Module 1

Introduction

Syllabus

Introduction : Meaning of Research, Objectives of Engineering Research, and Moti-

vation in Engineering Research, Types of Engineering Research, Finding and Solving a
Worthwhile Problem. Ethics in Engineering Research, Ethics in Engineering Research
Practice, Types of Research Misconduct, and Ethical Issues Related to Authorship
Textbook :
Dipankar Deb , Rajeeb Dey, Valentina E. Balas
“Engineering Research Methodology”, ISSN 1868-4394 ISSN 1868-4408 (electronic),
Intelligent Systems Reference Library, ISBN 978-981-13-2946-3 ISBN 978-981-13-2947-0
(eBook), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2947-0
Reference Book:
David V. Thiel “Research Methods for Engineers” Cambridge University Press, 978-1-
107-03488-4

1.1 Meaning of Research:

1.1.1 What is Research? :

Research refers to a careful, well-defined (or redefined), objective, and systematic method
of search for knowledge or formulation of a theory that is driven by inquisitiveness for that
which is unknown and useful on a particular aspect so as to make an original contribution

10
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 11

to expand the existing knowledge base.

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any systematic investigation
to establish facts. Research is like a careful and organized journey to find new informa-
tion or create new knowledge. It involves setting a clear goal, asking questions, forming
hypotheses (educated guesses), analyzing data, and making sure your conclusions match
your initial ideas.
Example: Imagine you are curious about why plants in your garden grow differently.
Your research could involve observing, making guesses (hypotheses), collecting data about
sunlight, soil, and water, and then figuring out why plants grow differently.

1.1.2 Starting a Research Cycle:

The research process (or research cycle) basically begins with a practical problem or an
existing gap in knowledge or practice. This could be a practical challenge, an unanswered
question, or an area that needs improvement.

Once the problem is identified, researchers formulate a clear and concise problem state-
ment. From the formulated problem statement, researchers then develop specific research
questions. Building on the research questions, researchers set clear objectives for the
study. Objectives outline what the research aims to achieve and contribute to solving the
identified problem. They serve as a roadmap for the research project.

Based on the research questions and objectives, researchers design a methodology to

gather relevant data and conduct the investigation. This may involve selecting research
methods, data collection techniques, and analytical tools suitable for addressing the re-
search questions. Researchers collect data according to the defined methodology.

This data is then analyzed to derive meaningful insights and results or answers to
the research questions. The results of the analysis are interpreted in the context of the
research questions and objectives. The final step involves translating research findings
into practical implications. This helps to solve the practical problem that one started
with in the first place, as shown in the following figure.
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 12

Example: If you notice your plants are not growing well, the problem is the poor plant
growth. Your research question might be, ”What factors affect plant growth in my gar-
den?”

1.1.3 Building Background:

The building up of background for doing good research includes connecting different areas
or different pieces of knowledge. The purpose is to prepare the mind for active work. as
opposed to becoming a repository or an encyclopedia. Research is not just about reading
a lot of books and gathering a lot of existing information. It is about adding our own
ideas to what we already know. It involves critical thinking, analysis, and the generation
of new insights. Research is about asking questions that matter in the real world and
then finding answers through a careful and organized approach. It involves systematically
exploring, investigating, and understanding topics that are relevant to our lives.

The purpose is to prepare the mind for active work as opposed to becoming a repository
or an encyclopedia. Research is not just about reading or gathering a lot of existing
information. It is instead adding, maybe small and specific, yet original, contribution to
that existing body of knowledge.
Example: Before fixing your garden, you might learn about soil types, sunlight needs,
and plant nutrition. Instead of just gathering facts(existing information), you aim to
contribute something new and specific.
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1.1.4 Ways of Developing Knowledge:

The ways of developing and accessing knowledge come in three, somewhat overlapping,
broad categories. They are observation (seeing things), models (simplified descriptions or
equations), and processes (methods or designs).

(i) Observation:Observation is described as the most fundamental way to gather infor-

mation. It becomes particularly important when the subject being observed is unusual,
exciting, or challenging to study. Observation can take various forms, ranging from tra-
ditional measurements in a laboratory setting to conducting surveys among a group of
subjects.

(ii) Models : After making observations, the collected data often needs to undergo
some form of processing, which leads to the second category of knowledge, which is the
“model”. Models are described as approximated and simplified representations in the
form of a statistical relationship, a figure, or a set of mathematical equations. Models
help us understand and interpret observed phenomena more abstractly, providing a way
to analyze and make sense of the data.

(iii) Processes and Algorithms: The final category involves methods for organizing and
doing things to achieve a specific result. This category includes processes, algorithms, pro-
cedures, arrangements, or reference designs.

Example 1: In gardening research, observation involves directly watching and recording

Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 14

how plants respond to sunlight. This may include noting changes in leaf color, growth
patterns, or flowering times. For instance, you might observe that certain plants thrive in
direct sunlight, while others prefer shaded areas.These direct observations form the foun-
dation of your understanding of the plants’ behavior in different light conditions. You
might create a simple model to predict growth based on sunlight hours. This could involve
developing a simple equation or chart that correlates the number of sunlight hours with
plant growth. For example, your model might suggest that plants receiving more sunlight
tend to grow taller or produce more flowers. The model serves as a tool to generalize and
make predictions about how plants are likely to respond to varying sunlight conditions.
Finally, you develop a process (a watering schedule) to achieve the desired plant growth.
Your process could involve adjusting the frequency and amount of water based on the
observed sunlight levels. This systematic approach ensures that your gardening efforts
are aligned with the knowledge gained from observation and modeling, ultimately aiming
for the desired plant growth.

Example 2 : Let us consider an example related to the development of a smartphone:

Engineers observe user interactions with existing smartphones, studying how people use
different features, how they hold the device, and identifying common issues such as battery
life and durability concerns. This observation helps engineers understand user behavior
and preferences, as well as identify potential problems or areas for improvement.

Based on the observed data, engineers create models to simulate the behavior of various
smartphone components. These models help predict factors like power consumption, sig-
nal strength, and heat dissipation, influencing design choices.

Engineers follow a detailed development process for manufacturing the smartphone. This
involves procedures for designing the circuit board, arranging hardware components such
as the battery, processor, camera, and sensors within the device, implementing algorithms
for software functionalities, and adhering to reference designs to ensure compatibility with
industry standards.
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1.1.5 Good Research :

Good research involves a systematic approach to collecting and analyzing information.

Good research includes systematically collecting and analyzing information. It goes be-
yond existing knowledge, attempting to add valuable discoveries. The research journey in
engineering typically starts with a broad research area (e.g., computer science and engi-
neering) and narrows down to a specific topic (e.g., machine learning algorithms for image
recognition), ultimately focusing on a well-defined problem (e.g., enhancing accuracy in
image recognition systems). This progression from area to topic to problem showcases
the gradual refinement of research focus.

Example: In gardening research, after applying your watering schedule, you analyze
plant growth data. If you discover a new and effective way to make plants thrive, you
have made an important discovery.

1.1.6 Engineering Research:

In engineering, research involves recognizing, planning, designing, and executing investi-

gations to improve knowledge and skills.

Engineering research is the process of developing perspectives and seeking improve-

ments in knowledge and skills to enable the recognition, planning, design, and execution
of research in a wide range of forms relevant for engineering and technology investigations
and developments. In other words, engineering research is a systematic and disciplined
process aimed at discovering new knowledge or improving existing knowledge in the field
of engineering.

Example: If you are an engineer wondering why a machine works a certain way, your
research might involve studying its parts, creating models to understand interactions, and
eventually suggesting ways to make it work better.
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1.2 Objectives of Engineering Research

The primary goal of engineering research is to address new and significant problems.
While the ultimate conclusion is unknown at the start, the process begins with educated
guesses based on circumstantial evidence, intuition, and imagination. A guess gives a tar-
get to work toward. and after initial attempts, it may turn out that the guess is incorrect.

Engineering research serves various important objectives, contributing to the advancement

of knowledge, technology, and societal well-being. Some key objectives of engineering
research include the following:

(i) Innovation and Advancement: Engineering research aims to push the bound-
aries of current knowledge and technology. By exploring new ideas, concepts, and
methodologies, researchers seek to innovate and advance the field, leading to the
development of new technologies and solutions.

(ii) Problem Solving: Engineering research often focuses on solving real-world prob-
lems. Researchers aim to address challenges and issues faced by industries, communi-
ties, or individuals, seeking practical and effective solutions through the application
of engineering principles.

(iii) Optimization: Research in engineering aims to optimize existing processes, sys-

tems, and products. This involves improving efficiency, reducing costs, enhancing
performance, and minimizing environmental impacts.

(iv) Knowledge Expansion: One of the primary objectives of research is to expand

the body of knowledge in engineering. Through experimentation, analysis, and doc-
umentation, researchers contribute to the understanding of fundamental principles
and phenomena in various engineering disciplines.

(v) Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Many engineering challenges require a multi-

disciplinary approach. Research objectives may involve collaboration between en-
gineers, scientists, and professionals from other fields to address complex problems
that span multiple domains.

(vi) Education and Training: Engineering research contributes to the education and
training of future engineers and scientists. The dissemination of research findings
through publications, conferences, and other channels helps educate the next gener-
ation of professionals.
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(vii) Technological Transfer: Research often leads to the development of new tech-
nologies and methodologies. The objective is not only to create knowledge but also
to transfer this knowledge to industry, enabling the practical application of research
findings for the benefit of society.

(viii) Societal Impact: Many engineering research projects are driven by a desire to have
a positive impact on society. This could involve improving infrastructure, addressing
environmental issues, enhancing healthcare technologies, or promoting sustainable
practices.

(ix) Quality and Safety Improvement: Engineering research aims to enhance the
quality and safety of products, processes, and systems. This is particularly important
in fields such as aerospace, healthcare, and transportation, where safety standards
are crucial.

(x) Global Challenges: Engineering research often addresses global challenges such
as climate change, resource scarcity, and public health issues. The objective is to
contribute to solutions that can have a positive impact on a global scale.

1.3 Motivation in Engineering Research

Motivation in engineering research plays an important role in driving researchers to ex-

plore new frontiers, address challenges, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge
and technology. Motivations can broadly be categorized into intrinsic, extrinsic, and
sometimes a blend of both. The combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators
can shape the overall motivation of individuals engaging in engineering research. The
possible motives may be the result of one or more of the following desires:

1.3.1 Intrinsic Motivations

Intrinsic motivations refer to the internal factors that drive a person to engage in an
activity,

(i) Curiosity and Intellectual Interest: Many researchers are motivated by a nat-
ural curiosity and a genuine interest in understanding how things work. Studies
have shown that intrinsic motivations like interest, challenge, learning, Meaning and
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purpose are linked to strong creative performance.

Example: An engineer may be naturally curious about the functioning of renew-

able energy systems. This curiosity drives him to explore innovative approaches to
harnessing solar energy, leading to research in the development of more efficient solar
panels.

(ii) Personal Fulfillment: For some researchers, the pursuit of knowledge and the sat-
isfaction of contributing to the greater body of human understanding are personally
fulfilling. The intrinsic rewards of research, such as personal growth and a sense of
accomplishment, can be powerful motivators. Personal motivation for solving un-
solved problems, intellectual joy, service to the community, and respectability are
all driving factors.

Example: An environmental engineer driven by a sense of purpose to address

pollution may engage in research on innovative waste management solutions. The
meaningful impact on the environment serves as a driving force.

(iii) Passion for Technology: Individuals with a genuine passion for engineering and
technology may find motivation in the joy of working with and contributing to the
development of advanced technologies.

Example: An engineer with a deep passion for robotics may initiate research to
enhance the capabilities of autonomous robots. The joy and satisfaction derived
from contributing to the field of robotics serve as intrinsic motivators.

1.3.2 Extrinsic Motivations

(i) Career Development: Engaging in research can contribute to career advance-

ment in academia, industry, or both. Researchers may be motivated by the desire
to establish themselves as experts in their field, gain recognition, and open up new
opportunities for professional growth. Extrinsic motivating factors like rewards for
good work, such as money, fame, awards, praise, and status, are very strong moti-
vators but may block creativity.

Example: Research outcomes may enable a researcher to obtain a patent, which is

Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 19

a good way to become rich and famous, opening up opportunities for career growth
and recognition.

(ii) Competitive Drive:The desire to be at the forefront of a field or to compete with

other researchers and institutions can drive motivation. The pursuit of excellence
and the aspiration to be recognized for outstanding contributions can be strong
motivating factors.

(iii) Influences from others: Influences from others, like collaboration, commitment,
and encouragement, are also motivating factors in research.

For example: my friends are all doing research and so should I, or a person that I
dislike, be doing well and I want to do better.

1.3.3 Mix of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivations

The following factors would be a mix of extrinsic and intrinsic aspects in Engineering
Motivation:

(i) Wanting to do better than what has been achieved in the world: This is an
intrinsic motivation, driven by personal motivation and a desire for self-improvement
& excellence, and a sense of internal fulfillment.

(ii) Improve the state of the art in technology: The pursuit of advancing technol-
ogy is typically motivated by an intrinsic interest in innovation, curiosity, and the
internal satisfaction derived from pushing the boundaries of knowledge and capabil-
ity.

(iii) Contribute to the improvement of society:This comes under both intrinsic and
extrinsic types of motivation. It arises from an internal sense of purpose and the
desire to make a positive impact on society and address societal challenges. It may
also be influenced by external factors such as recognition, social approval, or a sense
of duty.

(iv) Fulfillment of the historical legacy in the immediate socio-cultural con-

text: This is a mixed type of motivation. The fulfillment of a historical legacy
may be driven by intrinsic factors, such as personal meaning and connection to the
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historical and cultural context, emphasizing a sense of identity and continuity. Si-
multaneously, external factors like societal expectations or recognition may also play
a role.

(v) Government directives and funding opportunities: This represents a mixed

type of motivation, influenced by external factors such as government policies and
financial incentives. The motivation to align research with targeted areas for funding
is primarily driven by external rewards like financial support. Simultaneously, it
supports researchers in pursuing projects that align with their personal interests,
curiosity, and passion for contributing to knowledge and innovation.

(vi) Terms of employment:This represents an extrinsic type of motivation. Terms

of employment, including benefits, salary, promotions, or job security, are exter-
nal factors that can motivate individuals to engage in specific activities, including
engineering research.

1.4 Types of Engineering Research

The different types of research are :

1.4.1 Descriptive versus Analytical:

A descriptive type of research aims to describe the characteristics of a phenomenon

through fact-finding inquiries to effectively describe the present state of art. It involves
observing, recording, and reporting without manipulating variables. Descriptive research
can be further classified into comparative (comparing different groups or conditions) and
correlational (examining relationships between variables) methods. The researcher holds
no control over the variables but rather only reports them as they are. Descriptive re-
search also includes attempts to determine causes, even though the variables cannot be
controlled.
On the contrary, analytical research involves critically evaluating existing information
and analysing it to gain a deeper understanding.
Example: Research Topic: Traffic Congestion in Urban Areas.
The following comparison gives us a clear understanding of how descriptive research aims
to provide a comprehensive overview, while analytical research explores the underlying
causes and potential solutions.
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Descriptive Research: Analytical Research:

Objective: Describe the current state Objective: Analyze the factors con-
of traffic congestion in a specific urban tributing to traffic congestion and pro-
area. pose potential solutions.
Methodology: Conduct surveys and Methodology: Use statistical methods to
collect data on traffic patterns, peak identify correlations between variables
hours, and congestion levels. Use traffic such as population growth, urban devel-
cameras and sensors to gather real-time opment, and traffic congestion. Analyze
information. Analyze historical data to the impact of specific interventions or
identify trends. traffic management strategies. Compare
the effectiveness of different approaches
through modeling and simulation.
Findings: Present a detailed descrip- Findings: Provide insights into the root
tion of the current traffic congestion sit- causes of traffic congestion and propose
uation, including statistics on peak con- analytical solutions. For example, the
gestion times, affected areas, and com- research may suggest optimizing traf-
mon causes. fic signal timings, implementing public
transportation improvements, or intro-
ducing congestion pricing.

1.4.2 Applied versus Fundamental:

Research can either be applied research or fundamental (basic or pure) research.

Applied research is practical and problem-oriented. It is conducted to address specific

issues or problems faced by organizations or industries. In Applied research, the goal is
to find solutions that can be implemented in real-world situations. Research to identify
social or economic trends, or those that find out whether certain communications will be
read and understood are examples of applied research. The primary objective of applied
research is to determine a solution for compelling problems in actual practice, while basic
research is aimed at seeking information which could have a broad base of applications in
the medium to long term.

Fundamental Research is also known as basic or pure research. Fundamental research

is driven by a desire to expand knowledge and understanding rather than to solve a prac-
tical problem. It focuses on concerned with generalizations and formulation of a theory,
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 22

contributing to the development of a broader knowledge base. Research concerning nat-

ural phenomena or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research.
Example :
Research Topic: Treatment for a Specific Disease (e.g., Diabetes)
The following comparison demonstrates how engineering research can contribute to the
development of practical solutions (Applied Research) and, at the same time, deepen the
scientific understanding of the disease at a fundamental level (Fundamental Research).

Applied Research: Fundamental Research :

Objective: Develop a new drug or treat- Objective: Investigate the molecular
ment protocol for managing diabetes in mechanisms underlying insulin resis-
patients. tance in diabetes to deepen our under-
standing of the disease.
Methodology: Conduct clinical trials Methodology: Use molecular biology
with diabetic patients to test the ef- techniques to study the interactions of
fectiveness and safety of a new drug insulin with cells and identify the fac-
or treatment approach. Collect data tors contributing to insulin resistance.
on blood sugar levels, side effects, and Explore the genetic and biochemical as-
overall health outcomes. Analyze the pects of diabetes at the cellular level.
results to determine the practical bene-
fits and risks of the proposed treatment.
Findings: Provide a treatment option Findings: Contribute to the broader
that can be immediately applied in clin- scientific knowledge of the cellular and
ical settings to improve the manage- molecular basis of diabetes. While the
ment of diabetes. immediate application might not be ev-
ident, the research lays the foundation
for future therapeutic approaches and a
deeper understanding of the disease.

1.4.3 Quantitative versus Qualitative:

Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data, using sta-
tistical observations of a sufficiently large number of representative cases to draw any
conclusions. It aims to quantify relationships and patterns, making use of measurable
variables. Surveys, experiments, and statistical analyses are common in quantitative re-
search.
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Qualitative Research focuses on a few non-representative cases or verbal narrative in be-

havioral studies such as clustering effect in intersections in Transportation engineering to
make a proposition. Qualitative methods include interviews, focus groups, observations,
and content analysis. It provides in-depth insights into the complexity of human behavior
and social phenomena.
Example:
Research Topic: Evaluation of an Online Learning Platform for Engineering
Education
The following table effectively illustrates how student satisfaction with a learning plat-
form for engineering education can be approached using both quantitative and qualitative
research methods.

Quantitative Research: Qualitative Research :

Objective : Measure overall satisfaction Objective : Explore detailed feedback
levels of engineering students using a and experiences of engineering students
numerical rating scale. using open-ended questions.
Methodology : Methodology :

Administer a satisfaction survey Conduct interviews or open-ended

with quantifiable rating questions surveys with engineering students
tailored to engineering course- to gather qualitative responses.
work.
Analyze qualitative data themati-
Collect numerical data on satis- cally, focusing on aspects relevant
faction scores. to engineering education.

Use statistical analysis to iden-

tify trends and overall satisfaction
levels specific to engineering edu-
cation.

Findings : Findings
Provide numerical insights into the av- Offer rich, detailed descriptions of engi-
erage satisfaction level and key trends neering student’s experiences and cap-
specific to the engineering learning con- ture refined feedback that quantitative
text. measures might miss, shedding light on
unique challenges and opportunities in
online engineering education.
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 24

1.5 Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem :

1.5.1 Finding a Research Problem :

A researcher may start with problems stated by the Supervisor or posed by others that are
yet to be solved. Alternately, it may involve rethinking basic theories or formulating ideas
from provided information or need to be formulated or put together from the information
provided in a group of papers suggested by the Supervisor. Research scholars face the
task of finding an appropriate problem to begin their research.

1.5.2 Skills Needed:

Skills required for finding a research problem are crucial but often not explicitly taught.
Critical thinking about possible implications is important.

1.5.3 Identifying a Problem:

Once the problem is identified, the process of literature survey and technical reading takes
place to further ascertain the significance and validity of the intended problem.However,
An initial spark is ideally required before the process of literature survey may duly begin.
The process may involve an initial spark from an oral presentation by somebody which is
followed by asking questions or introspection provides this perspective oral presentation,
asking questions, or introspection. Developments in other subjects may produce a tool or
a result which has direct implications to the researcher’s subject and may lead to problem
identification.

1.5.4 Attributes or characteristics of a Worthwhile Research

Problem:

Once a potential research problem is identified, the researcher faces the critical task of
evaluating its worthiness. A worthwhile research problem possesses one or more attributes,
such as being nonintuitive(something that goes against common intuition ) or counterin-
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tuitive(does not align with what one might naturally expect based on prior knowledge or
experience), even to someone familiar with the area. These attributes include:

(i) Addresses a topic that the research community has been anticipating.

(ii) Simplifies a central part of theory.

(iii) Introduces a new result, initiating a new subject or area.

(iv) Offers a novel method or enhancements to existing methods with practical applica-
tions.

(v) sometimes, provides a result that stops further work in a particular area.

1.5.5 Decision to Tackle a Problem:

The researcher must be thoroughly convinced that the problem is worthwhile before ini-
tiating the investigation. Optimal efforts come when the work is worth doing, and the
problem and/or solution has a better chance of being accepted by the research community.

It is essential to recognize that not every solved problem needs to be of great

importance or impact. Sometimes major advancements are made through solutions
to small problems dealt with effectively. Some problems are universally considered hard
and open, and have deep implications and connections to different concepts.

Majority of researchers may not engage with such problems during their careers. How-
ever, hard problems get solved only because people take them seriously as challenging
problems and tackle them with willingness and with determination. Such people have
a mindset that embraces complexity and uncertainty in the pursuit of solutions. They
approach problems with a mindset that welcomes complexity and uncertainty in the quest
for solutions.

Even if the attempt to solve a challenging problem is unsuccessful, there might be partial
or side results that can still fulfill the immediate requirement of generating content for
the dissertation.
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1.5.6 Problem-Solving Methodology: Polya’s Approach :

George Polya (1887–1985) proposed a 4-step procedure for mathematical problem-

solving, which has been found to be applicable to engineering researchers. Recent studies
have affirmed the relevance of these recommendations. The suggested steps to solve a
research problem are:

1. Understand : Understand the problem, Restate the problem in your own words ,
and visualize the problem by drawing figures, and determine if additional informa-
tion is needed.

2. Explore Strategies : Explore various strategies to solve the problem, systemati-

cally. Look for patterns that might lead to a solution.

3. Implement : Implement the chosen strategy(plan) to solve the problem, to see

if it works. If the plan doesn’t work, start over(iterate) with another approach.
Having engaged with the problem extensively and revisiting it multiple times, one
may develop a new idea to solve the problem.

4. Reflect : After completing the problem-solving process, take the time to look back
and reflect on the journey. This practice aids in understanding and assimilating the
strategy. Such reflective practice serves as an investment in the future for continuous
improvements in problem-solving and personal growth.

1.6 Ethics in Engineering Research

Ethics in engineering research is focused on the ethical considerations within the research
process. Ethics refers to a set of rules distinguishing acceptable and unacceptable con-
duct, distinguishing right from wrong. Most people learn such norms in their formative
years but moral development continues through different stages of growth. Although ev-
eryone recognizes common ethical norms, there can be differences in interpretation and
application.

1.6.1 Historical Evolution of Research Ethics:

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Nuremberg Code :

International norms for the ethical conduct of research have a deep-rooted history, dating
back to the adoption of the Nuremberg Code in 1947. The Nuremberg Code, is a set of
ethical principles for human experimentation. It originated in response to the Nuremberg
Trials, where Nazi doctors were prosecuted for conducting inhumane experiments during
World War II. Researchers must obtain informed consent from participants, especially in
studies involving human subjects.

Influence of the British Royal Society on Research Credit:

The issues associated with research credit find their roots in the seventeenth-century
establishment of the British Royal Society (BRS), which aimed at refining the methods
and practices of modern science. BRS played a crucial role in shaping the timing and
credit issues related to research results. According to this, priority for publication was
given to whoever first submitted findings, rather than focusing on determining who had
first made the discovery.

1.6.2 Ethical Considerations in Authorship :

Two simple but significant questions to address the tricky issue of authorship in research
are :
(i)who should be included as an author and
(ii)the appropriate order of listing authors.
In today’s interconnected world, the issue of coauthorship is very relevant to all re-
searchers, challenging the contributions during different phases of research.There are is-
sues around individuals may be actively involved in the research process but may not
contribute to the drafting phase. Moreover, certain universities have imposed restrictions
on coauthorship to prevent malpractices.
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1.6.3 Distinguishing Research Ethics and Responsible Conduct

of Research in Engineering :

Government bodies, and universities worldwide have adopted certain codes for research
ethics. However, there is a common misconception regarding the interchangeable use of
two terms: research ethics and responsible conduct of research. Research ethics and the
responsible conduct of research are related but not interchangeable. Research ethics looks
at the ethical application of research outcomes, while Responsible Conduct of Research
addresses the ethical considerations in how the research work is undertaken.

Research Ethics:
Research ethics primarily focuses on the moral principles and guidelines governing the
conduct of research. It focuses on ensuring integrity, honesty, and fairness in the re-
search process. Key areas include the treatment of research subjects, confidentiality, data
handling, and ethical communication of research outcomes. In essence, research ethics
addresses the ethical implications of the research itself.

Responsible Conduct of Research(RCR) :

Responsible Conduct of Research is a broader concept that extends beyond the ethical
dimensions of the research itself. It encompasses the entire research process, emphasizing
ethical behavior in interactions, collaborations, and the dissemination of results. RCR
aims to maintain high standards of integrity and professionalism throughout the research
process.
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Research Ethics Responsible Conduct of Research

(RCR)
Research ethics involves moral principles Responsible Conduct of Research is a
governing the conduct of research. For broader concept that extends beyond
example, in engineering, it ensures the the ethical dimensions of the research it-
fair treatment of participants in a hu- self. In engineering, this includes main-
man subjects study, protection of intel- taining integrity in project management,
lectual property, and honest reporting of acknowledging collaborators’ contribu-
results. tions, and avoiding the fabrication or fal-
sification of data.
Key areas include the treatment of RCR aims to maintain high standards
research subjects, confidentiality, data of integrity and professionalism through-
handling, and ethical communication of out the research endeavor. It involves
research outcomes. ethical considerations in how the re-
search work is undertaken, including in-
teractions and collaborations.

Example: Consider a project focused on developing driverless(autonomous) cars. During

testing, researchers uncover vulnerabilities that could be exploited for malicious purposes.
Research ethics considerations in this scenario might involve:
(i) What ethical considerations should guide the development of such technology?
(ii)How can the team prevent the misuse of autonomous vehicles for harmful activities?
(iii) Are there ethical guidelines for the responsible development of autonomous systems?
Responsible Conduct of Research Now, consider how the research is carried out. It
involves challenges such as:
(i) Are researchers actively engaged in developing safety measures for autonomous cars?
(ii) Do they collaborate with cybersecurity experts to secure the technology?
(iii) How do they communicate potential risks to the public and regulatory bodies?
In this way, research ethics addresses the broader implications and applications of the
research outcomes, while the responsible conduct of research focuses on the integrity and
methodology of the research process itself.

1.7 Ethics in Engineering Research Practice

Ethics in engineering research practice extends beyond the laboratory or research setting
to encompass the ethical challenges faced by engineers in the practical application of their
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 30

knowledge and skills.

1.7.1 Ethical Concerns in Technological Developments:

Technological progress in engineering introduces ethical considerations, especially regard-

ing privacy and data in surveillance systems. Engineering researchers bear the responsi-
bility of making ethical decisions, and they are answerable for the consequences arising
from their research outcomes.

Data Collection and Privacy

Ethics is crucial in engineering research, especially when working with data, as it directly
influences human well-being. For example, Research involving data collection, especially
personal or sensitive information, requires respect for individuals’ privacy and obtaining
informed consent.

Example: A mobile weather app that requests location data for accurate forecasts.
Ethical concerns arise if the app shares this data without explicit user consent or uses it
for purposes beyond weather predictions.

Acceptability and Validity

Certain practices may be acceptable in specific situations, but the reasons for their unac-
ceptability can be valid. Engineering ethics serves as our rulebook, offering guidance on
determining what is ethically acceptable and and what is not, providing a framework for
responsible data use.

Example: The use of facial recognition in smartphones for unlocking devices might
be acceptable for convenience, but concerns arise if the technology lacks accuracy and
wrongly denies access to users based on facial features.
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 31

1.7.2 Ethical Decision-Making in Technological Choices

Engineering research is closely interconnected with ongoing technological developments,

and researchers make numerous choices that hold ethical significance, influencing the
impact of technology in various ways.

Setting Ethical Requirements

At the outset of a project, engineering researchers can shape the effects of the developed
technology by establishing ethically sound requirements. This initial step sets the stage
for the responsible technological advancements.

Example: Engineers working on smart home devices may set ethical requirements for
user privacy, ensuring that devices like voice-activated assistants only record and transmit
data when explicitly activated by users.

Influencing Through Design

Influence may also be applied by researchers through design, which is a process that trans-
lates the requirements into a blueprint to fulfill those requirements. During the design
process, decision is to be made about the priority in importance of the requirements tak-
ing ethical aspects into consideration.

Example: In the design of automobiles, engineers may prioritize safety features such as
collision avoidance systems and advanced driver assistance. Ethical considerations involve
protecting occupants and other road users from potential accidents.

Choosing Alternatives

Throughout the research journey, engineering researchers have to choose between different
alternatives fulfilling similar functions, considering their ethical implications.

Example: When developing packaging materials, engineers might choose between tra-
ditional plastics and biodegradable alternatives. Ethical considerations include the envi-
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 32

ronmental impact and long-term sustainability of each option.

1.7.3 Minimizing Unintended Consequences

Research outcomes can have unintended and adverse side effects. It is important for re-
searchers to ethically address these issues by minimizing the hazards and risks associated
with their technologies. This involves considering safer alternatives, incorporating inher-
ent safety features in designs, implementing safety factors, utilizing multiple independent
safety barriers, and establishing supervisory mechanisms to take control if the primary
process fails. This commitment to safety demonstrates a careful approach to mitigating
potential negative consequences from research outcomes.

Example: Agricultural engineers developing autonomous farming machinery consider

unintended consequences, such as potential impacts on employment in rural communities.
Ethical considerations involve implementing strategies to support affected workers and
communities.

1.8 Types of Research Misconduct

Engineering research should be undertaken with the primary goal of advancing the current
state-of-the-art technologies. Research integrity plays a crucial role in achieving this
objective and involves fair dealings with others, honesty in presenting methods and results,
and replication of findings whenever possible to minimize errors. Additionally, upholding
the welfare of research subjects, ensuring laboratory safety, and addressing other ethical
considerations are integral aspects of research integrity. In order to prevent mistakes and
enhance the quality of research, peer reviews should take place before the research output
is published.

To prevent errors and enhance the quality of research, it is imperative to subject research
outputs to peer reviews before publication. This practice guarantees that the research
undergoes thorough examination by subject-matter experts, contributing to the overall
reliability and credibility of the research findings.

Serious deviations from accepted conduct is construed as research misconduct. Differ-

Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 33

ent types of research misconduct are :

1.8.1 Fabrication (Illegitimate Creation of Data)

This involves the act of creating data or experiments with preconceived notions about the
expected conclusions. This unethical practice may arise when there are time constraints
imposed by supervisors or customers, leading researchers to generate data rather than
waiting for genuine results.

Example: Imagine a student conducting a science experiment on the growth of plants

under different light conditions. Due to a lack of time, the student decides to fabricate
the data by recording measurements that were never actually taken. The fabricated
data might show consistent and impressive growth differences between plants subjected
to various light conditions.In this case, the fabrication involves making up experimental
results instead of honestly recording the actual outcomes of the plant growth experiment.
This kind of behavior is unethical and goes against the principles of honesty and integrity
in research.

1.8.2 Falsification (Inappropriate Alteration of Data)

:Falsification involves the inappropriate alteration of data or experiments, including mis-

representation, misinterpretation, or illegitimate changes to support a desired hypothesis.
This unethical practice occurs even when the actual data obtained from experiments
indicate a different outcome. Falsification undermines the credibility and reliability of
scientific research by presenting distorted information to align with a preconceived notion
or agenda.

1.8.3 Consequences of Fabrication and Falsification

Negative impacts of fabrication and falsification include:

Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 34

Percolation of False Data

When researchers engage in falsification or fabrication, it hampers engineering research,

and inaccurate results (conclusions) may find their way (percolate) into published lit-
erature. This compromises the reliability of existing knowledge and can mislead other
researchers who rely on this information for their work.

Wrecking Trustworthiness

Unethical practices wreck the trustworthiness of individuals (researchers) involved, dam-

aging their reputation.

Additional Costs

Discovering falsification or fabrication often requires extensive investigations and correc-

tive actions, leading to additional financial burdens.

Impeded Progress and Delays in Technical Advancement

Unethical practices, like falsification and fabrication, slow down research progress by
injecting false information into the body of knowledge. This misguides other researchers,
leading to actual delays in technical advancement.

Hurt to Honest Researchers

Fabrication and falsification create a challenging environment for honest researchers.

When dishonest or misleading data is already published due to misconduct, it can set
a false standard. Honest researchers may face challenges in getting their legitimate work
recognized and published if it falls short of the falsely elevated standards created by
misconduct.
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 35

Publication Barriers

The presence of fraudulent or manipulated data in the published literature can create
barriers for honest researchers. This can make it harder for legitimate research to be
accepted and published.

Establishment of Misconduct

Until misconduct is established and proven, the fraudulent data may remain in the pub-
lished literature. This process can take time and may involve investigations and retrac-
tions. During this period, the misleading information continues to influence the research
community. The retraction may not fully erase the impact of the false data on the scien-
tific community.

Engineering researchers are often perceived as objective truth seekers. They can prevent
misconduct by independently reproducing results whenever they are interested in doing
further work on published material, which is likely to be part of their literature survey.

1.8.4 Plagiarism

Plagiarism is defined as the act of using or reusing someone else’s work, including text,
data, tables, figures, illustrations, or concepts, without proper attribution. It involves
presenting the work as if it were one’s own without explicit acknowledgment.
The concept of self-plagiarism occurs when researchers verbatim copy or reuse their
own previously published work without appropriate citation. This practice is considered
unacceptable in scientific literature.

Challenges of Internet Availability

The increasing availability of scientific content on the internet may encourage plagiarism
in some cases, but also enables detection of such practices through automated software
packages designed to identify similarities between texts.
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 36

Detection of Plagiarism

How are supervisors, reviewers or editors alerted to plagiarism?

Original author comes to know and informs everyone concerned.

Reviewers might discover plagiarism during the review process.

Readers conducting research may come across plagiarized content in articles or

books.

Plagiarism Detection Tools

Plagiarism Detection Tools:The availability of both free and paid plagiarism detec-
tion tools, often accessible through institutional licenses, offers a way to assess the orig-
inality of written content. it is important to note that these tools provide a similarity
score,indicating the level of similarity between published and unpublished content, rather
than a conclusive identification of plagiarism. A similarity score is not conclusive evidence
of plagiarism, it only serves as a metric for assessing similarity.

However, a low similarity score doesn’t guarantee that the document is plagiarism free.
It requires human evaluation to determine whether the content has been plagiarized or
not. Additionally, it is essential to consider individual scores of sources rather than
just the overall similarity index. Setting a maximum allowable similarity index may be
insufficient in utilizing the tool effectively. This is because certain types of plagiarism,
such as patchwork plagiarism, where sections of text are strategically rearranged, can be
more challenging to detect through automated tools.

Ethical Writing Practices:

To avoid a high similarity count, researchers can use relevant published content by rephras-
ing or summarizing the content in their own words. This maintains the original meaning
without replicating the original text. Whenever using ideas, concepts, or findings from
other sources, cite them appropriately. This gives credit to the original authors and
demonstrates transparency in acknowledging the use of external information. It is impor-
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 37

tant to note that citing a source does not justify verbatim copying. A researcher should
practice writing in such a way that the reader can recognize the difference between the
ideas or results of the authors and those that are from other sources.

1.8.5 Other Aspects of Research Misconduct

Deception and Damage: Fraudulent Practices

Serious deviations from accepted conduct could be construed as research misconduct.

When there is both intentional deception (misleading actions) and damage (negative con-
sequences), the actions are officially recognized as fraudulent, and the term “research
misconduct” is often used to describe such behavior. Such ethical violations are likely to
be discovered or exposed over time sooner or later.

Simultaneous Submission

Engaging in practices that violate publication policies can be considered research mis-
conduct. Simultaneous submission of the same article to two different journals violates
publication policies.

Handling Mistakes in Published Content

If a researcher discovers mistakes in their published work and fails to report or correct
them, it may be viewed as a form of research misconduct, unless a researcher takes
responsibility for the accuracy of their work, acknowledges the mistake, and is motivated
to contribute a corrected version.

1.9 Ethical Issues Related to Authorship

Academic authorship involves communicating scholarly work and establishing priority for
their discoveries and building peer reputation. It also comes with an intrinsic burden
of accepting responsibility for the contents of the work, serving as the primary basis for
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 38

evaluation in areas such as employment, promotion, and other honors.

Here are some common ethical issues related to authorship:

1.9.1 Gift or Guest Authorship

Including ”guest” or ”gift” authors, where coauthorship is granted to someone with little
or no contribution to the work, is misleading and unethical. This practice dilutes the
contributions of those who did the actual work, artificially enhances the credentials of the
listed authors, and raises concerns about possible research misconduct.

1.9.2 Career-Boost Authorship

Sometimes, the primary author may grant coauthorship in a suspicious way to a junior
faculty member or a student with the intention of enhancing their chances of employment
or promotion. This practice is referred to as career-boost authorship. This may misrep-
resent contributions, weaken or diminish the integrity of authorship, and be considered
unethical manipulation for personal gain.

1.9.3 Career-Preservation Authorship

This malpractice, termed ”career-preservation authorship,” involves adding department

heads, deans, or other administrators as coauthors in exchange for benefits or maintaining
a ”good relationship.” In such cases, the principal author benefits from a favorable rela-
tionship with superiors, while the administrator gains authorship credits without fulfilling
the necessary work for it, resulting in a mutually beneficial arrangement. This raises con-
cerns about fairness, transparency, and the actual contributions of individuals listed as
authors.

1.9.4 Ghost Coauthorship

Sometimes, an actual contributor may choose not to be included in the list of authors
due to an undisclosed conflict of interest (personal or financial) within the organization or
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 39

other reasons. Such instances of coauthorship are referred to as ghost coauthorship. This
lack of transparency can compromise the integrity and credibility of the research process
and findings. Full disclosure of all individuals engaged in the research is essential to
enable a comprehensive evaluation based on both the research findings and an assessment
of potential influences arising from conflicts of interest.

1.9.5 Reciprocal Authorship

In this form of questionable authorship, researchers may include each other as coauthors
in a reciprocal gesture, often without genuine collaboration. The inclusion is based on
mutual agreements with an expectation of shared benefits or outcomes. In some cases,
there might be minimal collaboration, limited to basic tasks such as reading and editing.
This practice lacks genuine engagement in thoroughly reviewing the work, potentially
diminishing the credibility of authorship and the research itself.

1.9.6 Misrepresentation of Sole Authorship

Some authors try to present their work as solely authored, even when they depend on
significant contributions from others. They choose to acknowledge those contributions
only in the form of a general acknowledgment. This approach misrepresents the true extent
of the contributions made by those not listed as authors. In this case, the unrecognized
contributors are then unavailable to readers for additional clarification or explanation
about their role in the research.

1.9.7 Authorial Accountability

All listed authors have full responsibility for all contents within a research article, and so
naturally, they should also be made aware of a journal submission by the corresponding
author. Obtaining consent from all authors regarding the content and submission of the
paper is essential. All listed authors are responsible for the content, but determining
individual accountability can be challenging. If one author commits misconduct, it is
unclear to what extent other coauthors are responsible. Establishing a method to quantify
individual contributions would be beneficial in appropriately recognizing and assessing the
degree of associated accountability for each coauthor.
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 40

1.9.8 Double Submission

Double submission is an important ethical issue related to authorship, which involves the
submission of a paper to two forums simultaneously. This practice is motivated by the
desire to enhance the possibility of publication and potentially reduce the time to publica-
tion. This practice violates the principle of publishing original work, as reputable journals
discourage double submissions to maintain the integrity of the publication process. Rep-
utable journals aim to publish original papers — ones that have not been previously
published elsewhere—and strongly discourage double submission.

Question Bank-Module 1 :

Meaning of Research:

1. Describe the key steps involved in starting a research cycle.

2. Discuss the significance of building background in the research process.

3. Identify and explain the three broad categories of developing knowledge.

4. Define engineering research. What are the different stages of engineering research?

5. Define research and explain the essential components of starting a research cycle.
How does building background knowledge contribute to the research process?

Objectives of Engineering Research

1. Explain, in detail, the diverse objectives of engineering research.

2. Discuss in brief on objectives of engineering research.

3. Outline the primary objectives of conducting research in the field of engineering.

Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 41

Motivation in Engineering Research

1. Discuss the primary objectives of engineering research. Explore the concepts of

intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in the context of engineering research. Provide
examples of how motivation influences the research process.

2. Analyze the intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivations. Provide examples of how
both types of motivations can influence an engineer’s involvement in research.

3. What are the different motivations for engineering research.?

4. Discuss the factors that motivate researchers in the field of engineering.

5. Explain the importance of motivation in sustaining long-term research endeavors.

Types of Engineering Research:

1. Provide an overview of different types of engineering research.

2. Compare and contrast descriptive research and analytical research in engineering.

3. Compare and contrast fundamental research and applied research in engineering.

4. Compare and contrast qualitative research and quantitative research in engineering.

Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem:

1. What skills are essential for identifying and solving a research problem in engi-
neering? Explain the attributes of a worthwhile research problem. Discuss the
decision-making process when choosing to tackle a specific problem. Explore Polya’s
problem-solving approach.

2. Explain the process of finding and defining a worthwhile problem in engineering

research.

3. Elaborate on the steps involved in finding a worthwhile problem for engineering

research. How does the identification of a meaningful problem contribute to the
research process?
Lecture Notes – BRMK557(Research Methodology & IPR) Page 42

Ethics in Engineering Research:

1. Trace the historical evolution of research ethics. Differentiate between ethical con-
siderations in authorship and the responsible conduct of research in engineering.
Why is maintaining ethical standards crucial in the field of engineering research?

2. Define ethics in the context of engineering research.

3. Discuss why ethical considerations are crucial in engineering research practices.

Ethics in Engineering Research Practice:

1. Identify and discuss ethical concerns associated with technological developments.

How does ethical decision-making play a role in technological choices? Explain
strategies for minimizing unintended consequences in engineering research.

2. Explain how ethical principles are applied in the practice of engineering research.

3. Discuss potential ethical challenges faced by researchers in engineering.

Types of Research Misconduct:

1. Define and elaborate on the types of research misconduct, including fabrication, fal-
sification, and plagiarism. Discuss the consequences of fabrication and falsification.
Explore other aspects of research misconduct and their implications.

2. Define research misconduct and provide examples of different types.

3. Discuss the consequences of research misconduct on the scientific community.

Ethical Issues Related to Authorship:

1. Discuss ethical considerations in determining authorship of research papers.

2. Explain how issues related to authorship can impact the credibility of research.

3. Discuss the ethical issues surrounding academic authorship.