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subneting

The document provides an overview of IPv4 subnetting, explaining the process of dividing a large network into smaller sub-networks to improve traffic control and network performance. It discusses different classes of IP addresses (A, B, C) and their default subnet masks, as well as the concept of Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) for efficient IP address allocation. Additionally, it includes exercises for subnetting Class A and Class B network addresses to meet specific requirements.

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3 views

subneting

The document provides an overview of IPv4 subnetting, explaining the process of dividing a large network into smaller sub-networks to improve traffic control and network performance. It discusses different classes of IP addresses (A, B, C) and their default subnet masks, as well as the concept of Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) for efficient IP address allocation. Additionally, it includes exercises for subnetting Class A and Class B network addresses to meet specific requirements.

Uploaded by

gueshberhe97
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subnetting

Types of IPv4 Address


Assignment of IP Addresses
1.African Network Information Center
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) (AFRINIC)
The major registries are: 2.American Registry for Internet
Numbers (ARIN)
3.Asia-Pacific Network Information
Centre (APNIC)
4.Latin American and Caribbean
Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC)
5.Réseaux IP Européens Network
Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) -
Responsible for Europe, the Middle
East, and Central Asia
IPv4 - Subnetting
IPv4 - Subnetting
▪ Subnetting - process of segmenting a network into multiple smaller network spaces
called subnetworks or Subnets.

▪ Large networks need to be segmented into smaller sub-networks, creating smaller


groups of devices and services in order to:

➢ Control traffic by containing broadcast traffic within subnetwork

➢ Reduce overall network traffic and improve network performance


▪ There are many different ways to subnet a network. The right way is the way that works
best for you.
IPv4 - Subnetting
IPv4 - Subnetting
• Each IP class is equipped with its own default subnet mask which bounds that
IP class to have prefixed number of Networks and prefixed number of Hosts
per network.
• Classful IP addressing does not provide any flexibility of having less number
of Hosts per Network or more Networks per IP Class.

• CIDR or Classless Inter Domain Routing provides the flexibility of borrowing


bits of Host part of the IP address and using them as Network in Network,
called Subnet. By using subnetting, one single Class A IP address can be used
to have smaller sub-networks which provides better network management
capabilities.
IPv4 - Subnetting
Class-A Subnets
• In Class A, only the first octet is used as Network identifier and rest of three
octets are used to be assigned to Hosts (i.e. 16777214 Hosts per Network).
• To make more subnet in Class A, bits from Host part are borrowed and the
subnet mask is changed accordingly.

• For example, if one MSB (Most Significant Bit) is borrowed from host bits of
second octet and added to Network address, it creates two Subnets (21=2) with
(223-2) 8388606 Hosts per Subnet.

• The Subnet mask is changed accordingly to reflect subnetting. Given below is


a list of all possible combination of Class A subnets −
IPv4 - Subnetting
Class-A Subnets
IPv4 - Subnetting
Class-B Subnets
• By default, using Classful Networking, 14 bits are used as Network bits
providing (214) 16384 Networks and (216-2) 65534 Hosts.
• Class B IP Addresses can be subnetted the same way as Class A addresses, by
borrowing bits from Host bits.
IPv4 - Subnetting
Class-B Subnets
• Below is given all possible combination of Class B subnetting −
IPv4 - Subnetting
Class-C Subnets
• Class C IP addresses are normally assigned to a very small size network
because it can only have 254 hosts in a network.
• Given below is a list of all possible combination of subnetted Class C IP
address −
IPv4 - VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask
• Internet Service Providers may face a situation where they need to allocate IP
subnets of different sizes as per the requirement of customer.
• One customer may ask Class C subnet of 3 IP addresses and another may ask
for 10 IPs.
• For an ISP, it is not feasible to divide the IP addresses into fixed size subnets,
rather he may want to subnet the subnets in such a way which results in
minimum wastage of IP addresses.
IPv4 - VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask
• For example, an administrator have 192.168.1.0/24 network.
• The suffix /24 (pronounced as "slash 24") tells the number of bits used for
network address.
• In this example, the administrator has three different departments with
different number of hosts.
• Sales department has 100 computers, Purchase department has 50 computers,
Accounts has 25 computers and Management has 5 computers.
• In CIDR, the subnets are of fixed size. Using the same methodology the
administrator cannot fulfill all the requirements of the network.
• The following procedure shows how VLSM can be used in order to allocate
department-wise IP addresses as mentioned in the example.
IPv4 - VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask
• Step – 1: Make a list of Subnets possible.
IPv4 - VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask
• Step – 2: Sort the requirements of IPs in descending order (Highest to Lowest).

➢ Sales 100
➢ Purchase 50
➢ Accounts 25
➢ Management 5
IPv4 - VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask
Step - 3
• Allocate the highest range of IPs to the highest requirement, so let's assign
192.168.1.0 /25 (255.255.255.128) to the Sales department.
• This IP subnet with Network number 192.168.1.0 has 126 valid Host IP
addresses which satisfy the requirement of the Sales department.
• The subnet mask used for this subnet has 10000000 as the last octet.
IPv4 - VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask
Step - 4
• Allocate the next highest range, so let's assign 192.168.1.128 /26
(255.255.255.192) to the Purchase department.
• This IP subnet with Network number 192.168.1.128 has 62 valid Host IP
Addresses which can be easily assigned to all the PCs of the Purchase
department.
• The subnet mask used has 11000000 in the last octet.
IPv4 - VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask
Step - 5
• Allocate the next highest range, i.e. Accounts.
• The requirement of 25 IPs can be fulfilled with 192.168.1.192 /27
(255.255.255.224) IP subnet, which contains 30 valid host IPs.
• The network number of Accounts department will be 192.168.1.192.
• The last octet of subnet mask is 11100000.
IPv4 - VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask
Step - 6
• Allocate the next highest range to Management.
• The Management department contains only 5 computers. The subnet
192.168.1.224 /29 with the Mask 255.255.255.248 has exactly 6 valid host IP
addresses.
• So this can be assigned to Management. The last octet of the subnet mask will
contain 11111000.

• By using VLSM, the administrator can subnet the IP subnet in such a way that
least number of IP addresses are wasted. Even after assigning IPs to every
department, the administrator, in this example, is still left with plenty of IP
addresses which was not possible if he has used CIDR.
IPv4 - Subneting
Subnetting Exercises
• You have been allocated a class A network address of 29.0.0.0. You need to

create at least 20 networks and each network will support a maximum of 160

hosts.

• Would the following two subnet masks Work?

255.255.0.0 and or 255.255.255.0


IPv4 - Subneting
Subnetting Exercises
• You have been allocated a class B network address of 135.1.0.0 and and need to

create 4 subnets each with around 200 hosts what is the easiest mask to use to

satisfy the criteria?

• Easiest is to sub net on a byte boundary which would mean a subnet mask of

255.255.255.0 This would allocate 8 bits for the subnet and 8 bits for the host.

• We need to accommodate around 200 hosts which requires 8 bits which we have.

• We need 4 subnets which require 4 bits and we have 8 bits. So we have more than

enough.

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