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Hkdse Chem Note

The document outlines the main types of chemical reactions, including synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, and combustion. It also covers balancing chemical equations, stoichiometry, concentration and dilution, definitions of acids and bases, and thermochemistry concepts such as exothermic and endothermic reactions. Key formulas and principles, such as the mole concept and the pH scale, are provided for understanding these topics.

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12 views3 pages

Hkdse Chem Note

The document outlines the main types of chemical reactions, including synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, and combustion. It also covers balancing chemical equations, stoichiometry, concentration and dilution, definitions of acids and bases, and thermochemistry concepts such as exothermic and endothermic reactions. Key formulas and principles, such as the mole concept and the pH scale, are provided for understanding these topics.

Uploaded by

xuwindows2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Types of Chemical Reactions

 Synthesis Reaction: Two or more reactants combine to form


a single product.

A+B→ABA + B \rightarrow ABA+B→AB

 Decomposition Reaction: A single compound breaks down


into two or more products.

AB→A+BAB \rightarrow A + BAB→A+B

 Single Replacement Reaction: An element replaces


another in a compound.

A+BC→AC+BA + BC \rightarrow AC + BA+BC→AC+B

 Double Replacement Reaction: Exchange of ions between


two compounds.

AB+CD→AD+CBAB + CD \rightarrow AD + CBAB+CD→AD+CB

 Combustion Reaction: A hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to


produce carbon dioxide and water.

CxHy+O2→CO2+H2OC_xH_y + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2OCxHy


+O2→CO2+H2O

2. Balancing Chemical Equations

 Ensure that the number of atoms of each element is the same


on both sides of the equation.

 Use coefficients to balance the number of atoms.

3. Stoichiometry

 Mole Concept:

o 1 mole = 6.022×10236.022 \times


10^{23}6.022×1023 particles (Avogadro's number).

o Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance


(g/mol).
 Calculating Moles:

Moles=Mass (g)Molar Mass (g/mol)\text{Moles} = \frac{\text{Mass


(g)}}{\text{Molar Mass (g/mol)}}Moles=Molar Mass (g/mol)Mass (g)

 Using Stoichiometry in Reactions:

o Determine the mole ratio from the balanced equation.

o Use the ratio to calculate moles of reactants or products.

4. Concentration and Dilution

 Concentration (C): Amount of solute per unit volume of


solution.

C=moles of solutevolume of solution (L)C = \frac{\text{moles of


solute}}{\text{volume of solution
(L)}}C=volume of solution (L)moles of solute

 Dilution Formula:

C1V1=C2V2C_1V_1 = C_2V_2C1V1=C2V2

Where C1C_1C1 and V1V_1V1 are the concentration and volume of


the stock solution, and C2C_2C2 and V2V_2V2 are the concentration
and volume of the diluted solution.

5. Acids and Bases

 Arrhenius Definition:

o Acids produce H+H^+H+ ions in solution.

o Bases produce OH−OH^-OH− ions in solution.

 pH Scale:

o pH = −log⁡[H+]-\log[H^+]−log[H+]

o pH < 7: Acidic

o pH = 7: Neutral

o pH > 7: Basic
6. Thermochemistry

 Exothermic Reactions: Release heat (ΔH < 0).

 Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat (ΔH > 0).

 Enthalpy Change (ΔH): The heat content of a system at


constant pressure.

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