Chapter 3: Hypothesis Testing

1. True/False Questions

1. A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no difference. (True)

2. The alternative hypothesis is always accepted when the p-value is greater than 0.05.
(False)
3. A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected even though it is true. (True)
4. The p-value represents the probability of obtaining a result as extreme as the observed one
under the null hypothesis. (True)
5. Hypothesis testing can only be applied to large sample sizes. (False)
6. A two-tailed test checks for the possibility of a relationship in both directions. (True)
7. The significance level (α) is usually set at 0.5 in hypothesis testing. (False)
8. The test statistic determines whether to reject the null hypothesis. (True)
9. Hypothesis testing does not require assumptions about the population distribution. (False)
10. Failing to reject the null hypothesis means that it is proven true. (False)

2. Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Which of the following represents the null hypothesis?

o a) H1
o b) H0
o c) α
o d) p-value
Answer: b)
2. What is the primary purpose of hypothesis testing?
o a) To prove the null hypothesis
o b) To estimate population parameters
o c) To determine if there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis
o d) To compute test statistics
Answer: c)
3. What is the common threshold for the significance level (α)?
o a) 0.01
o b) 0.05
o c) 0.1
o d) 0.5
Answer: b)
4. A Type II error occurs when:
o a) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true
o b) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false
o c) The alternative hypothesis is accepted when it is false
o d) The significance level is too high
Answer: b)
5. The p-value is:
o a) Always equal to the significance level
o b) The observed probability under the null hypothesis
 o c) The threshold for rejecting the alternative hypothesis
o d) Fixed for all tests
Answer: b)
6. What does a two-tailed test examine?
o a) Only positive relationships
o b) Only negative relationships
o c) Both positive and negative relationships
o d) No relationships
Answer: c)
7. Which of the following is not a step in hypothesis testing?
o a) Define null and alternative hypotheses
o b) Collect data
o c) Compute test statistic
o d) Adjust the sample size after the test
Answer: d)
8. The test statistic for a t-test is used to:
o a) Calculate probabilities
o b) Compare sample mean differences to population means
o c) Determine Type I errors
o d) Adjust the sample variance
Answer: b)
9. A one-tailed test:
o a) Checks for deviations in one direction
o b) Examines deviations in both directions
o c) Is the same as a two-tailed test
o d) Requires no significance level
Answer: a)
10. The critical value is:

 a) Always equal to the p-value

 b) A threshold used to determine the rejection of the null hypothesis
 c) A statistic measuring sample size
 d) The probability of a Type II error
Answer: b)

11. Which of the following reduces the probability of Type I errors?

 a) Increasing the significance level

 b) Decreasing the sample size
 c) Decreasing the significance level
 d) Increasing the standard deviation
Answer: c)

12. When the null hypothesis is true, the test statistic should:

 a) Be close to zero
  b) Be greater than the critical value
 c) Equal the p-value
 d) Always be significant
Answer: a)

13. Hypothesis testing assumes:

 a) Random sampling
 b) Non-random sampling
 c) A large population size
 d) No variability in data
Answer: a)

14. A z-test is used when:

 a) Sample size is large and variance is known

 b) Sample size is small and variance is unknown
 c) Population is not normally distributed
 d) Both a and c
Answer: a)

15. What is the main assumption of parametric tests?

 a) Data follows a normal distribution

 b) Data is skewed
 c) Population variances are unequal
 d) Data has a non-linear relationship
Answer: a)

Chapter 4: Chi-Square Distributions

3. True/False Questions

1. The chi-square test is used to compare observed and expected frequencies. (True)
2. A chi-square test is suitable for continuous data. (False)
3. Degrees of freedom affect the shape of the chi-square distribution. (True)
4. The chi-square distribution is symmetric. (False)
5. A larger chi-square statistic indicates a smaller p-value. (True)
6. The chi-square test assumes independent observations. (True)
7. Chi-square tests are used to test for mean differences between groups. (False)
8. Expected frequencies in a chi-square test must be greater than 5. (True)
9. The chi-square test is a parametric test. (False)
10. Chi-square tests can be applied to contingency tables. (True)

4. Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The chi-square test is used to:
o a) Compare means
o b) Compare variances
o c) Compare observed and expected frequencies
o d) Calculate correlations
Answer: c)
2. What type of data is required for a chi-square test?
o a) Continuous data
o b) Nominal data
o c) Interval data
o d) Ratio data
Answer: b)
3. Which of the following affects the chi-square test's critical value?
o a) Sample size
o b) Degrees of freedom
o c) Variance
o d) Mean
Answer: b)
4. The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test in a 2x3 table is:
o a) 6
o b) 5
o c) 2
o d) 1
Answer: c)
5. A chi-square test is inappropriate when:
o a) Expected frequencies are too small
o b) Data is categorical
o c) Observations are independent
o d) Degrees of freedom are high
Answer: a)
6. The null hypothesis in a chi-square test states that:
o a) Observed frequencies are less than expected frequencies
o b) Observed frequencies are equal to expected frequencies
o c) Observed frequencies are greater than expected frequencies
o d) Observed and expected frequencies are unrelated
Answer: b)
7. A larger sample size in a chi-square test:
o a) Increases the degrees of freedom
o b) Reduces the test's accuracy
o c) Always leads to a significant result
o d) Increases the observed frequencies
Answer: a)
8. The chi-square test statistic is calculated as:
o a) Σ((O - E)^2 / E)
o b) Σ((O - E)^2)
o c) Σ(O / E)
 o d) (O - E)^2
Answer: a)
9. A chi-square test for independence is used to:
o a) Test the relationship between two categorical variables
o b) Test the difference in means
o c) Test the equality of variances
o d) Compare multiple groups
Answer: a)
10. The shape of the chi-square distribution:

 a) Depends on sample size

 b) Is symmetric
 c) Depends on degrees of freedom
 d) Is always normal
Answer: c)

Chapter 5: Analysis of Variance

5. True/False Questions

1. ANOVA is used to compare means across multiple groups. (True)

2. ANOVA assumes that data is normally distributed. (True)
3. A significant F-statistic indicates that all group means are equal. (False)
4. ANOVA can determine which groups differ from each other. (False)
5. Homogeneity of variance is an assumption of ANOVA. (True)
6. The F-statistic is the ratio of between-group variance to within-group variance. (True)
7. Post-hoc tests are required if ANOVA shows significance. (True)
8. ANOVA cannot be used for more than three groups. (False)
9. The null hypothesis in ANOVA states that all group means are equal. (True)
10. A high F-statistic leads to a high p-value. (False)

6. Multiple-Choice Questions

1. The purpose of ANOVA is to:

o a) Test the relationship between two variables
o b) Compare variances
o c) Compare means across groups
o d) Analyze frequencies
Answer: c)
2. The F-statistic in ANOVA is calculated as:
o a) MSbetween / MSwithin
o b) MSwithin / MSbetween
o c) (O - E)^2 / E
 o d) Mean × Variance
Answer: a)
3. What is a key assumption of ANOVA?
o a) Equal variances across groups
o b) Data is categorical
o c) Observations are dependent
o d) Sample size is equal for all groups
Answer: a)
4. A significant ANOVA result means:
o a) All group means are different
o b) At least one group mean differs
o c) Group variances are unequal
o d) Data is not normally distributed
Answer: b)
5. Post-hoc tests are conducted:
o a) Before ANOVA
o b) Only if ANOVA is not significant
o c) To determine specific group differences
o d) When group sizes are unequal
Answer: c)
6. ANOVA is a:
o a) Parametric test
o b) Non-parametric test
o c) Test for independence
o d) Test for correlation
Answer: a)
7. The null hypothesis in ANOVA assumes:
o a) All group means are equal
o b) All group variances are equal
o c) All groups are independent
o d) Group means are not equal
Answer: a)
8. Which of the following is not a type of ANOVA?
o a) One-way ANOVA
o b) Two-way ANOVA
o c) Multi-variable ANOVA
o d) Repeated measures ANOVA
Answer: c)
9. The total variation in ANOVA is partitioned into:
o a) Between-group and within-group variation
o b) Observed and expected variation
o c) Variance and standard deviation
o d) Critical value and p-value
Answer: a)
10. ANOVA can be used to:
 a) Test for mean differences in more than two groups
 b) Test for correlation
 c) Analyze frequencies in contingency tables
 d) Compare variances
Answer: a)