Scribd
Upload
317 views3 pages

Hkdse m1 Notes

The document outlines key concepts in descriptive statistics, including mean, median, and mode, as well as variance and standard deviation. It also covers fundamental probability principles, including the addition and multiplication rules, and introduces random variables and normal distribution characteristics. The empirical rule related to normal distribution is highlighted, indicating the percentage of values within standard deviations from the mean.

Uploaded by

xuwindows2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
317 views3 pages

Hkdse m1 Notes

The document outlines key concepts in descriptive statistics, including mean, median, and mode, as well as variance and standard deviation. It also covers fundamental probability principles, including the addition and multiplication rules, and introduces random variables and normal distribution characteristics. The empirical rule related to normal distribution is highlighted, indicating the percentage of values within standard deviations from the mean.

Uploaded by

xuwindows2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

1.

Descriptive Statistics

 Mean: The average of a set of values.

Mean=∑xin\text{Mean} = \frac{\sum x_i}{n}Mean=n∑xi

 Median: The middle value when the data is arranged in order.

o For an odd number of observations: Median=xn+12\


text{Median} = x_{\frac{n+1}{2}}Median=x2n+1

o For an even number of observations:


Median=xn2+xn2+12\text{Median} = \frac{x_{\
frac{n}{2}} + x_{\frac{n}{2 + 1}}}{2}Median=2x2n
+x2+1n

 Mode: The value that appears most frequently in a dataset.

2. Variance and Standard Deviation

 Variance: Measures the spread of data points.

Variance=∑(xi−Mean)2n\text{Variance} = \frac{\sum (x_i - \


text{Mean})^2}{n}Variance=n∑(xi−Mean)2

 Standard Deviation: The square root of the variance,


indicating the average distance of data points from the mean.

Standard Deviation=Variance\text{Standard Deviation} = \sqrt{\


text{Variance}}Standard Deviation=Variance

3. Probability Basics

 Definition: The likelihood of an event occurring, expressed


as:

P(A)=Number of favorable outcomesTotal number of outcomesP(A)


= \frac{\text{Number of favorable outcomes}}{\text{Total number
of
outcomes}}P(A)=Total number of outcomesNumber of favorable out
comes
 Complement Rule: P(A′)=1−P(A)P(A') = 1 - P(A)P(A
′)=1−P(A), where A′A'A′ is the complement of event AAA.

4. Addition Rule of Probability

 For mutually exclusive events AAA and BBB:

P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B)P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)

 For non-mutually exclusive events:

P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap


B)P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)

5. Multiplication Rule of Probability

 For independent events AAA and BBB:

P(A∩B)=P(A)⋅P(B)P(A \cap B) = P(A) \cdot P(B)P(A∩B)=P(A)⋅P(B)

 For dependent events:

P(A∩B)=P(A)⋅P(B∣A)P(A \cap B) = P(A) \cdot P(B|


A)P(A∩B)=P(A)⋅P(B∣A)

6. Random Variables

 Discrete Random Variable: Takes on countable values.

 Continuous Random Variable: Takes on any value within an


interval.

 Expected Value (Mean):

o For discrete:

E(X)=∑xi⋅P(xi)E(X) = \sum x_i \cdot P(x_i)E(X)=∑xi⋅P(xi)

7. Normal Distribution

 Characteristics:

o Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve.

o Mean μ\muμ and standard deviation σ\sigmaσ.


 Empirical Rule:

o Approximately 68% of values fall within 1 standard


deviation of the mean.

o Approximately 95% within 2 standard deviations.

o Approximately 99.7% within 3 standard deviations.

You might also like