2022 University of Pretoria

Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

WTW 238 Supplementary Exam
Tuesday January 18, 2022
Time 13:30
Total: 30, Time: 90 minutes

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This assignment consists of 3 pages and 6 questions.

SHOW ALL YOUR WORK
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EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

(1) y 00 + λy = 0; y(0) = y(L) = 0 :

λn = ( nπ
L
)2 , yn (x) = sin( nπx
L
), n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

(2) y 00 + λy = 0; y(0) = y 0 (L) = 0 :

(2n−1)π 2
   
(2n−1)πx
λn = 2L
, yn (x) = sin 2L
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

(3) y 00 + λy = 0; y 0 (0) = y(L) = 0 :

(2n−1)π 2
   
(2n−1)πx
λn = 2L
, yn (x) = cos 2L
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

(4) y 00 + λy = 0; y 0 (0) = y 0 (L) = 0 :

λ0 = 0, y0 (x) = 1
λn = ( nπ
L
)2 , yn (x) = cos( nπx
L
), n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

HEAT EQUATION
∞
X
−n2 π 2 kt/L2
 nπx  2ZL  nπx 
(1) u(x, t) = cn e sin ; cn = f (x) sin dx
n=1 L L 0 L
∞
X
−n2 π 2 kt/L2
 nπx  1ZL
(2) u(x, t) = c0 + cn e cos ; c0 = f (x) dx;
n=1 L L 0
2ZL  nπx 
cn = f (x) cos dx, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
L 0 L

WAVE EQUATION
∞
X  nπx  nπat 2ZL  nπx 
(1) y(x, t) = cn sin cos( ); cn = f (x) sin dx
n=1 L L L 0 L
∞
X  nπx  nπat  2 ZL  nπx 
(2) u(x, t) = cn sin ) sin ; cn = g(x) sin dx, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
n=1 L L nπa 0 L

(3) y(x, t) = 21 [F (x + at) + F (x − at)]

1 Z x+at 1
G(s) ds = [H(x + at) − H(x − at)] with H(x) = 0x G(s)ds
R
(4) y(x, t) =
2a x−at 2a
Question 1

Consider the following system

" # " #
0 te2t 4 −9
X̄ = AX̄ + with A = .
e−2t 4 −8

The eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix are λ1 = −2 = λ2 .

(1.1) Find the solution of the associated homogeneous system.

(2)

(1.2) Find the form of the particular solution X̄p (t) of the system. [Do not evaluate the con-
stants.]
(2.5)

Question 2

∞
X 2 · 4 · 6 · · · (2n)
(2.1) Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. State the
n=1 3n (1
· 3 · 5 · · · (2n − 1))
convergence test(s) you use and show all necessary steps.
(2)
∞ ∞
X
n n 1 X 5(−3)n+1
(2.2) Use the series (−1) x = , |x| < 1 and integration to find the sum of .
n=0 1+x n=1 n4n
[Hint: It may be necessary to shift the index of summation.]
(3)

Question 3

(3.1) If the recurrence relation of a given differential equation is given by

4n + 3
cn+1 = cn , n ≥ 0,
7(n + 1)
∞
cn xn of the differential equation.
X
determine a power series solution y =
n=0
(2.5)
∞
cn x n .
X
(3.2) The solution of the differential equation (x2 + 1)y 00 + xy 0 − y = 3 is of the form y =
n=0
Find a recurrence relation to determine the coefficients cn , n ≥ 0. [ Do not determine the
power series solution.]
(3)

Question 4

(4.1) Consider the eigenvalue problem y 00 + 2y 0 − 5λy = 0, y(0) = 0, y(4) = 0. Find the eigenvalues
λ < − 51 and the associated eigenfunctions.
(2.5)
(4.2) Consider the boundary value problem

ut = 2uxx − 3u, (0 < x < π, t > 0)

ux (0, t) = 0 (t > 0)
ux (π, t) = 0 (t > 0)
u(x, 0) = 4 cos 2x

Use the method of separation of variables to find a Fourier series solution of the boundary value
problem.
(4)

Question 5

(5.1) Consider a laterally insulated rod of length 40cm with both ends not insulated and set at 0◦ C.
Initially the temperature at all points on the rod is given by f (x) = 40 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 40. Set
up the boundary value problem for the temperature u(x, t).
(1.5)

(5.2) Use the formula sheet to find a series solution u(x, t). (Take k = 3 cm2 /s and evaluate the
relevant Fourier coefficients.)
(1.5)

(5.3) Suppose that the temperature at the midpoint of the rod is approximated after 20 seconds with
the first term of the series solution in (5.2). Use the alternating series estimation theorem to
give an estimate of the absolute value of the error that is incurred with this approximation.
(1.5)

Question 6

Consider the boundary value problem

ytt = yxx , (0 < x < 6, t > 0)

y(0, t) = 0 (t > 0)
y(6, t) = 0 (t > 0)
y(x, 0) = f (x), (0 < x < 6)
yt (x, 0) = g(x), (0 < x < 6)
(6.1) Let g(x) = 0 and
 qx


 2
, 0<x<2




f (x) = (x − 3)2 , 2 < x < 4





− 12 x + 3, 4 < x < 6



(a) Sketch the graph of the function F (that appears in D’Alembert’s solution) on the interval
[−6, 16]. It must be drawn on scale and relevant values must be indicated on both axes.
(1)

(b) Sketch the graph of the function F (x + 3) and F (x − 3) (that appears in D’Alembert’s solution)
on the interval [−6, 6]. Label the graphs clearly in the sketches. It must be drawn on scale and
relevant values must be indicated on both axes.
(1)

(c) Use the graphs in (b) to sketch D’Alembert’s solution y(x, 3) on the interval [0, 6].
(1)

(6.2) Let g(x) = π6 cos πx

6
and f (x) = 0, 0 < x < 6. The function H that appears in D’Alembert’s
solution of the boundary value problem is H(x) = sin πx
6
, 0 < x < 6.

(a) Determine H(21) without using the graph of H. It must be clear how you used the properties
of the function H.
(1.5)

(b) Sketch the function H on the interval [−6, 16].

(1)