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Math 112 Module Week 2

The document discusses the technique of integration by substitution, which involves changing variables to simplify integrals. It provides several examples demonstrating how to apply this method to evaluate different types of integrals, including polynomial and trigonometric functions. Additionally, it covers the process of evaluating integrals of rational functions through polynomial long division.

Uploaded by

Nasrollah Abdullah Camid
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

Math 112 Module Week 2

The document discusses the technique of integration by substitution, which involves changing variables to simplify integrals. It provides several examples demonstrating how to apply this method to evaluate different types of integrals, including polynomial and trigonometric functions. Additionally, it covers the process of evaluating integrals of rational functions through polynomial long division.

Uploaded by

Nasrollah Abdullah Camid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 2 (Topics)

Integration by substitution

Some integrals cannot be evaluated readily by direct application of standard integration


formulas. The technique for evaluation such integrals leans heavily on what is known as method
of substitution. This method involves a change of variable, say from x to another variable u. The
purpose of substituting a new variable is to bring the problem to a form for which a standard
formula can be applied. The integration by substitution is justified by the so-called Chain Rule for
Integration which we shall briefly stated below.
Let F(u) be a function whose derivative is f(u), that is F’(u) = f(u). If u is a differentiable
function of x, say u = h(x)

Then

∫ 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓 [ℎ(𝑥 )] ℎ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Example 1. Evaluate ∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥

1 1
Solution: Let u = 3x + 4. Then du = 3dx or 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 or neutralizing factor or nf = 3
3

Then the given integral becomes

1
∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢2 . 3
𝑑𝑢 since our expression has an exponent of 2, therefore u becomes u 2

1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
3

1 𝑢3
= 3∫ +𝐶 by F(4), then substitute u = 3x+4
3

(3𝑥+4)3
= +𝐶 Ans.
9

Example 2. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

1 1
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1. Then du = 2xdx or 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 or nf = 2
2
1
∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 . 𝑑𝑢
2

1
=. ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑢5
= . +𝐶
2 5

𝑢5
= +𝐶
10

(𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)𝟓
= +𝑪 Ans.
𝟏𝟎

Or you may use this method:

2 5
1 (𝑥 − 1)
∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = . +𝐶
2 5

𝟐 𝟓
(𝒙 −𝟏)
= +𝑪 Ans.
𝟏𝟎

Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥 or 𝑛𝑓 = 4

(recall the derivative of 6 trigonometric functions)

6
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4. +𝐶
6

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝟒𝒙
= +𝑪 Ans.
𝟐𝟒
Example 4. Evaluate ∫(4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 )√4𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥

Solution. Perhaps to a beginner, this problem may appear difficult. It seems not easy to recognize
which expression should be equated to u. This time, we need that little trick. To do the trick, all
we need are simple algebraic manipulation. Thus
1
∫(4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 )√4𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 1)(4𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 we have common factor x at
4𝑥 3 + 𝑥
so it becomes 𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 1)
and we transform radical to exponential form and combine the expressions.
Recall the law of exponent.
3
1
= ∫(4𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 let u = 4𝑥 2 + 1 , du = 8xdx therefore, our 𝑛𝑓 = 8

5
1 (4𝑥 2 +1)2
= 8. 5 +𝐶 by F(4)
2

5
(4𝑥 2 + 1)2
= +𝐶
40
2
𝟓
(𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐
= +𝑪 Ans.
𝟐𝟎

Consider this time the problem of evaluating the integral of rational fraction

𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)

where the degree of f(x)≥ degree of g(x). To evaluate this, we must first carry out the indicated
division until the remainder is of lower degree than the denominator. That is,
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
= 𝑄 (𝑥 ) +
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)

Where Q(x) = quotient


R(x) = remainder of the lower degree than g(x)
Therefore, we have

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑄(𝑥) + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑅(𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑄(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑥)

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3

Solution. Here f(x)= 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 and g(x) = x-3


Carrying out the indicated division, we get

2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 4
= +
𝑥−3 𝑥−3 𝑥−3
2𝑥(𝑥 − 3) 4
= +
𝑥−3 𝑥−3

4
= 2𝑥 +
𝑥−3

Where Q(x) = 2x and R(x) = 4

Therefore,

2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3 𝑥−3

4
= ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3

4
= 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫
𝑥−3
2
= 2. 𝑥2 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3|+ C by F(4) and F(5)

= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑|+ C Ans.

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