EKO CITY POLYTECHNIC

LECTURE NOTE

COURSE TITLE: Computer Application Packages I

LEVEL: ND 1 General Course
COURSE OUTLINE
S/N LESSONS
1 Introduction to Computer: Definition, Uses of Computer, Advantages &
Limitations, Parts of Computer.
2 Computer Interface: User Interface, Files and Folders, Typing, Practical.
3 Word processing: Introduction, Features of word processing.
4 Microsoft Word: Introduction, Practical
5 Microsoft Excel: Introduction, Practical
6 Microsoft PowerPoint: Introduction, Practical

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Definition: A Computer is an electronics device that accepts raw data as an input, it stores
data, retrieves data, and processes data with a set of instructions called program to produce an
output.
Computer performs the following operations in sequence:
 It receives data & instructions from the input device.
 Stores the data/instructions in its memory and can use them when required.
 Process the data and convert it into useful information.
 Output the information in a desired form.

Diagram of a Computer connected to a Printer and a Modem:

Uses of Computer:

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(1) Education: Computer can be used for Online research with the help of the internet by
students to find useful information about their course work and projects. Learners can have
access to remote learning which include tutoring over the internet.
(2) Communication: Computers connect us with family and friends, clients and colleagues
through email, Video calls, Video conferencing, and instant messages, making it easy to stay
in touch worldwide.
(3) Entertainment: Computers are used in variety areas for entertainment purposes, such as
videos, movies, television, music, photo editing, and art.
(4) Healthcare: Healthcare sector continues to revolutionize by computers as well as
digitized medical information making it easier to store and access patient records.
(5) Business: Every business uses computers nowadays, computers can be deployed to store
and maintain accounts, personnel records, and manage projects to increase productivity.
(6) Research: Computers are the primary tools for Scientist, Engineers, Doctors, Students,
and Teachers. It is suited for collecting research and data, for storing data, analyzing and
categorizing data.
(7) Security & Surveillance: Computers are often combined with other technologies such as
cameras to monitor people and properties. they are also deployed with biometric systems in
private and government organizations.
(8) Transport: Vehicles, Trains, Planes, Ships, and Boats are automated with computers to
maintain safety and navigation system.
(9) Banking & Finance: Computers facilitate online banking systems where people can
access their accounts and conduct a range of financial transactions via the internet.
(10) Marketing & E-Commerce: Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more
precise through the analysis and manipulation of data. Creating advertising materials to
generate more traffic for marketing campaign in digital marketing is done by using
computers.
(11) Publishing: Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of publication.
These might include newsletter, marketing materials, fashion magazines. Computers enable
publishing of both hard-copy and e-copy publication.
(12) Society: Computers are gateway to social networking sites and social media for
connecting with peers and sharing updates, pictures, videos, and memes in online
communities or chat groups.

Advantages of computers:

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 1. High speed: Computers have the ability to perform routine tasks at a greater speed than
human beings. They can perform millions of calculations in seconds.
2. Accuracy: Computers are used to perform tasks in a way that ensures accuracy.
3. Storage: Computers can store large amount of information. Any item of data or any
instruction stored in the memory can be retrieved by the computer at lightning speeds.
4. Automation: Computers can be instructed to perform complex tasks automatically (which
increases the productivity).
5. Diligence: Computers can perform the same task repeatedly & with the same accuracy
without getting tired.
6. Versatility: Computers are flexible to perform both simple and complex tasks.
7. Cost effectiveness: Computers reduce the amount of paper work and human effort,
thereby reducing costs.

Limitations of computers:

1. Computers need clear & complete instructions to perform a task accurately. If the
instructions are not clear & complete, the computer will not produce the required result.
2. Computers cannot think.
3. Computers cannot learn by experience.

Parts of computer:

COMPUTER

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

System Peripheral
Unit devices
SYSTEM APPLICATION
SOFTWARE SOFTWARE

Operating Utility Language Special General

System Programs Translator Purpose Purpose

Application
Packages

Hardware: The hardware is the machinery itself; it is made up of the physical parts or
devices of the computer system you can see and touch.
Hardware components of computers can be classified into two types, these are:

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  System Unit (Central Processing Unit)
 Peripheral Devices connected to and controlled by the System Unit

Examples of hardware:
1. The Monitor
2. The Case/Chassis
3. The Keyboard
4. The Mouse
5. The Cables/Chords
6. The Motherboard
7. The CPU – Central Processing Unit
8. The RAM – Random Access Memory
9. The Hard Drive
10. The Optical Drive

Software: This is a collection of programs which utilize and enhance the capability of the
hardware. Software is the instructions that a computer uses to do what you ask it to do.
software can broadly divide into two categories:
 System software
 Application software

(a) System Software: It is collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend
the processing capability of the computer system itself. A system software can be classified into:
 Operating System (Unix, MS-DOS, Windows 95/98/NT)
 Language Translator: Assembler, Compiler, Interpreter. (Examples, C, Cobol, Fortran)
 System Utility Programs: Editors, Debugging Aid, File Managers. (Scanning, Deleting,
Merging Files.)
Operating System: This is the principal component of system software in any computer
system. It manages the basic operation of computer system. Examples:

(i) Windows OS: Versions (Windows 10, Windows 11…)

(ii) Linux OS: Versions (Fedora, Ubuntu, Kali…)
(iii) Apple Macintosh OS: Versions (mac 10.15 Catalina, mac 12 Monterey…)
(iv) Android OS: Versions (Android 3.0 honeycomb, Android 4.1 jelly bean, Android
14….)

(b) Application Software: Application software is a type of computer program that performs
a specific personal, educational, and business function. Each program is designed to assist the
user with a particular process, which may be related to productivity, creativity, and
communication. Application Software are grouped into two categories, which are:

a) Special-purpose packages: These are designed for a specific purpose like a department or
a section of an organization. Examples are:
- Airline Seat Reservation,
- Theatre Seat Reservation
- Hotel Room Reservation.
- Point of Sales Software
- A Payroll Program

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b) General Purpose: These provide facilities which might be used in a wide variety
of business situation and which might therefore be used across many departments of
business. Examples are:

1. Word-processing: These programs that turn a computer system into a powerful typewriting
tool and more. It helps us to produce letters, reports, magazines, memos, etc. Example of
Word-processing programs are: WordStar, WordPerfect, PC Write, MultiMate, Ten Best and
WordStar 2000.

2. Database Management: They store and retrieve information such as customer lists,
inventories and notes. These programs help us to record and maintain information about
people, places, things and management reports of all types. Examples are Dbase III & IV,
FoxBASE, Oracle, FoxPro and Clipper, MICROSOFT ACCESS, Paradox.

3. Spreadsheet: Spreadsheets are software packages that turn a computer system into a
sophisticated electronic calculator. These programs help us to produce financial reports and
other mathematical computations. Examples are Lotus 1-2-3, QuatoPro, SuperCalc,
Multiplan, VP Planner, Planning Assistant and Microsoft Excel.

4. Desktop Publishing & Graphics Programs: Graphics programs create graphs and
drawings that can be used in newsletters, posters, advertisements and other documents. Some
allow users to import photographs into documents or create animated pictures for use in
"multimedia" presentations. Popular graphics programs include PC Paintbrush, Illustrator,
Persuasion, Cricket Draw, Corel Draw, Print Master, Print Shop, Microsoft PowerPoint, and
Harvard Graphics.

5. Communication Software: This allows communications and networking.

Examples are Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator.
Specifications of Personal Computer (PC)
Types of Brand OS Storage Memory Processor Clock
PC Speed
Desktop HP Windows HDD 1Tb SRAM Intel Core 3.2 GHz
10 Pro 16 Gb i9
Laptop Dell Windows HDD DRAM AMD 3.5 GHz
7 home 500 Gb 8 Gb Ryzen 5
editions 5600x
Notebook Lenovo Windows SSD SDRAM Intel Core 4.0 GHz
11 Pro 256 Gb 8 Gb i7

TOPIC 2: COMPUTER INTERFACE

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The User Interface: The User Interface or UI is the point at which we the users interact with
a computer program or application, the main goal of the user interface is to make the user
experience easy, enabling the user to achieve a maximum outcome with minimal effort.

Common features of UIs are:

(i) Menus: A menu is a list of available commands shown on the screen. It is a list of
command options presented to a user of a computer system.

(ii) A menu bar: is a horizontal bar that contains the labels for drop-down menus which is
usually anchored to the top of a window.

(iii) A drop-down menu: is a list of commands options that "drop down" from a selected
menu bar item at the top of the screen

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(iv) A pop-up menu: also known as shortcut menu and context menu, refers to a hidden
menu that doesn’t show/appear until the user right-clicks

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(v) Windows: A window is the rectangular part of the computer display in the GUI that
shows the program currently in use. For example, the browser window you use to explore the
files on your system is a window.

(vi) Icons: An icon is a small graphical representation of a program, function, or file. When
you click or double-click an icon, the associated file or program opens or an action is
performed.

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(vii) A button is a graphic icon that may have text that performs a software function.
For example, X button by the top right of a window s used to close the window
(viii) Dialogue (Dialog) box: This is a window that opens to allow communication between
the computer and you, the user. Dialogue can ask questions or give you information.

Computer Folders and Files:

Folders on a computer provide a storage system similar to folders in a filing cabinet. Folders
can contain files and other subfolders. Windows OS provides a number of default folders to
start your computer filing system.

The following are commonly used system default folders:

1. This PC/Desktop folder displays all hard disk drives and removable storage devices
connected to your computer.
2. Documents folder provides a place to store all of your files. When you save a
document, the default save location is the Documents folder.
3. Pictures folder: When you save pictures from your digital camera or scanner to your
computer, or save a file in a graphics program, such as Microsoft Paint, the default save
location is the Pictures folder.
4. Music folder: When you use Windows Media Player to copy music from a CD or from
external storage drive, the default save location is the Music folder.
5. Downloads Folder: This provides a place to store all your files when you download them
from the internet, they will be automatically saved on the Download folder.

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6. Videos Folder: When you copy or save videos from a CD, camera, or from external
storage drive, the default save location is the video folder.

Files: This is a resource for recording data on a computer storage. Within the Windows
Explorer window, each file will be marked with a small icon and their specific extension.

File extension examples:

.EXE extension indicates that the file is an executable program.
.GIF extension means that the file contains an image.
.JPEG is another common type of image file.
.HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the format in which Web pages are stored.
.MDB files contain an Access database.
.PDF (Portable Document Format) is used by the Adobe Acrobat program.
.RTF (Rich Text Format) is used for word processed documents in WordPad
.TXT These are simple text only files, commonly created using the Windows Notepad.
.XLS files contain an Excel Workbook.
.PPTX file contain a PowerPoint presentation document.

Practical:

Steps on how to create a folder: (On a Windows Desktop)

Step 1: Right click on a blank spot on your desktop.

Step 2: Move your cursor over to New and click on Folder from the list on pop-up menu
Step 3: The Folder will appear with a default name “New Folder” type with the keyboard to
rename it to your desired name and press enter.

Steps on how to copy, or cut a file into a folder:

Step 1: Select the file to be copied, or cut, then right click and select “copy/cut” from the
options.
Step 2: Go to the designated folder, right click and select paste from the options.

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 TOPIC 3: WORD PROCESSING
Word-processing is essentially typing, editing, and manipulation of a document in a desired
form. While,
A Word Processor is an application or a program used for manipulating text-based
documents. It is the electronic equivalent of paper, pen, typewriter, eraser, dictionary, and
thesaurus
Examples of word processor:
 WordPerfect
 Microsoft Word
 Wordmark
 Lotus WordPro
 Procedure Write
 Notepad
 WordPad
 Google Docs
 LibreOffice

Units of the Document:

Since word-processing is concerned with preparation of a document (in a desired form), it is
essential to know the units of the document:

1. Character: It refers to the alphabets, numerical digits, punctuations and other special
symbols which are commonly used in the text.
2. Word: A word is group of characters that are separated from other group of characters by
some delimiters like, comma, full stop and space.
3. Sentence: A sentence is a group of words preceded and followed by appropriate delimiting
characters.
4. Paragraph: It is a group of one or more sentences, paragraphs are separated by leaving
blank lines between them.
5. Pages: It is the amount of text that can be printed on one page of a paper.
6. Chapters: It is a collection of pages.
7. Documents and files: It is a group of chapters. Usually, a complete document may be very
short such as a memo or very long such as a book. These documents are referred as ―Files

Features of Word-processing:
1. Word-wrap: In word-processing packages, the text can be continuously typed and the
computer automatically starts a fresh line when a line is filled up. This process is called
―word-wrap.
2. Cursor Control: The four directional keys of the keyboard which helps in locating the text
for editing in much the similar manner as that of a pointer or pencil.
3. Editing: This is when words or lines can be entered (inserted) or deleted in any part of the
text with proper alignment.
4. Formatting: The text formatting refers to the way the text is desired to appear on a page.
This includes following functions
• setting left and right margins
• paragraph settings
• line spacing
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• selecting font specifications such as underline, bold, italics, superscripts and subscripts
• number of lines per page. Etc.…

5. Spell-check: This provides checking and correcting of misspelt words

6. Thesaurus: It provides synonyms to words (words with similar meanings).
7. Macros: A macro is a character or word that represents a series of keystrokes, which is the
ability that allows us to save a lot of time by replacing common combinations of keystrokes.
8. Printing: It provides a ‗hard ‘copy of the text.
9. File management: This facility allows to create, delete, move & search for files.
10. Mail merge printing: This facility helps in printing same ―original‖ letter with different
addresses, so that each letter is original and not a carbon copy.

TOPIC 4: MICROSOFT WORD

MS- Word: is a word processor developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is an application used to
create, edit, print and save a document. It allows the user to insert pictures, tables, charts, drawings &
features that will make the text richer & more interactive. The extension name of MS- word is .docx
or .doc for older version

Tools of Ms-Word:

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(1) FILE TAB
The File tab replaces the Office button from Word 2007. You can click it to check the
Backstage view. This is where you come when you need to open or save files, create new
documents, print a document, and do other file-related operations.
Features of Backstage View:
1. New - Opens new Word file (Blank Document file)
2. Open - Opens the existing files
3. Save - Saves the file with one name
4. Save as -Saves the file with more than one name (with different formats)
5. Info -
6. Print - To get the printout. (Specified pages and no. of copies).
7. Share - This is used to send the file document to internet mail to some other person.
8. Export -
9. Close - To close the Ms-word.
(2) Quick Access Toolbar
This you will find just above the File tab. This is a convenient resting place for the most-
frequently used commands in Word. You can customize this toolbar based on your comfort.
(3) Ribbon
Ribbon contains commands organized in three components:
 Tabs: These appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of related
commands. Home, Insert, Page Layout are examples of ribbon tabs.
 Groups: They organize related commands; each group name appears below the group
on the Ribbon. For example, group of commands related to fonts or group of
commands related to alignment, etc.
 Commands: Commands appear within each group as mentioned above.

Each of the tabs contains the following tools:

Home: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph, Styles, and Editing.

Insert: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text, and Symbols
Page Layout: Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange
References: Table of Contents, Footnote, Citation & Bibliography, Captions, Index, and
Table of Authorities
Mailings: Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish
Review: Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect
View: Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window, Macros
(4) Title bar
This lies in the middle and at the top of the window. Title bar shows the program and
document titles.

(5) Rulers
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Word has two rulers - a horizontal ruler and a vertical ruler. The horizontal ruler appears just
beneath the Ribbon and is used to set margins and tab stops. The vertical ruler appears on the
left edge of the Word window and is used to gauge the vertical position of elements on the
page.

(6) Help
The Help Icon can be used to get word related help anytime you like. This provides nice
tutorial on various subjects related to word.

(7) Zoom Control

Zoom control lets you zoom in for a closer look at your text. The zoom control consists of a
slider that you can slide left or right to zoom in or out; you can click the + buttons to increase
or decrease the zoom factor.

(8) View Buttons

The group of five buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the
screen, lets you switch through the Word's various document views.
 Print Layout view: This displays pages exactly as they will appear when printed.
 Full Screen Reading view: This gives a full screen view of the document.
 Web Layout view: This shows how a document appears when viewed by a Web
browser, such as Internet Explorer.
 Outline view: This lets you work with outlines established using Word’s standard
heading styles.
 Draft view: This formats text as it appears on the printed page with a few exceptions.
For example, headers and footers aren't shown. Most people prefer this mode.

(9) Document Area

This is the area where you type. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion point and it
represents the location where text will appear when you type.

(10) Status Bar

This displays the document information as well as the insertion point location. From left to
right, this bar contains the total number of pages and words in the document, language, etc.
You can configure the status bar by right-clicking anywhere on it and by selecting or
deselecting options from the provided list.

(11) Dialog Box Launcher

This appears as very small arrow in the lower-right corner of many groups on the Ribbon.
Clicking this button opens a dialog box or task pane that provides more options about the
group.
(12) Text Insertion Point
The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion point and it represents the location where the
text will appear when you type. keep the cursor at the text insertion point and start typing the
text.

SHORT CUT KEYS

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Shot cut Perform
CTRL + SHIFT + F Change the font
CTRL + SHIFT + P Change the font size
CTRL + SHIFT + > Increase the font size
CTRL + SHIFT + < Decrease the font size
CTRL + I Increase the font size by 1 point
CRTL +I the font size by 1 point

CTRL+D Change the formatting of characters

(Font dialog box, format menu)
SHIFT + F3 Change the case of letter
CTRL+SHIFT + A Format letters as all capital
CTRL + B Apply bold formatting
CTRL + U Apply an underline
CTRL + SHIFT + W Underline words but not spaces
CTRL + SHIFT + D Double-underline text
CTRL + SHIFT + H Apply hidden text formatting
CTRL + I Apply Italic formatting
CTRL + SHIFT + R Format letter as small capitals
CTRL + = Apply superscript formatting
(Automatic spacing)
CTRL + SHIFT + + Apply superscript formatting
(Automatic spacing)
CTRL + SPACEBAR Remove manual character Formatting
CTRL + SHIFT +Q Change the section to the symbol font
CTRL + E Center a paragraph
CTRL + J Justify a paragraph
CTRL + L Left align paragraph
CTRL + R Right align a paragraph

CTRL + SHIFT+ *(asterisk) Display non-printing characters

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 SHIFT+ F1 (The click the text whose formatting Review text formatting
you want to review)
CTRL + SHIFT + C Copy formats
CTRL+SHIFT+V Paste formats

TOPIC 5: MICROSOFT EXCEL

Spreadsheet is a software that helps to substitute the paper worksheets in the offices. Spreadsheet
displays data in the form of rows and columns. An intersection of row and column is known as a cell.
Examples of spreadsheet programs
1. MS-Excel 2. Lotus 1-2-3
3. VisiCalc 4. Quatro Pro

MS-Excel is a window-based spreadsheet developed by Microsoft corporation. It includes all features

of a spreadsheet package like recalculation, graphs & functions. It also provides many Mathematical,
Financial & Statistical functions. Thus, it is used in many scientific and engineering environments for
analyzing data. Excel can even hold graphic objects like pictures & images.

Features of MS-Excel:

1. Window based application: Excel like all other applications has Toolbars, Shortcut Menus, Auto
correct,
Online help and Wizards.
2. Workbooks: Workbooks are the files in which worksheets related to a project are held.
3. OLE support: Object linking and Embedding is a feature through which Excel can contain any
object like a
document, a picture etc.
4. Maintaining high volume of data: Excel can contain large volume of data. A worksheet can
contain 65536
rows and 256 columns. A single cell can contain a maximum of 255 characters.
One workbook can contain a maximum of 256 worksheets.
5. Availability of functions: Several Mathematical, financial & statistical functions are available in
an Excel
package.
6. Availability of Charts & Graphs: MS-Excel allows users to view data entered as tables in a
graphical form as
charts, which helps the user to easily understand, analyze data & compare data.
7. Data Analysis Tools: MS-Excel provides a set of data analysis tools called Analysis Tool pack.
8. Sorting capability: Excel has the capability of sorting any data in Ascending or Descending order.
9. Auto fill feature: Excel has the feature which allows to fill cells with repetitive data such as
chronological dates
or numbers and repeated text.

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Tools of Ms-Excel:
• Rows, columns & cell: In a worksheet rows are numbered from top to bottom. The
columns are labeled with
letters from left to right. Rows are numbered from 1 to 65,536 and columns labeled from A to
IV (256 columns).
• Title bar: The title bar contains the name of the program Microsoft Excel and the default
name of the workbook
Book1 that would change as soon as you save your file and give another name.
• Menu bar: The Menu bar contains menus that include all the commands you need to use to
work your way
through Excel such as File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Data, Window and Help.
• Tool Bar: Tool Bars are usually shortcuts for menu items. Standard and formatting toolbars
are displayed by
default.
• Active cell: The cell in which you are currently working.
• Formula bar: displays the contents of the active cell.
• Name box: displays the cell address of the active cell. Column letter followed by the row
number. Ex: B6
• Worksheet area: The middle portion of screen which occupies a major area is called
worksheet area. In this
area, information or data (i.e.) either textual or numerical can be entered and the results can
be displayed. A
worksheet is a large work area of 65,536 rows and 256 columns.
• Status bar: located at the very bottom of the screen displays brief information about
activating features within
the worksheet area.
• Sheet tabs: appear above the status bar displaying the names of the worksheets.
Standard Toolbar

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Operator of Ms-Excel:
Operator is a symbol used to specify the type of calculation that is to be performed
on the elements of a formula. Microsoft Excel includes four different types of
calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text and reference.
Arithmetic Operators:
Arithmetic operators perform basic mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication; combine numbers; and produce numeric results.
+ (plus sign) Addition 3+3
- (minus sign) Subtraction Negation 3-1-1
* (asterisk) Multiplication 3*3
/ (forward slash) Division 3/3
% (percent sign) Percent 20%
^ (caret) Exponentiation 3 ^ 2
Comparison Operators:
These operators compare two values and then produce the logical value TRUE or
FALSE.
= (equal sign) Equal to A1 = B1
> (greater than sign) Greater than A1 > B1
< (less than sign) Less than A1 < B1
>= (greater than or equal Greater than or equal to A1 > = B1 to sign)
<= (less than or equal to sign) Less than or equal to A1 <= B1
<> (not equal to sign) Not equal to A1<> B1
Text Operators:
The text operator “&” combines one or more text values to produce a single piece of
text. Example “North” & “wind” produce “North wind”

Reference Operators:
Reference operators combine a range of cells for calculations.
Example:
: (colon) Range operator B5: B15
, (comma) Union operator SUM (B5:B15, D5:D15) multiple references into one reference
(single Intersection operator, which produces space) SUM (B5:B15 A7: D7)

Statistical Operators:
=SUM(RANGE): This function is used to calculate Total Summation Of values or entries
within the range.
=AVERAGE(—): This calculates the Average of entries within the range.
=MAX(—): This gets the maximum value within the entries in the range.

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=MIN(—): This gets the minimum value within tie entries in the range.
=COUNT{—) ; This will count the number of entries within the list.
=STDEV(— ); This calculates the standard deviation of entries within the list.

Trigonometric Operators:
=COS(X): This calculates the Cosine of an Angle x.
=SIN(X): This calculates the Sine of an Anglex,
=TAN(X): This calculate the Tangent of an Angle x,
=POWER (Number, Power): This returns the result of a number raised into a power.
=PRODUCT (Number 1, Number 2. „...): This multiplies all the numbers given as argument
and returns the product.
=RADIANS (Angle): This converts degree to Radians.
=DEGREE (Angle): This converts degree to Degree,
=LN (X): This calculates the natural logarithms of a number x.
=LOG(X): This calculates the common Logarithms of a number x,
=ROUND (x, n); This appropriates the number x to n decimal places.
=SQRT(X): This calculates the square root of a number x

TOPIC 6: MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

Microsoft PowerPoint: is a slide-based presentation program developed by Microsoft that
can create beautiful slideshows with text, graphics, images, audio and video, and it is also the
program that is used if you have to make transparencies
for the overhead projector.
Power point operations: In PowerPoint, as in most other presentation software, text,
graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides". The "slide"
analogy is a reference to the slide projector, a device that has become somewhat obsolete due
to the use of PowerPoint and other presentation software. Slides can be printed, or
(more often) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter.
Slides can also form the basis of webcasts.

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Tools of Ms-PowerPoint:
 Quick Access
Just to the right of the Office Button is the small discrete toolbar "Quick Access", where with
a single click you can, save, undo, etc "Quick Access" can be customized so that you can
choose the features that suit you best. You do this by right-clicking over one of the buttons
and choosing Customize Quick Access Toolbar. Alternatively, you can click the small arrow
to the right of the toolbar, which enables you to quickly and easily select functions.
 The Ribbon and the Tabs
The Ribbon contains buttons for all the different functions that you have access to in
PowerPoint. The Ribbon is divided into a series of Tabs that group the many buttons,
making it easier to navigate. Sometimes some extra Tabs will appear that are only shown
when you work with certain elements, such as charts and Tables.

Home Tab
The Home tab includes basic functions for creating and manipulating a presentation. The
toolbars that make up the Home tab include Clipboard, Slides, Font, Paragraph, Drawing, and
Editing.
Insert Tab
Use the Insert tab to add a wide variety of content into a presentation including tables, charts,
images, links, text boxes, audio, and video.
Design Tab
The Design tab provides a variety of options for designing and formatting a presentation. Use
the Design tab to manipulate the page setup, color themes, and backgrounds of a presentation.
The toolbars that make up the Design tab include Page Setup, Themes, and Background.

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Animations Tab
Use the Animations tab to add, customize, and preview animations and transitions between
slides. The toolbars that make up the Animations tab include Preview, Animations, and
Transition to This Slide.
Slide Show Tab
Manage the settings for showing a presentation with the Slide Show tab. The toolbars that
make up the Slide Show tab include Start Slide Show, Set Up, and Monitors.
Review Tab
The Review tab provides access to proofing features like spell check and also allows for
embedding comments in a presentation. The toolbars that make up the Review tab include
Proofing and Comments.
View Tab
The View tab presents a number of options to specify how to view a presentation such as
hiding or displaying notes, hiding or displaying gridlines, zooming in and out, displaying in
gray scale, and more. The toolbars that make up the View tab include Presentation Views,
Show/Hide, Zoom, Color/Grayscale, Window, and Macros.

 Thumbnails
To the left of the slide there is a bar that shows thumbnails of each slide in your presentation.
By clicking on a thumbnail, you can immediately skip to that slide. You can also change the
order of your slides by clicking and holding the left mouse button while dragging the
thumbnail up or down relative to the other slides. At the top of the panel there are two Tabs.
One chooses thumbnail view, and the other chooses outline view. Outline view displays a list
of headlines from each slide. Here you can also move the slide up and down in the
presentation.

 Note Field
Below the slide, there is a note field where you can attach comments and explanations to each
slide. The notes are not displayed when you show your presentation or print transparencies.
Instead, you can print out pages with thumbnails of each slide where the notes also appear. It
might be an advantage if you need cues or explanatory notes during a presentation, or if you
choose to print handouts for your audience.

 The Status Bar

The status bar at the bottom left shows current information about which slide you are
working on, which colour theme you have chosen, and which language the spell checker is
set to.

 View Buttons
The view buttons can change the way the presentation will be shown. The different views
are good for their respective purposes

1. Normal View
The Normal button switches to normal view. It is the view you want when you are working
with individual slides and their content.
2. Slide Sorter
Slide Sorter shows all your slides as thumbnails. It is thus easy to move them around
if you want to reorder. You usually use Slide Sorter when you are about to complete
your presentation.

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3. Slideshow
In Slideshow, you start the playback of your presentation from the current slide. It
does not start from the beginning of the presentation. To view the presentation from
the beginning, you can select the View Tab in the Ribbon and click the Slideshow
button. The presentation will be shown in “full screen mode”. To forward your slides you can
click with the mouse. To exit the slideshow, press the ESC key top left on the
keyboard.
4. Zoom
To the right of the display keys there is a zoom bar. It zooms in and out of your
slides and can be used both in Normal View and in Slide Sorter. I do not use the
zoom bar myself. I think it is easier to hold down the CTRL key on the keyboard and
scroll with the scroll wheel on the mouse. In this way you can also zoom in and out.

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