Simple Data Visualization
6. 60
Simple Data Analysis with Spreadsheets
7. 60
Convergence of Fourier Series
8. 67
Coin Toss and the Level Crossing Problem
9. 69
ECL 201 Scientific Computing Laboratory

EXP NO: 1 DATE:

FAMILIARIZATION OF THE COMPUTING TOOL

OBJECTIVE

 To familiarize with the scientific computing tool

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 After the completion of this experiment students will be able to compile and run a
MATLAB® code.
 Execute small scripts using if, for and while statements

SOFTWARE USED:

MATLAB® R2017a

THEORY

MATLAB is a programming language developed by MathWorks. It started out as a matrix

programming language where linear algebra programming was simple. It can be run both under
interactive sessions and as a batch job. This experiment gives you a gentle introduction of
MATLAB programming language. It is designed to give students fluency in MATLAB
programming language. MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a fourth-generation high-level
programming language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization and
programming.
It allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms,
creation of user interfaces, interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++,
Java, and FORTRAN, analyze data, develop algorithms and create models and applications.
It has numerous built-in commands and math functions that help you in mathematical calculations,
generating plots, and performing numerical methods.

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MATLAB's Power of Computational Mathematics

MATLAB is used in every facet of computational mathematics. Following are some commonly
used mathematical calculations where it is used most commonly.
 Dealing with Matrices and Arrays
 2-D and 3-D Plotting and graphics
 Linear Algebra
 Algebraic Equations
 Non-linear Functions
 Statistics
 Data Analysis
 Calculus and Differential Equations
 Numerical Calculations
 Integration
 Transforms
 Curve Fitting
 Various other special functions
Features of MATLAB

Following are the basic features of MATLAB

 It is a high-level language for numerical computation, visualization and application
development.
 It also provides an interactive environment for iterative exploration, design and problem
solving.
 It provides vast library of mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier
analysis, filtering, optimization, numerical integration and solving ordinary differential
equations.
 It provides built-in graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating custom plots.
 MATLAB's programming interface gives development tools for improving code quality
maintainability and maximizing performance.
 It provides tools for building applications with custom graphical interfaces.

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 It provides functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications
and languages such as C, Java, .NET and Microsoft Excel.
Uses of MATLAB

MATLAB is widely used as a computational tool in science and engineering encompassing the
fields of physics, chemistry, math and all engineering streams. It is used in a range of applications
including
 Signal Processing and Communications
 Image and Video Processing
 Control Systems
 Test and Measurement
 Computational Finance
 Computational Biology
LAB EXERCISE
(a) Needs and requirements in scientific computing
Scientific Computing is the collection of tools, techniques, and theories required to solve on a
computer mathematical models of problems in Science and Engineering.
A majority of these tools, techniques, and theories originally developed in Mathematics, many of
them having their genesis long before the advent of electronic computers. This set of mathematical
theories and techniques is called Numerical Analysis (or Numerical Mathematics) and constitutes a
major part of scientific computing.
The development of the electronic computer, however, signaled a new era in the approach to the
solution of scientific problems. Many of the numerical methods that had been developed for the
purpose of hand calculation (including the use of desk calculators for the actual arithmetic) had to
be revised and sometimes abandoned. Many of these considerations – programming languages,
operating systems, management of large quantities of data, correctness of programs – were
subsumed under the new discipline of Computer Science, on which scientific computing now
depends heavily. But mathematics itself continues to play a major role in scientific computing: it
provides the language of the mathematical models that are to be solved and information about the
suitability of a model. In summary, then, scientific computing draws on mathematics and computer

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science to develop the best way to use computer systems to solve problems from science and
engineering.
(b) Familiarization of MATLAB
MATLAB development IDE can be launched from the icon created on the desktop. The main
working window in MATLAB is called the desktop. When MATLAB is started, the desktop
appears in its default layout.

The desktop has the following panels −

 Current Folder − This panel allows you to access the project folders and files.

Command Window − This is the main area where commands can be entered at the command line.
It is indicated by the command prompt (>>).

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Workspace − The workspace shows all the variables created and/or imported from files.

Command History − This panel shows or return commands that are entered at the command line.

I.Type the following in the command window and write down the results
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(1) x=3
(2) x=7*8;
y=x*1.28
(3)clear all
(4) initial_velocity = 0;
acceleration = 9.8;
time = 20;

final_velocity = initial_velocity + acceleration * time

(5) x = sqrt(16)
(6) clc
(7) help sqrt
(8) disp a
(9) a=2;
disp(a)
(c) Familiarization of data types in the language used
MATLAB does not require any type declaration or dimension statements. Whenever MATLAB
encounters a new variable name, it creates the variable and allocates appropriate memory space.
Data Types Available in MATLAB
MATLAB provides 15 fundamental data types. Every data type stores data that is in the form of a
matrix or array. The size of this matrix or array is a minimum of 0-by-0 and this can grow up to a
matrix or array of any size.

Sr.No. Data Type & Description

1 int8
8-bit signed integer

2 uint8
8-bit unsigned integer

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3 int16
16-bit signed integer

4 uint16
16-bit unsigned integer

5 int32
32-bit signed integer

6 uint32
32-bit unsigned integer

7 int64
64-bit signed integer

8 uint64
64-bit unsigned integer

9 single
single precision numerical data

10 double
double precision numerical data

11 logical
logical values of 1 or 0, represent true and false respectively

12 char
character data (strings are stored as vector of characters)

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13 cell array
array of indexed cells, each capable of storing an array of a different dimension and data type

14 structure
C-like structures, each structure having named fields capable of storing an array of a different
dimension and data type

15 function handle
pointer to a function

16 user classes
objects constructed from a user-defined class

17 java classes
objects constructed from a Java class

(d) Familiarization of the syntax of while, for, if statements.

II (1) Execute a script (m file) to check whether a number is divisible by 3
PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB®
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=input('enter value of a');
if mod(a,3)==0
disp ('divisible by 3')
else

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disp ('not divisible by 3')

end

INPUT
enter value of a 12
OUTPUT
divisible by 3
(2) Execute a script (m file) to check whether a number is prime or not using while loop
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=input('enter number');
i=2;
whilei<=n/2
if mod(n,i)==0
flag=1;
break;
end
i=i+1;
end
if n==1
disp('neither prime nor composite');
else
if flag==1
disp('not prime');
else
disp('prime');
end
end

(3) Execute a script (m file) to check whether a number is prime or not using for loop
PROGRAM
clc;

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clear all;
close all;
n=input('enter number');
fori=2:n/2
if mod(n,i)==0
flag=1;
break;
end
end

if n==1
disp('neither prime nor composite')
else
if flag==1
disp('not prime')
else
disp('prime')
end
end

INPUT
enter number 12

OUTPUT
not prime

(e) Basic syntax and execution of small scripts.

III1. Execute a script (m file) tocreate an array whose starting value is 100 and ends at 50
with a decrement of 7
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;

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close all;
a=[100:-7:50];
disp(a)

OUTPUT

[100 93 86 79 72 65 58 51 ]

2. Execute a script (m file) to add two matrices

PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=[1 3;4 5;7 9];
b=[3 4;4 3;5 6];
c=a+b;
disp (c)

OUTPUT

4 7
8 8
12 15
3. Execute a script (m file) to find transpose of a matrix
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=[1 3;4 5;7 9];
c=a';
disp (c)

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OUTPUT
1 4 7
3 5 9
4. Execute a script (m file) to display the second row of a 3x3 matrix as the output
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=[1 3 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];
a(2,:)

OUTPUT
[4 5 6]
5. Execute a script (m file) to display the second row third column element of a 3x3 matrix
as the output
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=[1 3 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];
a(2,3)

OUTPUT
ans =6
6. Execute a script (m file) to do element by element multiplication of 2 matrices
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=[1 3 3;4 5 6;7 8 9];
b=[1 5 2;2 2 3; 1 2 3];
a.*b

OUTPUT

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1 15 6
8 10 18
7 16 27
INFERENCE:
Familiarized with MATLAB which is basically a scientific computing tool based on
simulations

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EXP NO: 2 DATE:

FAMILIARIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING
OBJECTIVE
 To familiarize different functions for scientific computing with examples

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 After the completion of this experiment students will be able to execute small scripts
using different arithmetic functions

SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB® R2017a
THEORY
The different arithmetic functions of MATLAB are listed below.
Y = abs(X) returns the absolute value of each element in array X. If X is complex, abs(X) returns
the complex magnitude.
abs - Absolute value and complex magnitude
angle- Phase angle
complex- Create complex array
isreal- whether array is real
real- Real part of complex number
sinc – returns an array, y, whose elements are the sinc of the elements of the input, x.
imag - Imaginary Part of Complex Number
sin – Sine of argument in radians
cos - cos of argument in radians
1. Type the following in the command window,write down the results and the functions of
these built in modules
(a) 2.15e-3

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(b) mod(5,3)
(c) floor(3.5)
(d) ceil(3.6)
(e) round(3.4)
(f) Create a one dimensional array of ones having size 5
(g) Create a one dimensional array of zeros having size 5
(h) Create a 3x2 matrix ‘K’ having only zeros
2. Generate the following output using the function ‘abs’
(a) (b)

(c)

PROGRAM
(a)

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x=[-3:0.1:3];
y=abs(x);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y');
(b)
x=[-3:0.1:3];
y=-abs(x);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y');

(c)
x=[-3:0.1:3];
y=abs(x);
plot(x,y)
hold on;
y=-abs(x);
plot(x,y);
hold off;
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y');
3. Create a complex number 5+4i, extract the real and imaginary parts and compute the
magnitude of the vector using built in functions
PROGRAM
z=complex(5,4);
disp('Real Part');
a=real(z)
disp('Imaginary Part');
b=imag(z)

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disp('Magnitude');
abs(z)

OUTPUT
Real Part
a= 5
Imaginary Part
b= 4
Magnitude
ans =6.4031
4. Represent the complex exponential form 𝒆𝝅∗𝒊 as rectangular form and find the real part,
magnitude and the angle of the vector (both in degree and radians).
PROGRAM
z=exp(pi*i);
disp('Complex number in rectangular form');
z
disp('Real Part');
a=real(z)
disp('Magnitude');
mag=abs(z)
disp('Angle in radians');
ang=angle(z)
disp('Angle in degree');
ang_deg=ang*(180/pi)
OUTPUT
Complex number in rectangular form
z =-1.0000 + 0.0000i
Real Part
a = -1

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Magnitude
mag =1
Angle in radians
ang =3.1416
Angle in degree
ang_deg =180
5. Plot the following
(a) (b)

(c)

PROGRAM
(a)

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x=[-5:0.001:5];
y=sinc(x);
plot(x,y)
(b)
t=-9:0.01:9;
y=sin(t);
x=cos(t);
plot(x,y)
(c)
t=0:0.001:1
y=exp(-5*t);
plot(t,y);

5. Plot sinewaves of frequency 50 and 100 Hz on the same figure window.

PROGRAM
f=50;
t=0:0.0002:0.1;
y=sin(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,y);
grid on;
hold on;
f=100;
t=0:0.0002:0.1;
y=sin(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,y);
hold off;
OUTPUT

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6. Replace the given code with vectorized code for fast computing
(a)
This code computes the sine of 1,001 values ranging from 0 to 10:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
i = 0;
for t = 0:.01:10
i = i + 1;
y(i) = sin(t);
end
disp(y);

(b)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
r=[1:4];
h=[1:4];
for i=1:4

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volume(i) = pi*r(i)*r(i)*h(i);
end
disp(volume);

PROGRAM
(a)
t = 0:.01:10;
y = sin(t);
disp(y);
(b)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
r=[1:4];
h=[1:4];
volume = pi*r.^2.*h;
disp(volume);
OUTPUT
[3.1416 25.1327 84.8230 201.0619]
7. Execute a script (.m file) to obtain the dot product and the cross product of two vectors a
and b, where a = (1 5 6) and b = (2 3 8).
PROGRAM
a = [1 5 6];
b = [2 3 8];
d=dot(a,b)
c=cross(a,b)
OUTPUT
d =65
c = 22 4 -7

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8. Simplify the expression and express the complex number in rectangular and polar form

(a)

(b)
(a) PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Z1 = 0.5;
Z2 =6*j;
Z3 = 3.5*exp(j*0.6);
Z4 = 3+6*j;
Z5 = exp(j*0.3*pi);
disp('Z in rectangular form is');
Z_rect = Z1+Z2+Z3+(Z4*Z5);
Z_rect
Z_mag = abs (Z_rect); % magnitude of Z
Z_angle = angle(Z_rect)*(180/pi); % Angle in degrees
disp('complex number Z in polar form, mag, phase');
Z_polar = [Z_mag, Z_angle]
OUTPUT
Z in rectangular form is
Z_rect =0.2979 +13.9300i
complex number Z in polar form, mag, phase
Z_polar =13.9332 88.7748
(b)PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;

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close all;
Z1 = 3+4*j;
Z2 = 5+2*j;
theta = 60*(pi/180); % angle in radians
Z3 = 2*exp(j*theta);
Z4 = 3+6*j;
Z5 = 1+2*j;
disp('Z in rectangular form is');
Z_rect = Z1*Z2*Z3/(Z4*Z5);
Z_rect
Z_mag = abs (Z_rect); % magnitude of Z
Z_angle = angle(Z_rect)*(180/pi); % Angle in degrees
disp('complex number Z in polar form, mag, phase');
Z_polar = [Z_mag, Z_angle]
OUTPUT
Z in rectangular form is
Z_rect =3.5546 + 0.5035i
complex number Z in polar form, mag, phase
Z_polar = 3.5901 8.0616
9. The voltage across a capacitor is

Plot voltage v (t), versus time, t, for t = 0 to 50 seconds with increment of 5 s. Do not use loops.
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:5:50
v=10*(1-exp(-0.2*t));
plot(t,v)
xlabel('Time')

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ylabel('Voltage')
OUTPUT

INFERENCE:
Familiarized with basic arithmetic functions for scientific computing and used vectorized computing
for fast scientific applications.

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EXP NO: 3 DATE:

REALIZATION OF ARRAYS AND MATRICES
OBJECTIVE
 To familiarize with the realization of arrays and matrixes and their visualization
using plotting functions and GUI

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 After the completion of this experiment students will be able to approximate an
array/matrix with matrix decomposition.
SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB® R2017a
1. The voltage, v, across a resistance is given as (Ohm’s Law), v=iR , where i is the current and R
the resistance. The power dissipated in resistor R is given by the expression
P = i2R.
If R = 10 Ohms and the current is increased from 0 to 10 A with increments of 2A, write a
MATLAB program to generate a table of current, voltage and power dissipation.
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
R=10; % Resistance value
i=[0:2:10]; % Generate current values
v=i.*R; % array multiplication to obtain voltage
p=(i.^2)*R; % power calculation
sol=[i;v;p] % current, voltage and power values are printed

OUTPUT

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sol =
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 40 160 360 640 1000
2. Find the roots of the following quadratic equation
x2 -2x +3 = 0
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=input('enter a');
b=input('enter b');
c=input('enter c');
i = b^2 - 4*a*c;
ifi> 0
srint = sqrt(i);
x1= (-b + srint)/(2*a);
x2= (-b - srint)/(2*a);
elseifi == 0
x1= -b/(2*a);
x2= x1;
elseifi< 0
srint = sqrt(-i);
p1 = -b/(2*a);
p2 = srint/(2*a);
x1 = p1+p2*j;
x2 = p1-p2*j;
end
rt =[x1;x2];

OUTPUT
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rt =
1.0000 + 1.4142i
1.0000 - 1.4142i
3. Create two separate row vectors(arrays) a and b that contains elements from 1 to 10. Create an
array of complex numbers z with a as the real part and b as the imaginary part. Find the sum and
complex conjugate of the array z
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a = [1:10];
b = [1:10];
z = complex(a,b);
A = sum(z);
complex_conjugate = conj(z);

OUTPUT
A =55.0000 +55.0000i
complex_conjugate =
Columns 1 through 4
1.0000 - 1.0000i 2.0000 - 2.0000i 3.0000 - 3.0000i 4.0000 - 4.0000i
Columns 5 through 8
5.0000 - 5.0000i 6.0000 - 6.0000i 7.0000 - 7.0000i 8.0000 - 8.0000i
Columns 9 through 10
9.0000 - 9.0000i 10.0000 -10.0000i
4. If w is a complex matrix given as

Find the sum of all the elements of the matrix, conjugate transpose and un-conjugate transpose of
the matrix

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PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
c=[1+j 2-2*j; 3+2*j 4+3*j]
s=sum(c);
S1=sum(s);
trans = c.';
conjugate_trans=c';

OUTPUT
S1 =10.0000 + 4.0000i
trans =
1.0000 + 1.0000i 3.0000 + 2.0000i
2.0000 - 2.0000i 4.0000 + 3.0000i
conjugate_trans =
1.0000 - 1.0000i 3.0000 - 2.0000i
2.0000 + 2.0000i 4.0000 - 3.0000i
5. Create an image that consists of alternate rows of black and white pixels without using the inbuilt
function ‘image’.
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
row = 126;
col = 126;
img = zeros(row, col);
i=[1:2:125];
img(i, :) = 0;

k=[2:2:126];

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img(k, :) = 1;

figure;
imshow(img);

OUTPUT

6.Create amatrixof order 256 x 256 with some random values in the range [1, 80]. Display the
corresponding image on the screen with colorbar.
PROGRAM
C = randi(80,256,256);
image(C);
colormap('default')
colorbar

OUTPUT

7. Check whether a matrix inverse exists, and if exists, find the inverse.

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PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
A=input('enter the matrix');
%inverse of A exists only if matrix is square and non singular
[m n]= size(A);%check the no. of rows and columns

if m==n
ifdet(A)==0 %matrix is singular
disp('Inverse does not exist');
else
inv_A=inv(A);
disp('Inverse is')
disp(inv_A);
end
else
disp('Matrix is not a square matrix');
end

INPUT

[0 1 2;1 2 3; 3 1 1]

OUTPUT
Inverse is
0.5000 -0.5000 0.5000
-4.0000 3.0000 -1.0000
2.5000 -1.5000 0.5000
8. Solve the system of equations

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(a) 2x-y+3z = 5; 4x+5z =12; x+y+2z = -3.

(b) x+y+z=6; x+2y+3z=10; 2x+4y+6z=20
(c) x1+3x2+2x3=0; 2x1-x2+3x3 =0; 3x1-5x2+4x3=0; x1+17x2+4x3 = 0
Verify your answer using ‘linsolve’ function

PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
A=input('enter the A matrix');
B=input('enter the B matrix');
[m n]=size(A); %m rows and n columns

C=[A B];
if rank(A)==rank(C)
if rank(A)==n %n is the no. of unknowns
disp('The system has unique solution');
z1=inv(A)*B
else
if rank(A)<n %n is the no. of unknowns
disp('The system has infinite no.of solutions');
end
end
else
disp('The system has no solution');
end

if B==0 %Homogeneous system of equations, AX=0

disp('The trivial solution is');
z1=0
end

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OUTPUT
(a)
The system has unique solution z1 =
10.0000
-1.8000
-5.6000
(b)
The system has infinite no.of solutions
(c)The system has infinite no.of solutions
The trivial solution is
z1 =0
9. Show that the sum of the eigen values is equal to the trace of the matrix and the product of the
eigen values gives the determinant of the matrix.
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
A=input('enter the matrix');
Eig_values=eig(A);
Detr=det(A)
p=prod(Eig_values)
T=trace(A) %sum of diagonal elements of A
S=sum(Eig_values)
INPUT
[-2 2 -3;2 1 -6;-1 -2 0]
OUTPUT
Detr =45
p =45.0000
T =-1
S =-1.0000

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10. Show that AV=VD, where D is the eigen values and V is the eigen vectors of the square matrix
A. From this relation, represent A matrix using eigen value decomposition.

PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
A=input('enter the matrix');
[V D]=eig(A);
Eig_values=diag(D);

%verifying AV = VD
LHS=A*V;
RHS=V*D;
Difference=LHS-RHS;
A_approximate= V*D*inv(V);
Diff=A-A_approximate;

INPUT

[-2 2 -3;2 1 -6;-1 -2 0]

OUTPUT
A_approximate =
-2.0000 2.0000 -3.0000
2.0000 1.0000 -6.0000
-1.0000 -2.0000 -0.0000
11. For the matrix A =

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-2 2 -3
21-6
-1-2 0

Show that the eigen values are the roots of the characteristic equation

PROGRAM

A = [-2 2 -3; 2 1 -6; -1 -2 0];

p=poly(A);
Root = roots(p);
Eig_values=eig(A);

OUTPUT
Root =
5.0000 + 0.0000i
-3.0000 + 0.0000i
-3.0000 - 0.0000i
Eig_values =
-3.0000
5.0000
-3.0000
12. Approximate the matrix A for N = 1000 with the help of singular value decomposition of A as
𝒓

𝐀^ = ∑ ʎ𝐢 𝑼𝒊 𝑽𝒊𝑻
𝒊=𝟎

where Ui and Vi are the singular vectors and ʎi are the eigen values with ʎi<ʎjfor i> j. Plot the
absolute error(ζ) between A and A^ as ζ = ∑𝑁 𝑁 ^
𝑖=1 ∑𝑗=1 |𝑎 𝑖, 𝑗 − a 𝑖, 𝑗|
2
against r for r = 10, 50, 75,
100, 250, 500, 750 and appreciate the plot.

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PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
M=1050;
N=1000;
A=randi(10,M,N);
[U,S,V] = svd(A);
% U is M x M matrix , V is N x N matrix and S is M x N Diagonal matrix

M1=U*S*V';
vtrans = V';

r=[10 50 75 100 250 500 750 1000];

for i=1:8
U1=U(:,[1:r(i)]);
V1trans=vtrans([1:r(i)],:);
S1=S([1:r(i)],[1:r(i)]);
M2=U1*S1*V1trans;

sum1=0;
for j=1:M
for k=1:N
sum1 =sum1+(abs(A(j,k)-M2(j,k)))^2;
end
end

errors(i)=sum1;
end

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plot(r, errors);
title('Plot of error');
xlabel('values of r')
ylabel('absolute error');

OUTPUT

13. Plot sine and cosine waves (both continuous and discrete plots) using GUI.

PROCEDURE
1. Type GUIDE in the command window
2. In the GUIDE Quick Start dialog box, select the Blank GUI (Default) template, and then
click OK.
3. Display the names of the components in the component palette:
a. Select File > Preferences > GUIDE.
b. Select Show names in component palette.
c. Click OK.

4. Add the two push buttons to the UI. Select the push button tool from the component palette at the
left side of the Layout Editor and drag it into the layout area. Create three buttons

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5. Add the remaining components to the UI.

A static text area
A pop-up menu
An axes
6. Label the Push Buttons
(a) In the layout area, click the top push button.
(b) In the Property Inspector, select the String property, and then replace the existing value with
the word Continuous.
(c) The push button label changes to Continuous
7. In the layout area, click the pop-up menu.In the Property Inspector, click the button next to String.
The String dialog box displays. Replace the existing text with the names: sine and cosine

8. The static text serves as a label for the pop-up menu. In the layout area, click the static text. In the
Property Inspector, click the button next to String. In the String dialog box that displays, replace the
existing text with the phrase Select Data.

9. Save the Layout: When you save a layout, GUIDE creates two files, a FIG-file and a code file.
10. Code the Behavior of the App

OUTPUT

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EXP NO: 4 DATE:

NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION

OBJECTIVE
● To perform numerical differentiation and integration
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After the completion of this experiment students will be able to Implement numerical integration
and differentiation.
SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB® R2017a
THEORY
The first derivative of the function f(x), which we write as df/dx , is the slope of the tangent line to
the function at the point x. To put this in non-graphical terms, the first derivative tells us how
whether a function is increasing or decreasing, and by how much it is increasing or decreasing .
The second derivative of a function is the derivative of the derivative of that function. We write it as
d2 f /dx2 . While the first derivative can tell us if the function is increasing or decreasing, the second
derivative tells us if the first derivative is increasing or decreasing. If the second derivative is
positive, then the first derivative is increasing, so that the slope of the tangent line to the function is
increasing as x increases
sin – Sine of argument in radians

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cos - cos of argument in radians

s impsons rule

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Formula: (h/3)*[(y0+yn)+2*(y3+y5+

..odd term)+4*(y2+y4+y6+...even terms)]

h= (b-a)/n
b is upper limit, a is lower limit and n is number of sub intervals.y0 and yn are first and last term.

1. Realize the functions sin t, cos t, sinht and cosht for the vector t = [-0, 10] with increment 0:01

t=-0:0.01:10;
a=sin (t);
b=cos (t);
c= sinh (t);
d=cosh (t);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,a)
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,b)
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(t,c)
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(t,d)

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2. Compute the first and second derivatives of these functions using built in tools such as grad
t=0:0.01:10;
a=sin (t);
subplot(3,3,1)
plot(t,a)
title('sint')
b=cos (t);
c= sinh (t);
d=cosh (t);
da=gradient(a);
subplot(3,3,2)
plot(t,da)

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title('first derivative of sint')

d2a=gradient(da);
subplot(3,3,3)
plot(t,d2a)
title('second derivative of sint')
db=gradient(b);
subplot(3,3,4)
plot(t,db)
title('first derivative of cost')
d2b=gradient(db);
subplot(3,3,5)
plot(t,d2b)
title('second derivative of cost')
dc=gradient(c);
subplot(3,3,6)
plot(t,dc)
title('first derivative of sinht')
d2c=gradient(dc);
subplot(3,3,7)
plot(t,d2c)
title('second derivative of sinht')
dd=gradient(d);
subplot(3,3,8)
plot(t,dd)
title('first derivative of cosht')
d2d=gradient(dd);
subplot(3,3,9)
plot(t,d2d)
title('second derivative of cosht')

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3. Compute the first and second derivatives of sint, cost, sinht, cosht functions using built in tools
such as grad and plot the derivatives over the respective functions for the vector
t = [-5, 5] with increment 0:01

t=-5:0.01:5;
a=sin (t);
subplot(3,3,1)
plot(t,a)
title('sint')
b=cos (t);
c= sinh (t);
d=cosh (t);

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da=gradient(a);
subplot(3,3,2)
plot(t,da)
title('first derivative of sint')
d2a=gradient(da);
subplot(3,3,3)
plot(t,d2a)
title('second derivative of sint')
db=gradient(b);
subplot(3,3,4)
plot(t,db)
title('first derivative of cost')
d2b=gradient(db);
subplot(3,3,5)
plot(t,d2b)
title('second derivative of cost')
dc=gradient(c);
subplot(3,3,6)
plot(t,dc)
title('first derivative of sinht')
d2c=gradient(dc);
subplot(3,3,7)
plot(t,d2c)
title('second derivative of sinht')
dd=gradient(d);
subplot(3,3,8)
plot(t,dd)
title('first derivative of cosht')
d2d=gradient(dd);
subplot(3,3,9)

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plot(t,d2d)
title('second derivative of cosht')

4. Familiarise numerical integration tools used in matlab

a. Create the function f(x)=e−x (lnx)2. Evaluate integral from 0 to infinity

2

fun = @(x) exp(-x.^2).*log(x).^2;

q = integral(fun,0,Inf)
q = 1.9475

b. Create the function f(x)=1/(x3−2x−c) with one parameter, c. Evaluate the integral from x=0 to
x=2 at c=5.
fun = @(x,c) 1./(x.^3-2*x-c);
q = integral(@(x) fun(x,5),0,2)

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q = -0.4605
c. Create the function f(x)=ln(x). Evaluate the integral from x=0 to x=1
fun = @(x)log(x);
q1 = integral(fun,0,1)
q1 = -1.000000

5. Realize the function f(t) =4t 2 +3 and plot it for the vector [-5,5] with increment 0.01
t=-5:0.01:5;
y=4*(t.^2)+3;
plot(t,y,'k','linewidth',2)
xlabel't'
ylabel'f(t)'

6. Use general integration tool to compute

2

∫(𝑡 + 2 )𝑑𝑡
−2

General integration tool

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clc;
clear all;
fun = @(t) t + 2;
q = integral(fun,-2,2)
ans q=8

7. Repeat using trapezoidal method and Simpsons method

t=-2:.5:2;
y=t+2;
q=trapz(t,y)

ans q=8

TRAPEZOIDAL USING LOOP

clc;
clear all;
f=@(x)x+2; %Change here for different function
a=input('Enter lower limit a: '); % exmple a=1
b=input('Enter upper limit b: '); % exmple b=2
n=input('Enter the no. of subinterval: '); % exmple n=10
h=(b-a)/n;
sum=0;
for k=1:1:n-1
x(k)=a+k*h;
y(k)=f(x(k));
sum=sum+y(k);
end
% Formula: (h/2)*[(y0+yn)+2*(y2+y3+..+yn-1)]

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answer=h/2*(f(a)+f(b)+2*sum);
fprintf('\n The value of integration is %f',answer);

answer=8

SIMPSON USING LOOP

clc;
clear all;
f=@(x)x+2; %Change here for different function
a=input('Enter lower limit a: '); % exmple a=-2
b=input('Enter upper limit b: '); % exmple b=2
n=input('Enter the number of sub-intervals n: '); % exmple n=16
h=(b-a)/n;

for k=1:1:n
x(k)=a+k*h;
y(k)=f(x(k));
end
so=0;se=0;
for k=1:1:n-1
if rem(k,2)==1
so=so+y(k);%sum of odd terms
else
se=se+y(k); %sum of even terms
end
end
% Formula: (h/3)*[(y0+yn)+4*(y3+y5+..odd term)+2*(y2+y4+y6+...even terms)]
answer=h/3*(f(a)+f(b)+4*so+2*se);
fprintf('\n The value of integration is %f',answer);

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2
1∞ −𝑥
8. Compute ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 using above three methods
√2𝜋 0

i) t=0:.5:1000;
yi=@(t)exp((-t.^2)/2);
qi = integral(yi,0,1000)
answeri=(1/sqrt(2*pi))*qi
answeri= 0.500
ii) t=0:.5:1000;
y=exp((-t.^2)/2);
q=trapz(t,y);
answer= (1/sqrt(2*pi))*q
answer= 0.500
iii)
clc;
clear all;
f=@(x)exp((-x.^2)/2); %Change here for different function
a=input('Enter lower limit a: '); % exmple a=1
b=input('Enter upper limit b: '); % exmple b=2
n=input('Enter the number of sub-intervals n: '); % exmple n=16
h=(b-a)/n;

for k=1:1:n
x(k)=a+k*h;
y(k)=f(x(k));
end
so=0;se=0;
for k=1:1:n-1
if rem(k,2)==1
so=so+y(k);%sum of odd terms
else
se=se+y(k); %sum of even terms
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end
end
% Formula: (h/3)*[(y0+yn)+2*(y3+y5+..odd term)+4*(y2+y4+y6+...even terms)]
q=h/3*(f(a)+f(b)+4*so+2*se);
answer= (1/sqrt(2*pi))*q
fprintf('\n The value of integration is %f',answer);

Answer:
Enter lower limit a: 0
Enter upper limit b: 1000
Enter the number of sub-intervals n: 1000

answer =

0.4976

The value of integration is 0.497603

EXP NO: 5 DATE:

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SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

OBJECTIVE
● To solve ordinary differential Equation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
● After the completion of this experiment students will be able to solveordinary
differential Equation
SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB® R2017a

1. Solve the first order differential equation

𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡
With initial condition x(0)=1

PROGRAM
syms x(t);
eqn= diff(x,t)+ 2*x ==0;
cond= x(0)==1;
soln= dsolve(eqn,cond)
t=0:0.05:10
s=subs(soln)
plot(s)
title('Response of firt order differential equation')
xlabel('time')

OUTPUT

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soln =exp(-2*t)

2. Solve second order differential equation

𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+2 + 2𝑥 =ℯ-t
𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡

PROGRAM
syms x(t) ;
eqn= diff(x,t,2) + 2*diff(x,t) + 2*x == exp(-t);
soln= dsolve(eqn);
soln=simplify(soln)

OUTPUT
soln =
exp(-t)*(C4*cos(t) + C5*sin(t) + 1)

3. SOLVE THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

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𝑑2𝑦
=cos(2*x)-y
𝑑𝑥2

y(0)=1
y’(0)=0
PROGRAM
syms y(x)
Dy = diff(y);
ode = diff(y,x,2) == cos(2*x)-y;
cond1 = y(0) == 1;
cond2 = Dy(0) == 0;
conds = [cond1 cond2];
ySol = dsolve(ode,conds);
ySol = simplify(ySol)

OUTPUT
1 - (8*sin(x/2)^4)/3

4. Solve for the current transient through an RC network (with RC = 3)that is driven by
(a) 5V DC
(b) The signal 5𝑒 −𝑡 U(t) and plot the solutions.

(a) PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
symsi(t);
V=5;
R=3;
C=1;

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eqn= diff(i,t)+ i/(R*C) ==0;

cond= i(0)==V/R;
soln= dsolve(eqn,cond)
t=0:.05:10;
s=subs(soln);
plot(t,s,'k', 'linewidth',2)
title('Current Transient of RC circuit');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Current through capacitor');

OUTPUT

(b)PROGRAM

clc;
clear all;
close all;
symsi(t);
V=5*exp(-t);

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R=3;
C=1;
eqn= diff(i,t)+ i/(R*C) ==diff(V,t)/R;
cond= i(0)==5/R;
soln= dsolve(eqn,cond)
t=0:.05:10;
s=subs(soln);
plot(t,s,'k', 'linewidth',2)
title('Current Transient of RC circuit');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Current through capacitor');

OUTPUT

5. Solve for the voltage across the capacitor of an RC network that is driven by5V DC, with three
different time constants.

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PROGRAM

clc;
clear all;
close all;
symsvc(t);
V=5;
R1=3; %RC time constant = 3
C1=1;
TC1=R1*C1;%Time constant
eqn= diff(vc,t)==(V-vc)/(TC1);
cond= vc(0)==0;
soln1= dsolve(eqn,cond)

TC2=2*TC1;%2 times the Time constant

eqn= diff(vc,t)==(V-vc)/(TC2);
soln2= dsolve(eqn,cond)

TC3=3*TC1;%3 times the Time constant

eqn= diff(vc,t)==(V-vc)/(TC3);
soln3= dsolve(eqn,cond)

t=0:.05:20;
s1=subs(soln1);
s2=subs(soln2);
s3=subs(soln3);
plot(t,s1, 'r', 'linewidth',2);
hold on;
plot(t,s2, 'g', 'linewidth',2);
hold on;

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plot(t,s3, 'k', 'linewidth',2);

legend('RC','2*RC','3*RC');
title('Voltage Transient of RC circuit');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Voltage across capacitor');

OUTPUT

6. Solve the current transient through a series RLC circuit with R = 9, L = 1H and C = 0.05 F that is
driven by
(a) 20 V DC
(b) The signal 20𝑒 −𝑡 U(t) and plot the solutions

(a) PROGRAM
clc;
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clear all;
close all;
symsi(t);
V=20;
R1=9;
L1=1;
C1=0.05;
Di=diff(i);
eqn1= diff(i,t,2)+(R1/L1)*diff(i,t)+(1/(L1*C1))* i ==0;
cond1=[i(0)==0, Di(0)==20];
soln1= dsolve(eqn1, cond1);
t=0:.005:5;
s1=subs(soln1);
plot(t,s1,'r', 'linewidth',2);
title('Current Transient through RlC circuit');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Current through the circuit');

OUTPUT

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(b) PROGRAM

clc;
clear all;
close all;
symsi(t);
V=20*exp(-t);
R1=9;
L1=1;
C1=0.05;
Di=diff(i);
eqn1= diff(i,t,2)+(R1/L1)*diff(i,t)+(1/(L1*C1))* i ==(1/L1)*diff(V,t);
cond1=[i(0)==0, Di(0)==20];
soln1= dsolve(eqn1, cond1);
t=0:.005:5;
s1=subs(soln1);
plot(t,s1,'r', 'linewidth',2);
title('Current Transient through RlC circuit');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Current through the circuit');

OUTPUT

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EXP NO: 6 DATE:

SIMPLE DATA VISUALISATION

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OBJECTIVE
● To visualize the data in different ways
LEARNING OUTCOMES
● After the completion of this experiment students will be able to plot data using
scatter, boxplot, histogram, bar functions
SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB® R2017a

1. Plot a cosine signal added with random noise using scatter plot

PROGRAM
x = 0:0.01:10;
len=length(x);
y = cos(x) + rand(1,len);
sz = 25;
c = 0:0.01:10;
scatter(x,y,sz,c,'filled')
title('Scatter plot: Cosine signal added with a random noise')

OUTPUT

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2. Plot some random data using scatter plot

PROGRAM
x = rand(1000,1);
y = rand(1000,1);
s = scatter(x,y,[],'k');

OUTPUT

3.Plot the bar plot of the data y= [75 91 105 123.5 131 150 179 203 226 249 281.5] having values

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on the x axis as [1900:10:2000].

PROGRAM
x = 1900:10:2000;
y = [75 91 105 123.5 131 150 179 203 226 249 281.5];
bar(x,y)
OUTPUT

4. Plot the bar plot of the matrix

2 6 9
11 22 32

Against x as [1980 1990]

PROGRAM
x = [1980 1990];
y = [2 6 9;11 22 32];
bar(x,y)
OUTPUT

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5. Plot the bar plot of some random data

PROGRAM
clc ;
clear all;
close all;
x = rand (1,5)
y = rand (1,5)
bar (x, y);
OUTPUT

6. Plot the histogram of some random data, with the number of bins specified
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PROGRAM
x = randn(1000,1);
nbins = 25;
h = histogram(x,nbins)

OUTPUT

7. Plot the data [57, 57, 57, 58, 63, 66, 66, 67, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 70, 70, 72, 73, 75, 75, 76, 76, 78,
79, 81] using box plot.

PROGRAM
x=[57, 57, 57, 58, 63, 66, 66, 67, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 70, 70, 72, 73, 75, 75, 76, 76, 78, 79, 81];
boxplot(x)

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ECL 201 Scientific Computing Laboratory

OUTPUT

8. Define ‘t’ as an array (-10, 10) with an increment of 0.01. Plot

(i)cos(t)
(ii) cost cos5t + cos5t
On the same graph. Create legends in plots

PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=-10:0.01:10;
y=cos(t);
plot(t,y,'k','linewidth',2)
hold on;
y=(cos(t).*cos(5*t))+cos(5*t);
plot(t,y,'r', 'linewidth',2)
hold on;
legend('cos(t)','cost cos5t + cos5t');

Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET Page 66

ECL 201 Scientific Computing Laboratory

OUTPUT

Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET Page 67

ECL 201 Scientific Computing Laboratory

EXP NO: 7 DATE:

SIMPLE DATA ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVE

Simple Data Analysis

1 LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of this experiment students will be able to Implement Simple Data Analysis

2 SOFTWARE USED:

MATLAB® R2017a

3 THEORY

MATLAB provides wide Varity of tools to find the statistical properties of a

random signal. A mean is the simple mathematical average of a set of two or more numbers. The
standard deviation is a statistic that measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean
and is
calculated as the square root of the
variance.

1. To plot a find mean and variance of random signal and Plot its histogram with an appropriate
bin size.

Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET Page 68

ECL 201 Scientific Computing Laboratory

PROGRAM
clc
clear all
close all
t=0:1:99;
x=randi(10,100);
subplot(4,1,1) plot(t,x)
title('Random signal')
mu=mean(x); stan=std(x);
subplot(4,1,2) plot(t,mu)
title('Mean of Random signal')
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,stan)
title('Standard deviation Random signal')
subplot(4,1,4)
hist(x)
title('Histogram of Random signal')

OUTPUT

Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET Page 69

ECL 201 Scientific Computing Laboratory

EXP NO: 9 DATE:

COIN TOSS AND THE LEVEL CROSSING PROBLEM

OBJECTIVE

To study the coin tossing problem and level crossing problem

4 LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of this experiment students will be able to perform coin tossing problem and
level crossing problem
5 SOFTWARE USED:

MATLAB® R2017a

6 THEORY

Study of experiments like coin tossing and level crossing problem can be easily done using
MATLAB coding. Random numbers can be easily generated and evaluated in MATLAB using
commands like randi, randn etc.

7 PROGRAM

1. MATLAB code for Coin Tossing Experiments

clc
clear all
close all

Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET Page 70

ECL 201 Scientific Computing Laboratory

N=[100, 500,1000, 5000]

for i=1:4 exp=randi(1,N(i));
head=0;
tail=0;
for j=1:N(i)
if(exp(j)==1)
head=head+1;
else
tail=tail+1;
end
end
p(i)=head/N(i);
abs_error(i)=p(i)/N(i); end
plot(N,abs_error)

OUTPUT

Dept. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICET Page 71

ECL 201 Scientific Computing Laboratory

2. MATLAB code for level crossing Experiments

clc
clear all
close all
exp=randi(10,100);
abov_threshold=0; for
i=1:100
if(exp(i)>2)
abov_threshold=abov_threshold+1;
end
end
below_threshold=100-abov_threshold;
disp('Number of points above threshold=')
disp(abov_threshold)
disp('Number of points below threshold')
disp(below_threshold)

8 OUTPUT

Number of points above

threshold= 85
Number of points below
threshold 15