Scribd
Upload
22 views43 pages

CS6701 Cryptography and Network Security

The document discusses various encryption algorithms, focusing on block ciphers such as DES and advanced encryption standards. It outlines key concepts, principles, and modes of operation for these cryptographic systems, including public key cryptography and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Additionally, it highlights the vulnerabilities and attacks associated with these encryption methods.

Uploaded by

Arun Vijayan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
22 views43 pages

CS6701 Cryptography and Network Security

The document discusses various encryption algorithms, focusing on block ciphers such as DES and advanced encryption standards. It outlines key concepts, principles, and modes of operation for these cryptographic systems, including public key cryptography and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Additionally, it highlights the vulnerabilities and attacks associated with these encryption methods.

Uploaded by

Arun Vijayan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 43
UNTT 5 @ Bleck Ciphers & PYBLic key CRY PLOGRA - ie 2 ee Data Eruy Phon Sjendad (Des) — ®. ce Block Uphe, Prinuples _(6) . Block epher mooles of opn (6) | Advanced . Erevypleoh — SJandaral ; (n€5) fia) Treple Es - Pdowtsh _ (4 . Ren algorithm ~@°) Publte- leo CP Fotea Phe, ~@ straps of publ sey cupte Systems he sa algorithm ~@) Jeay mangremont — G8) Diffte- Hellman tay Precharge — 6b). E\lepte cuwe artthmelie —_ : EllPpe = cuwe Cus Phegea Phy mi UNITS © Bleck cipn ers Data Engphoh Slandatd (DES) X- Proposed by NIST qdoptead a Paty AT & a block clipes. 4 Envwple b4-bits data using wb-bit lop oes ease BS by bit hex tual patent hag, goblet ge ya — Pail | Peunuetalerr) Peamuulid choice By 4 Poxrall thot ag WHE teen ghé Pesrwld Cf ) Ke i des) mee eu culas shift b os L Voy ots [TrNense Totat Lenses} + hints St TEE pha bee Fai} 'a] Peumutalio i hep NI glep of Hho data tomputaliod k Tp reorders ane Ip dala biis. even bt tb hu fall , ah Ex mp( bts a69 b41 we Ha bb na ) = (bi ay d cond fefh ) DES Round Hyuchuas: y wer doo 3g-bh 12 R Fatves * Ferstel Gphev , Ats Bg) Reve dey OF Cr yikr) Xo fp jas te bt oR Aolf 4 ag bi} subla, expands & Ie yg wg Pom & > odds sabloy ava AOR bpuses duowgh 8 Stead b 92% 92-bit Yes fay feuruiee unig geste Pam p. pga vib) Leta J Ljx—_— (4. ~ 10704 & of ent. Gubsiitios Bowes 6! yw lah of te eran y Bach Sox exe dures bbih, & A bits x Bo. Pes Bo eeulboxss Gmflement the Re-bit Jo Bat-bhe conbatlcot dup gH kalcort Des, | ag, Meehan x forms — 8ueley swad Trral Peemulactto h of He hens ( pes) vith Belek ecbI ce two awit halves. > te Blages tons’ 8 of, = volalirg each ald soporatoly ethan 0 9 Jaws chopendi on the key yolalion gubodule be, ~ Solo ler Jy fom each tad g we th euound fn F Pernnu ter A eee fox Deeuphen i — __¥ Rayense ordoc ( Sk ie - + S41) bvatanche Pl fect me ‘ x key dhosPrar vie propedy of encurPheh ah gohan @ cera’ of one. 81 P (ov) by bee Pam acenaind arr” fag olp vis alter PIS to join, ial baa ¥ Yoalurg senposatle - Quem teas Shem of ves -- key Stee. © > Mbt keys hare poke ie ated ALU LS > brite fyna? Beatth voted Aaral . Analak'c i acks | y Abt ordeal eugphanals ste 2 binoor oxy pranaly ais > welalod lay attacks a. Baste Pinuples SH duke. Feb stells ah \a4o'S- Wumbe of Rounds - ¥ by Move: & better) Exhauiive Search best ajjads + y- Function f: previoles ¥ conflason” s se aysatancho bawe colo of ow G-poxes Bat dea | 0 - ye Ww aahedil eae ne peablion toy aualans Block ‘uphes modes ©, — oPasalion of epealiot — ©) yo Block” eephewss-Enitaiots Pited Biro. bledes.- x: Des envy pts bl-vil blocks; qo wet 8p 800-88 \N dofiws 2B mod es Ly bled gm Btroam Mmeolas Hocle, »f _opn Edeclionvc tocle. book .( €¢8) ri tiphe” Block chauing. (ome) } a > lphey Feedba (cre). > oubpul —— Feodbark ca | Leer > Counter Corre) \ Electiont c tocle-boo k. Book CECB) :- ae — = ge Nga & tnokon Inte qrolopenden) bles Spok « erey pred 4 ¥ farh bd ieee vole ae Hilok Partewtoly with cll Such qexphica fo with mq jak charge vers Alike, whi -beome & Wde-book aralests ph | ye Weninets | & dese Ledaperdant ge Nude Yulporable Ao cut -crrdl < Pevsle altay g, Bordirg a foc bla %- Man use 4 at oe y phos Bleck chau (cme) !- ve ax Apter Para PNA ge x- (> : ; 2 o ie block & Chae Pach previo etphor 3h Cure nb Yplavrtexct b)k- with Pie a Cr) Cl ie eh € Wa data Arey p hotly onli Use Bs Gry gush TY pi + Le = Q | Ee lemme Le | os al Ade fy a ¢ ady:- sas “1 edproctett bik depends on all il ve fee ay. ary charge ba ble af focts all fa\\oohrg ophoutiet es... axotaneho. {fact Disady: noo Taializalo’ Necker (Tv) brown bo serdar & re owe % > vthvely must be & Trbajeltiy rmsd ve cherked Q\ output " ( oFe) > tounlte (err) y. vse bw cipro» as Some oven of Paeuolo- vardom ne qeraaby + Neue pho hey, Fecal back CORB) x Wy & — haadod ws a Stroam of dill ms ided 10, pip of tre bl ophor, oS ad po bis gts HS oF 5 S ° fB % Urdoperdent of mag () Uses eee Anew PAbois on nou Panta why nota chonnols 2 cage - ? _ Ake & Aurrtalvon ° ‘g ds an a = alimclion Gn eure Op. Ly y eur ~ tom pul nod pro Pagala. to m4y Blcaoun’ Moclfftea os prt eucts do X wore Vulnecab e L charge cuteRray bibs et chargurg Cop hovlo'ed R- Berd & Bae atne, musk yeraan y- ory We usth, fui bia £3. Upocrety (oy) CFB 188. Count Cenk)! @) mode ) Jpoush Pro Po seal earty oi! } a “new” x Va te OFB dil Oru? yater than vy fe Value g tounl, Value Or =e ce Ces Pi yOR, OF dy eww have 2 a by L& counlir Vals Ee ney Plavrloat blk (never veured ) arto ay vasue ¥- OSes: Ann Qpeod nlw enugp hone. F enuyphon = pee ions _ i cr wy cet fe aces = ia % efttosnt l> tan 42 hw te paallok onda bene 2 duane of 2 can ro-procons An 4H Glrod x ; ’ Red for buat igh, spore Lenka = Randa’ Accom de enagpred Hala “@) as offer Modes) K provable Seely “(good + Vere hare tudo tlewitian a : must y- dal wi ensure NOV eure. toy) foe seabuos ) ofeuoue clputol break (cf oFB) Advancest Eneus pliori Standaudl Hed x pes we noodad . Nepal AOU thal cae loreal Sine wave gemoratralaa exhoustt € teen 7 Wo Leourh aktoks = but Stow x. Car use yiuple ~ DES Weg) spree “bors geaes ope proposed 2 Riymen - Daemen ah Belguim Ke the kay Logi | lads Gate vee. The Ahork deng th ho dag. bee data. VWewlios Yoho dan. Fecstel ee a of 4 cols Sdntitieg . > Prone Gaja os bik + Speslss ion enbsi daba bh hes | earha Plante - ro ap stale (lb oydes) ry ous ae | ane S Rounal (3 ban ty 1b byte (2@ otis) Re bbyles) a coal (4 bow femal pees on earl kent [nbs tes) ud OR Ri alic’ aes fe (Ws bute) FA bxpannd, = -porind M y ae P| We \o* 1g VA (tee bi) 1 tent —\0 by bes AES Slruduce ? pe ypaia vik of 4 we of A» nts & Sab kK fey & expanded b uy of words X% fas al whys wounds GK which Slabs , > byte Aupsbiiatton Cl $~box seo! on ese bybs) & SKA sont ( Pomule bales Aw qoups ) cla) ponte teluemn | (gubs Lyg mabix rly off guoup) > add ‘ound a C ¥OR Bale with kew wolanat) 7 Nie as alttinaling yor key & agar Comments 0 Aes! Loan erate athe than. Fettel cphoy 2 FOX expanded wnt Ow of Sq- bet words Le Bow weds from eyounal key iv exh unl a 4 dtfoan’ sages xy used Shoo ¢. fo @ Bim ple gbuchire, 5. Ory jad Round Loy, Luser Aa {exe o{ Neha copho Dyprseunr’ol & £ NaReed a 4. farh Braye _& ave g. douyproh ured ys by equerse Orde Q does Cutoler Plauntont v der 2 Beg - Ags quilnmel’a : - @ aithurelue dn ho Poul. fevol % User with | reduce Pynomeal Gr (a) @ M2 Xx xt a X74 x 4) whih i, (Jooo\leil) oF fubj Px : Soa}. 1845 mol fn bJ= (1 e000 10) mod fib? = (\ 0000 110) xox () cool 10n) = (000) olo)) Aco Tyley Bapanson Grigg vie (vee bute ay 4 Paponds, cll aus ef Ky | be | bo Be) ~ b?t world . 4 by wpr4 toy vile Parr 4 words words thot depend ot & + Plaus hack, x aor x Mon oop O20 wn pre vious noble LS of A cases 4ush XoR tHese ri b + g- ® yond 4 Rox voted S-box¥ > n ontous aoe mongiana P ) xok oun = vefre KOR 4” ee. ___ [Re | Ma | ke | kiz rk, Iwrflementalion _ Repel’ ¢- Can efffriankty @ plement on by los use a on &-bit Cpu. Toyte Subsitjutios wovles sae of ano enlixts > SAL vows & simple wyte shife > add round et works Bn byte XeRrs > ntx columns seus malar el a AF ( a*) whi werlee on Ayla Hotta, can be Ale Lidesel b ute table totus & dyle, XOR's. Re Dereon Bia tht aoreaty 2 Deng -beLove this Newt ofl ssnt Smplementaboh wat 4 ty foubs he t0labot 2% he NES ciphos « P Feiple Bes: i Nuiple fousphon Bon Eee x Uno 2 Plamen fox DES was -heooledl > thoovelical akiouts thet can Brack it > domonstiahicl dochous tine Ray ally Keale allacks - ° alliralive x: AES eo ar Be pion bp fhe alliralivng uns ty ue Mull row lp hen uth DES implementa loons pb the oxen oe yh nels Double — oe32 wi we @ DES enuapla oP eath blk Ma} gym Cee): of seduction te Bung les > be 7 Upnuwwur at Line = yeokt ~ athe we a wool > vd, ail wel Eph: toe eee Ce)' Dial - a. aba bs onenspie 1 ose oak Rig & hae qeoan Bow — fares o (2 ae ( %. Resuods known PhainLeak ariple es wilh Iwo boy * howe must use 3 ney pions — nocd Bdbdbng ® ba an use ad lems EOE til f Reem oe Geer 7 Enuypy & dewnpt eycuaent an Retuity rad keke) Hon war with &ergle Des | x Blandaadiizad a ANST Kalt & Ts0e43.9 gunn aean Prackical atyooks amp vaclical attacks x. n0 Le Somat proposed mat be wore bats of fone attacks —eme ves ith Thiet dere je PVikagh or praclical gee no ey 2 faye Bune Crelucalcorit “\weple DES ye Gn use oipie ~DES with tase begs be AE fos? » e ua (Dra UE 1 0P))), ge fas beer Sas by Some qrboinet OpPlas, gx’ VAP 3) MIME Blowfish’ @ ee Gi aA gyamebu'c blk Cuphor Blow fish . 4 Y Derijned oy Bruce Schnows w 1998) gy. ¢ Choumelbus Hew: > feat impel- on BQ-bit cpus r wmpaut A we of vee > spl ue for arcliyts) pmple. 7 Nausble Secs by Yorying bey bell % Ves & 2 b Ass bi te K, bey Schedule tonafshy off y Thi Valen :s & thon | & boas usps s yor P-cuasy vith kex Eins Grane a >looP openly encrgphasi oloto, uy pes and veplace, Luteenmive Pass p then 8 Nales 62 \ coupons fonts Show tr Ye: és pow : . g patente raddiics & MOR > Unee ent YING we a sb Anko dgwo = dake” "es divide Lo & BO Qolves for it 1b Hho —— C2) ob Lo Qi cybterns (Mom «Pr; ) Hes FCRIy oR Rey. gx diy = Riv > Kon Pig; Reg the OR gs whew 1 FLab dis (C8:.9+8a5) xoR $1) 45,4 2 “" dependent 8 bors and ublerys makes Cryptanaly gig — & Yeux heffetb > Chargteg both faves heath reund teas Becusty y Provided bey Ah Rouge enmgh, brute free Aes seh 2s hob —praclieas espeually aqui dpa. ugh ~ oy Rehadule cog Res @beitam KA proprrelouy a owned by Reno yp downed by Ronald Rivest (of Rsa ): % Ved 4A Vaud ReADsr — producls * Can vary toy atze Idata stte/ ne roundk ¥ NOY loan do Sunple, loseait + fou Iople on Vous piel ill x ROT Ha { | nly, . ' oxrely of ciphers Re valv/b = Wor fe d | Acie fa fis (1b) 8a] 64) 2 nb daly = Qu | Y no -of nounds (0. on%) ix no of Aylis tr “hey (0-255) d Nomal Yet & Rew-3o/ x 12) & 92. 34 worvelk $0 one i mn byt} dala bike. woh 19 e ds 1g reun vith, bb byl (128 bits) Becet ke ¢ yo REC QONe dedincs A modes tceel by Re = + RES Block epho Be ECB Mode & eBe mode. pads Bg ewe with paddin . puny He rowed paola B x Rew “CBS yo Rew - CRC - toy bate BP see epee ee aq vouanb of coc which seen: WA a de, ate cipholead ighanlerg. 42 YA Aira dame ab wes en, te Oe and ncetPhoh ~ RCF use LIE Sub leg worels (u—bAl babies Ue Abel a one Side ix? ) % boy Schedule | tonsa alta we peat b Pieontd en viniltalizemy § b 2 xed paeuslorwandom \iabe, based 0 tonstanb @ and Phe > de loyte key 2 oped (Bittle ~ endear) ane A c_word Guay, L ra miang ofr don tombinds Lond St form fre dena | x Spar “ip ee wo 1 Wei A AB loi ft 3 (et; Ro - Bx SO, dor gtd pig 40 Me (Chea HRP <<< Bri) + S Laxey] prez (Rea XP uy) «a lt) + $Caxre] x gavh vound & Bee Vdes younds yx note Pubstc Difke + noe Helmer dig JSR public - ker ta Pho graphy :- g- Public lees [wo —ke4 | adyromelsic ou of hwo Itegs zr Addtc_tecy shich? PARA be noun by de wi fo Ormgp) lg arnowes ouyped4 1 and ¢an & weit y gtgnatires - rR vals bea, Kniwe only be Tha alouspt MAS? a aga signatiacs | ~sectpyent | X: Tn Peortte te doliimune private “haw gm pante, & poaaarrrehia phe, thos Lak anealaphe amnaga Pe) vet fy Agree crit loupe wags. 1) urate Axsynalieics vale 4 pltcc'o P hovel fo work? vee Same alg ko & curd fos ere pha gah GER ost Shae te eM & Ah oy Que ak WB The Bere | one al, wind fr b deeciphce eres & denuphed uth Oo ipait of ews, one for Eneyphon Lore fordays 3. the 622 Mushaur have one of We revels, of beys.(not the Samcong) | Jone of Yo 4 Was mathe) Wop) Seuck de BAL pte Rey must PE Wop] Seuret J WB mwuast_ be Qegoesivte Us) ampeathes | do deup her ams4 3. browllge. 04 the 24 unerdled & °f, of cha, Tut he pred * of publfe ay eyPle dae} = fe Erno top ax m Ss fee it e 4 | sane) pubite Wey Ain ¥ Can classify vases Pre 8 cals ovis * SOO vay Phot (provide dee P ado authontiation = Enewiphon ) dew 2 digisa) Agnatuaes (provi vey Orchard e (of gown 4g) f. home hams gutabe Bs al, Use J otha ut Spee’ fee Alam grey pred | vewapot Rom EPH e - Cawe’ y Di Slee - Neuman Ny pas 1) qoquite mont ~- purdte- A x Zt vey on Q WHs, jo oh dousyphon key taoving only ] ane phish (coy © x TB wropitaborall, ean de ©” Jdetupy mg when the selowon F (en } da cum pt ) jeu te chnown 4g dts of he boo Miiot Gaede Y Si ho othe be wel fox enceyphon with t is. cuca hx dounphoo ( Acme alas) . ¥ Hore, oe foreri da ble Jequilnamean te which! onpoe fu 298 howe Satrisfead - ¥- Need @ bap - dex oneswae ce x One -way dun doh, y= Fx) eaay x £7" Cy) infeasivle % > Dlprpiedeen, Oe -7EA aD, hole) Res Ju) a tq kk & X ae knawn gedit ge KEYS yeh qndeanble 44 Y Known but k not Known © XL PeadkPeal guadte-teey Sthome Sa pie trapdoor mee4 Beuity “of publ: hey’ Schemes ee sina ' prvate leoxe gchomes Goriute'S fovea evhaustine geath othere a aluortr, q Hheovebveally godsrv'e ussol ace bo karge (r 51g, Large enough w ont (en | dacuss 99) Aud keys x. Renuty «oluas on 4 Ale wine aod {te whtiy bl had Coxy pranaluse ) pyna x Move qenccally dhe hal Pom wan te ade Aalst enough lob >, bseo a ro Ure of veuy largo alow woerposed b priv now ) wy hone * Ape sachomes “le RSA lovithm | - 2 ee gramty & pdleman of M 4% Ba Rivest 1 uv AA x epes| - nee & piidoby od pete : 2 98 saporenwabie i og x Rad Coalets duo Raid 0e ‘alryon -r fagorasadtok ates: OC C4 63) bln +. uses lage ea Cenr P02, bis) | yp Souk dus et od faulovI4 nce py, + faclon’-zabio’ takes () ( ote oe oa ) opns Choud) RISA” Enea pheR | Aeauiph + K-) Tos erwyph a omsa M fro Senda - > oblan publie-{eeg of seedptent Pu = feng | » tomputts YO ENE med ai] R Jo dowyp) ho cepkox beret C Vo owan’ whue O4N4A > ees Hol Pinata eer pr =-fdin} + comput ' (= ct wed a} sho gM) fe be &mallo, nn (Bk tf nseded ), Nee et Hain tho yncdulis Ren teey Setup: wp mace -gervcales & Publte/] Prtvale x omguir™4 how System modulus ’ ghee hal Grom gin, ea * Raacbitg od opandom ena oncy Phi iny whe , -goeeteds( sede 89) #1) 5 Rave dalowieg ea 1 Lid dey phon oN (eae “mod etn) | & o4den x. Pad\tsh jor pao’ enuyphon ko ; nee 4. poor aeosk pe: dou-uphor keoy pe - fant) why ROA pres. y. Bee vad ie: theorem ao) gol ot) nue, cd (ore) So ROM ove siren WV an pg &d fo be 3M DM dvr’ Aes court a moa qm i | 5 ae hence ) a (n) K 15 - tetn®®”) Sy os we =M_ mat a Qoh Example 2 leo Zelup'- \ Soleck pamescipaky & q ea Q- CaAleutaks on SPY = IN % wo = Ley 3 calealale a uny= be) (4-1) <7 1b lo Ibo 2 Rolech @ aed Certbod='s choose, €=4 % Deldmure — ds dez\ mod 160 and acy Nallie Bde y 5 | dine 2384 =U F lov £ purdtch Publtc ie pu =$4\eg Y- Soop Seomk Pavate ae PREG 23) 147, Ren faample - Eres phon | Deter ph - > Lorghe ma ) = && (nv €8 4184) EnPleh «Qe get mod 124 (ea Dewwsptoh ae yes mol ee M = ee Rsa Senstid~ 9 Poosivle OPProachos A> alta RBA oeg- x Brule - fore teey 8eauh + (3) Re Tnfearrdle Qive feo of noe. ( traing al poasivle ‘ X Mathomalica| attacks y othe approaches to toro the Product of lipo prinw nurboeis X Fhrurg place: x Depends on the yunnng dine. % Yeo deus hon 24m... Defense to Brute fora Altace: - yw use fone ey spac5e. Wi Larger no-of bikg toe th d the pet, Seuvod bat Phimy os > Dnusased tompu ling power > Faclou's Pim tong attacks) - ~ x yee gonstand Pnponertralion lime y. add andor Avlans A bird Valuos ured ti cateulalion, key Management |. key mar Du biubultol *- yy Summebig, Schemes yes iia, Goth partes dp Shae = a reomenen hewot a Je Anarchy % Sosson ke le fermporany key hy Vsed hy eng Pleo of daja lw wsea Lr fy one Aogteal bexuan the dicated . > padslec keg . hy Died 40 ger Berson eau g dy ghacd hy use & bey dei tidaatisn eat, loy Al&rfibubioh Sunn *- hoy Lisi Mouliet eae conte (KDE) iE Chay Cks Il D9 De) I} ecko PES feet A (3) EC Mp Cksll3D9 B af Ney either sues. 2 pels rewned ? 5 vey Dare ws 5 but tux usr gar othe 4 Bopsedn bey Mtfedomés howled be uns Sor Grealee peuuty x Use of auto mas fey olstr? babies on be fald of uses» ed must Aust Sue x 4 deurbolvad hey daca y- Conliotng quay Umpge « Symmesic hey oleh oles’, bulion anu Publt Hag ley CustPho dystome ase ef ftuonk x Pubs iC use Bs suas L, 80 abnost never data Env pion fy ervsgph uot begs br ly Rather (we dai vution syinguss 320 agen EL netitdem y- Nlows & eum ae Mp ets Ae foe | adler oma} - ¥- Proposer Ao ese Bick ak Pua lh IDy Faverecte . ay t2) EC Pua ks) allacke frost, boy dibibulied with ton filet ity de Ruthindacabion' 6; (9 £ (PUp, Evi tl ToAd) Oo (VEC PUa, Mh Nee? E ( Pus, Na) yes J —— (A) EC P05, ECPRai ks)) Dai bulios of publfe teergs *- KR publ? announcement % publely so bite iti Re pple stags) ator X- fublte rig cart frcates Public Announcoment *- Kk Users dlietbule’ publte (gs b vocepents fo) bwadeas} bo cormueniity at Lag - nafos weakens Te rte Saryore can Meate a leew elaumig to be. Smoore ele & Aycadcast FL - 7 Until) forqexy i dtwveud can. Wasqicraclea 08 clamed tev, Publicly Avaclabie. oluscliry : x. Gary oblas, grea; » ProPelier ay perenr @ public {eess?, entice’s a wi th duucle at any timé > nia { name) ie Portizrpants roqislin gouty > ih ean ¢ Anulory as peslodlcal Published yo can be auoned olcctionwally olnerabe jo Aon peury +00 fsa ~eplaw hey x. At soci p4 Lightine’g cmb) ores 7 keys fcom duteutory . wars Ad noo public key toy used pho with desusd pastes pastes tea Be x Fenprwore dir ribulien o p. Peques ye ouaectiny. en ip optan MA aw npadad é yulnevable do fompeus3 ig ION Gali wth : rah Public - ke austhorby : \ roe NS 1) ca vel sae} ta &, ( ne Pa E Op a @) EC pun CID MD - z te) El pues crsi) 823) La) E( Pe: va) eee” C= _Publie~ on ce r¥ fcatas: - % Allow ty sxchorge withoud xeot-dine — Reeois f pursitc. — key autronty , UN coattfi cal. rds rdonbity t public ty. kop ona Arad by a tiuslid quote - key (09) contttale Conti Peal i tA). ¥ Can ve vetted y anyona whe trows Ke public ar author kis fable Cowtltcalr Authors , que hs = ofe* bi R Exteel ( EC PRawh' ) aa Bet Tel) PVA) ox Ne poet cA ay CB pe sre | bellman hey. exchange : a ——— A bog, x quoite - (eA edema Proposed by Vie & Btetman da ab Ko tha meted le practical rothadl & da puvite geuse HY, [veal 3Ba)) % Pubs) Alg orto | - (® 1) GAoval qub\'c Plemonds 4 Prime no ey) 44 ard ya pivdtye yoo gee A tuy Genrratin : Selout pivate Xa KA FY, crletate pubte Yn Yo ve” madig 4) vseB ley Genoralion Setok privale XB *e 247 Colatlat. puble Yr, Y= x moda 1) Calpltation of Becet My by Use. n- k=(Ye)* mm 4 5) Cateutalsed of Weuiat Mer bs Heal he Ne mod 4. 3 les — “ao pifco gi Bob whe wh he : Yy. Veer on fpime 4: 358 and Q73 ¥ APR ; gece anole Souk tes: 2% Xe 4d XB=233 4 x Cornpule ~vespocle pubsre keys: er Va 3 mod 323 = zo ( Alfce) jo: iam bd 98% = 24g (ROb) ye Compu haved xa KAB = Ya. mod 323 = bag ® Lip bo calitee ) Bowen Hey as, Gonccale yandorn XA ayy caleatale yp ott id ranaom XB 44; Caladalt Yes 2%? ppd 4y- leet Calulat ; k= (fs) mod 4 k= Ota) Samael Naa ah Fhe Mt Middle fata Attack t Dah pies 4y crsaling tivo ral a Weys 3 plfee, Leanamils Boy fabled day bp Bob 3 Dash Intoceplr ths 6 bons, ha YH publte key bm Beb- Dacth ako Calculate © Shared hey with Alice. - wes The pubite hey & coledsan kay LiSYe Daath Fnstead of al gate he publte Her dp Nice. yes 6 Wearstibs Ae 4. Red +h shaw 5. Bob bars b Taah ‘inne Pe ond publte key caagaies 2) ee ty, Phe 2 yo eres ghaud: ae fon anltace pt 9 oleuyPh, d git vgs blw ny. Sho ‘ path an pr wal ve- dora? 4 hee er b “eo b ae "fod" Y dout aa eee C718). Ecc vifbte ~Hellman boy facharge O. Global fublec Slemanti>- Eq(aib) ~ eftielic cue wih paramelér, Gib £9, | who 9 uk A Prime loy) an vileyce of the abn Be C Pains on ellipl « cuwe whose order 2 A lage vale n. Use key Boneabee' Lilock = Private = ng na

You might also like