SURVEY III REPORT

REGISTRATION NUMBERS:
ENC 211-0064/2021 – EPHRAIM WISDOM WALELA
ENC 211-0310/2021 – NEWTON KIBET KIGEN
ENC 211-0048/2021 – DANCAN LANGAT
ENC 211-0417/2021 – BRIAN KANDIE
ENC 211-0414/2021 – VICTOR NGAIRA
ENC 211-0313/2021 – PAULINE NJENGAH
ENC 211-0045/2021 – ROYCE KIPLANGAT
THEORY
SETTING OUT CURVES
Curves are generally the horizontal and/or vertical bends that are usually used on highways and
railways when it is necessary to change the alignment of the route. when two points are located
at different levels, it becomes necessary to give a curve.
This curve usually helps to connect the points lying at different levels in such a way that the
vehicles moving on that route could move with ease, safety, and comfort. A proper alignment or
a curve can provide smoother movement of vehicles from one point to another, located at
different levels.
A curve is introduced at the intersection of two straights to effect a gradual change in the
direction. This change in direction may be in a horizontal plane or a vertical plane. So the curve
is provided to the route according to its direction, i.e. either in a vertical plane or in a horizontal
plane, respectively. The process of establishing the center-line of the curve on the ground by
means of pegs at 10 m to 30 m intervals is known as setting out.
There are various curves in surveying:
Horizontal curves.
These facilitate smooth transitions between straight sections, ensuring comfortable navigation
Examples:
 Simple curve: Most basic type of curve used in surveying and engineering. It is defined
by a constant radius and is a segment of a circle.
 Compound curve: A compound curve consists of two or more circular curves connected
end to end with different radii and centers
 Reverse curve: A reverse curve is a pair of circular curves with different radii, but in this
case, they are joined in such a way that they bend in opposite directions.
 Transition curve: used to provide a smooth transition between a straight line and a
circular curve.
Vertical curves
It's a curved section that connects two straight or differently sloped segments of a road.
Examples:
 Summit curve
 Sag curve
The following are the instrumental methods used for setting out horizontal circular curve.
1. Rankine's method of tangential angle which utilizes a combination of measurements with
a tape (or chain) and angles with a theodolite to calculate the positions of points along the
curve.
2. Two theodolite method. One theodolite is set at the point of curvature, and the other at the
point of tangency. No linear measurements are taken.
3. Tacheometric method.

LEVELLING
Levelling is a method to measure the elevation difference between two or more points. In this
practical, rise and fall method is used. The observation will be initiated from a known reduced
level value (RL) of a Benchmark (BM). In between the, a number of change points will be set up
to observe the foresight reading and the back sight reading of each station and the values are
booked. After the RL values are known, three arithmetical checks will be calculated to ensure the
precision of the works. Consequently, the adjusted value can be computed where this value will
be distributed accordingly to each station. Finally, the adjusted RL values are booked and the
misclosure will be calculated to be compared with the adjusted values to determine whether the
levelling works is accepted.
APPARATUS
Apparatus used during the practical include
 Dumpy level – It was used to locate points in the same horizontal plane. The
elevations of the said points and the distance between them
 Measuring tape – It was used to measure accurately the distance between two
points
 Theodolite- It was used to measure the angles in the horizontal plane with great
precision
 Leveling staff- It was used to determine the difference in height between points
 Tripod stand – It was a three-legged portable instrument used as a platform to
support the theodolite and the dumpy level and it also gave them stability
 Wooden pegs- it was used to indicate positions and points in the site
 Ranging rods – They were used to mark positions and also it was useful in the
sighting of those positions
 Chaining Arrows –It was used to mark points in the field after the distance is
measured
PROCEDURE
Calculation
1. Given the radius and the deflection angle, the length of the curve was computed.
2. A suitable chord length of 15m was chosen for this procedure to be used while setting out
the curve’s points.
3. The chainage as well as their respective chord lengths were tabulated such that the
corresponding individual tangent angles having being computed were filled in the next
column.
4. Cumulative tangent angles were then computed up to the final chainage which would
then be set out in the field with respect to tangent T1I.

Setting out the circular curve

1. Having fixed the tangent T1I by measuring out the tangent length, the theodolite was
placed at T1 and the intersection sighted such that the horizontal circle read 0° 00’ 00’’.
 2. The first tangent angle was then set on the horizontal circle and the first chord set out by
lining the tape with the theodolite and marking the length.
3. The second tangential angle was set on the theodolite and the tape lined once again with
ranging rods held in the line of sight of the theodolite and one end of the tape reading
zero at the first established point.
4. The second and subsequent points were marked off in this manner until setting point T2.
Levelling of the fixed points
1. The benchmark was provided by the technician and was used in conjunction with the
previously established points from setting out the curve to carry out the levelling survey.
2. The first station was set up and the instrument levelled using the spirit bubble in
coordination with the optical plummet.
3. The first reading is taken after first ensuring the vertical bubble is level then recorded.
4. Successive readings were recorded in the same way establishing new instrument stations
from the benchmark until reaching the point set out for the circular curve.
5. The readings of the staff for the established points were recorded after which the
instrument station was changed and the readings of the points was taken once again as
well as points 5m, 10m and 15m to the left and right of the curve at each point before
returning to the benchmark.
6. From these reading, the heights of collimation were calculated and checked using the
computational check which then allowed the reduced levels to be calculated.
DATA ANALYSIS

Ɵ
Length of tangent = Rtan
2
= 160×tan (55°30'21"/2) = 84.190m
Ɵ
Length of chord = 2Rsin = 149.011m
2
Chainage at T1 = 2139.892 – 84.190 = 2055.702m
Chainage at T2 = 2055 + 149.011 = 2204.713m
Chord length Ɵ
Individual tangent angle=
Total arc length
× 2
19.298
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 3°35'39.13"
149.011

25
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 04° 39' 22.27"
149.011

4.713
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 00° 52'40.02"
149.011

Point Chainage Chord length Individual tan angle Cumulative tan angle
T1 2055.702 0.0 00° 00' 00" 00°00'00"
2075 19.298 03° 35' 39.13" 3°35'39.13"
2100 25 04° 39' 22.27" 8°15'01.4"
2125 25 04° 39' 22.27" 12°54'23.67"
2150 25 04° 39' 22.27" 17° 33 45.94"
2175 25 04° 39' 22.27" 22° 13 8.27"
2200 25 04° 39' 22.27" 26° 52 30.48"
2204.713 4.713 00° 52'40.02" 27° 45 10.5"

4.298
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 00° 48' 01.77"
149.011

10
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 01° 51' 44.91"
149.011

4.713
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 00° 52' 40.02"
149.011

Point Chainage Chord length Individual tan angle Cumulative tan angle
T1 2055.702 0.0 00°00'00" 00° 00' 00.00"
2060 4.298 00° 48' 01.77" 00° 48' 01.77"
2070 10 01° 51' 44.91" 02° 39' 46.68"
2080 10 01° 51' 44.91" 04° 31' 31.59"
2090 10 01° 51' 44.91" 06° 13' 16.50"
2100 10 01° 51' 44.91" 08° 15' 01.41"
2110 10 01° 51' 44.91" 10° 06' 46.32"
2120 10 01° 51' 44.91" 11° 58' 31.23"
2130 10 01° 51' 44.91" 13° 50' 16.14"
2140 10 01° 51' 44.91" 15° 42' 01.05"
2150 10 01° 51' 44.91" 17° 33' 45.96"
2160 10 01° 51' 44.91" 19° 25' 30.87"
2170 10 01° 51' 44.91" 21° 17' 15.78"
2180 10 01° 51' 44.91" 23° 09' 00.69"
 2190 10 01° 51' 44.91" 25° 00' 45.60"
2200 10 01° 51' 44.91" 26° 52' 30.48"
T2 2204.713 4.713 00° 52' 40.02" 27° 45' 10.50"

14.298
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 02° 39' 46.68"
149.011

15
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 02° 47' 37.36"
149.011

14.713
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 02° 44' 24.93"
149.011

Point Chainage(m) Chord length(m) Individual tan angle Cumulative tan angle
T1 2055.702 0.0 00° 00' 00" 00° 00' 00.00"
2070 14.298 02° 39' 46.68" 02° 39' 46.68"
2085 15 02° 47' 37.36" 05° 27' 24.04"
2100 15 02° 47' 37.36" 08° 15' 01.41"
2115 15 02° 47' 37.36" 11° 02' 38.76"
2130 15 02° 47' 37.36" 13° 50' 16.12"
2145 15 02° 47' 37.36" 16° 37' 53.48"
2160 15 02° 47' 37.36" 19° 25' 30.84"
2175 15 02° 47' 37.36" 22° 13' 08.20"
2190 15 02° 47' 37.36" 25° 00' 45.56"
T2 2204.713 14.713 02° 44' 24.93" 27° 45' 10.50"

4.298
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 00° 48' 01.77"
149.011
20
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 03° 43' 29.82"
149.011
4.713
× 55° 30 ' 21} over {2 ¿ = 00° 52' 40.02"
149.011

Point Chainage(m) Chord length(m) Individual tan angle Cumulative tan angle
T1 2055.702 0.0 00° 00' 00" 00° 00' 00.00"
2060 4.298 00° 48' 01.77" 00° 48' 01.77"
2080 20 03° 43' 29.82" 04° 31' 31.59"
2100 20 03° 43' 29.82" 08° 15' 01.41"
2120 20 03° 43' 29.82" 11° 58' 31.23"
 2140 20 03° 43' 29.82" 15° 42' 01.05"
2160 20 03° 43' 29.82" 19° 25' 30.87"
2180 20 03° 43' 29.82" 23° 09' 00.69"
2220 20 03° 43' 29.82" 26° 52' 30.51"
T2 2204.713 4.713 00° 52' 40.02" 27° 45' 10.50"

Levelling of points
Staff readings Elevation Remarks
Backsight Inter-sight Fore sight Height of Reduced
collimation level
0.885 1551.255 1550.370 BM
1.320 0.880 1551.695 1550.375 CP1
1.235 1.495 1551.435 1550.200 CP2
1.045 1.450 1551.030 1549.985 CP3
1.900 1.775 1551.155 1549.255 CP4
1.810 1549.345 T
1.880 1549.275 A
1.765 1549.390 B
1.531 1549.624 C
1.463 1549.692 D
1.360 1549.795 E
1.431 1549.724 F
1.440 1549.715 G
1.465 1549.690 H
1.630 1549.525 I
1.852 1.620 1551.387 1549.585 U
1.150 1550.237 I
1.170 1550.214 H
1.145 1550.242 G
1.060 1550.324 F
1.182 1550.205 E
1.245 1550.142 D
1.485 1549.902 C
1.540 1549.847 B
1.560 1549.827 A
1.490 1549.897 T
1.730 1.315 1549.072 CP4
0.125 0.995 1549.487 CP3
1.564 1.210 1549.617 CP2
0.805 1.553 1549.971 CP1
0.826 1549.950 BM
The reduced levels of the offsets 5m, 10m and 15m from the points are as shown below:

15m 10m 5m Point 5m 10m 15m

H 1.620 1.555 A 1.485 1.445 1.430
RL 1549.767 1549.832 1549.902 1549.942 1549.957
H 1.490 1.500 B 1.625 1.592 1.580
RL 1549.897 1549.887 1549.762 1549.795 1549.807
H 1.320 1.300 1.250 C 1.340 1.530 1.550
RL 1550.067 1550.087 1550.137 1550.037 1549.857 1549.837
H 1.173 1.175 1.174 D 1.163 1.160 1.159
RL 1550.214 1550.212 1550.270 1550.224 1550.227 1550.228
H 1.185 1.179 1.182 E 1.178 1.169 1.20
RL 1550.202 1550.208 1550.205 1550.209 1550.218 1550.187
H 1.182 1.184 1.181 F 1.183 1.179 1.191
RL 1550.2 1550.203 1550.201 1550.204 1550.208 1550.916
H 1.182 1.184 1.186 G 1.178 1.183 1.195
RL 1550.205 1550.203 1550.201 1550.209 1550.204 1550.192
H 1.184 1.182 1.189 H 1.400 1.475 1.460
RL 1550.203 1550.205 1550.198 1549.987 1549.912 1549.927
H 1.143 1.135 1.118 I 1.400 1.395 1.389
RL 1550.273 1550.252 1550.207 1549.987 1549.992 1549.998
H 1.192 1.190 1.410 J 1.345 1.420 1.435
RL 1550.195 1550.197 1550.246 1550.042 1549.967 1549.952

ERROR ANALYSIS
Computed chord length=2R sin (55030’21”/2) = 149.01m
Chord length measured in the field=148.30m
Error=149.01-148.30 =0.71m
External length PI=OI-R
OI=(R2+TI2)0.5 = (1602 +84.192) 0.5=180.80
Computed PI=180.80-160 =20.80m
PI measured in the field=21.65m
Error=20.80-21.65= -0.85m
Limit for the errors from the computed data was to be less than 1m. Hence the setting out done
was fine.

SOURCES OF ERROR

CONCLUSION
1. The chord length was found to be 148.30m with an error of 0.71m from the calculated
value.
2. The external distance (PI) measured on the field was found to be 21.65 having an error of
-0.85m from the calculated value.
3. The bench mark reduced level was found to be 1549.950 which differs from the known
bench mark reduced level by 1.305.