code
code
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// If polynomial is empty
if (*poly == NULL) {
*poly = newTerm;
return;
}
return result;
}
poly = poly->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
int main() {
// Create first polynomial: 5x^2 + 4x
PolyNode* poly1 = NULL;
insertTerm(&poly1, 5, 2); // 5x^2
insertTerm(&poly1, 4, 1); // 4x
printf("Polynomial 2: ");
printPolynomial(poly2);
// Add polynomials
PolyNode* result = addPolynomials(poly1, poly2);
// Print result
printf("Result Polynomial: ");
printPolynomial(result);
// Free memory
freePolynomial(poly1);
freePolynomial(poly2);
freePolynomial(result);
return 0;
}
2. Key Functions:
- createTerm(): Creates a new polynomial term
- insertTerm(): Inserts a term at the end of the polynomial
- addPolynomials(): Adds two polynomials by matching and combining like terms
- printPolynomial(): Displays the polynomial
- freePolynomial(): Releases memory to prevent memory leaks
3. Addition Algorithm:
- Compare exponents of terms from both polynomials
- Add coefficients for terms with matching exponents
- Add remaining terms from either polynomial
- Skip terms with zero coefficients
*Example Run:*
- Polynomial 1: 5x^2 + 4x
- Polynomial 2: 5x + 5
- Result: 5x^2 + 9x + 5
*Time Complexity:* O(m+n), where m and n are the number of terms in the polynomials
*Space Complexity:* O(m+n) for the result polynomial
*Additional Notes:*
- The code handles polynomials of different degrees
- It dynamically allocates memory for terms
- Memory is properly freed to prevent leaks
This implementation provides a robust solution for adding polynomials using a linked list
representation, meeting the requirements of the problem statement.
return ptr;
}
// Update root
root = newRoot;
}
// Find successor
node = findSuccessor(node);
}
}
// Verify traversal
printf("In-order Traversal: ");
inorderTraversal(root);
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
*Key Advantages:*
- Efficient in-order traversal
- Reduced space complexity
- No need for stack in traversal
*Time Complexity:*
- Insertion: O(1) for most operations
- Traversal: O(n)
*Space Complexity:*
- O(n), where n is the number of nodes
*Important Functions:*
- createNode(): Allocates memory for a new node
- findSuccessor(): Finds the in-order successor of a node
- inorderTraversal(): Demonstrates thread-based traversal
*Practical Applications:*
- Memory-efficient tree representations
- Fast in-order traversals
- Databases and indexing structures
*Potential Improvements:*
- Add error handling
- Implement deletion operations
- Create more robust thread management
2. *Efficient Deletion*: Nodes can be deleted more efficiently as the previous node's pointer is directly
available. This eliminates the need to traverse the entire list to find the previous node.
3. *Easy Insertion*: Inserting nodes at any position becomes easier as you have access to both next and
previous node pointers.
4. *Reversing the List*: Reversing a double linked list is simpler compared to a singly linked list, as you
can easily change the next and previous pointers.
2. *Complex Implementation*: The implementation is more complex due to the need to manage two
pointers for each node.
3. *Increased Complexity in Insertion and Deletion*: More pointer manipulations are required during
node operations, which can lead to more complex code.
Now, I'll write the C functions to delete a node from a circular double linked list:
c
// Structure for Circular Double Linked List Node
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next;
struct Node* prev;
};
return head;
}
// If list is empty
if (head == NULL) {
newNode->next = newNode;
newNode->prev = newNode;
return newNode;
}
return head;
}
1. *deleteNode Function*:
- Searches for the node with the given key in the circular list
- Handles different scenarios:
* Empty list
* Single node list
* Deleting the head node
* Deleting a node in the middle or end
2. *Time Complexity*:
- Searching: O(n)
- Deletion: O(1) once the node is found
3. *Space Complexity*:
- O(1) extra space
// Example usage
int main() {
// Create a sample binary tree
struct Node* root = createNode(1);
root->left = createNode(2);
root->right = createNode(3);
root->left->left = createNode(4);
root->left->right = createNode(5);
return 0;
}
1. We define a Node structure to represent each node in the binary tree, containing:
- data: the value stored in the node
- left: pointer to the left child
- right: pointer to the right child
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