Chapter 5 Arrays
Chapter 5 Arrays
Arrays
1
Figure 1 Half-wave dipole array Figure 2 Flat microstrip array
antennas. antennas.
6
Two Element Array
7
The total field radiated by the two elements, assuming no
coupling between the elements, is equal to the sum of the two
and in the y-z plane it is given by
It is apparent that that the total field of the array is equal to the field of a
single element positioned at the origin multiplied by a factor which is widely
referred to as the array factor. 9
Thus for the two-element array of constant amplitude, the
array factor is given by
12
Figure 6.4 Pattern multiplication of element, array factor, and total array patterns of a two-
element array of infinitesimal horizontal dipoles with 𝛽 = 90°, 𝑑 = 𝜆Τ4.
13
Figure 6.4 Pattern multiplication of element, array factor, and total array patterns of a two-element
array of infinitesimal horizontal dipoles with 𝛽 = −90°, 𝑑 = 𝜆Τ4.
14
N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude
and Spacing
An array of identical elements, all of identical magnitude and
each with a progressive phase is referred to as a uniform
array
15
Referring to the geometry of Fig 5.1, let us assume that all the
elements have identical amplitudes but each succeeding
element has a β progressive phase lead current excitation
relative to the preceding one (β represents the phase by which
the current in each element leads the current of the preceding
element).
The array factor can be obtained by considering the elements
to be point sources. If the actual elements are not isotropic
sources, the total field can be formed by multiplying the array
factor of the isotropic sources by the field of a single element.
16
The array factor is given by
17
Since the total array factor for the uniform array is a summation
of exponentials, it can be represented by the vector sum of N
phasors each of unit amplitude and progressive phase ψ relative
to the previous one.
18
The array factor can also be expressed in another way as
follows (i)
(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii) reduces to
19
If the reference point is the physical center of the array, the
array factor reduces to
20
The nulls of the array function are found by determining the
zeros of the numerator term where the denominator is not
simultaneously zero.
21
Broadside Array
In many applications, it is desirable to have the maximum
radiation of an array directed normal to the axis of the array
[ ]
To optimize the design, the maxima of the single element and
of the array factor should both be directed toward
The requirements of the single elements can be accomplished
by the judicious choice of the radiators and those of the array
factor by the proper separation and excitation of the individual
radiators.
The first maximum of the array factor occurs when
i
24
25
26
27
Ordinary End-Fire Array
Maximum radiation is directed along the axis of the array
(end-fire).
As a matter of fact, it may be necessary that it radiates toward
only one direction (either 0 0 or 180 )
0 0
28
29
30
31
Phased (Scanning) Array
The maximum radiation can be oriented in any direction to
form a scanning array.
32
Thus by controlling the progressive phase difference between
the elements, the maximum radiation can be squinted in any
desired direction to form a scanning array.
33