QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

• A quadratic equation in one variable is a mathematical sentence of degree 2 that can be written in the following
standard form.
• ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0
• ax2 – Quadratic term bx – Linear term c – constant term
• Example 1: 2x2 + 5x – 3 = 0 is a quadratic equation in standard form with a = 2, b = 5, and c = -3.
• Example 2: 3x(x – 2) = 10 is a quadratic equation. However, it is not written in standard form.

a = 3, b = -6, and c = -10

FOUR METHODS OF SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
• Extracting the square root
• Factoring
• Completing the square
• Quadratic Formula

EXTRACTING THE SQUARE ROOT

• Quadratic equations that can be written in the form x2 = c can be solved using extracting the square root.
• In other words, if the LINEAR TERM (bx) is missing, the extracting the square root is best to use.
• Example: Find the solutions of the equation x2 – 16 = 0 by extracting square roots.
Write the equation in the form x2 = k.
x2 – 16 = 0 → x2 = 16
Extract the square root of both sides √𝑥 2 = √16
𝑥 = ±4
Therefore, x1 = 4 and x2 = -4

FACTORING
• Steps on solving quadratic equations by factoring:
1. Transform the quadratic equation into standard form if necessary.
2. Factor the quadratic expression.
3. Apply the zero-product property by setting each factor of the quadratic expression equal to 0.
4. Solve each resulting equation.
5. Check the values of the variable obtained by substituting each in the original equation.
• Example: Find the solutions of x2 + 9x = -8 by factoring.
a. Transform the equation into standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
x2 + 9x = -8 → x2 + 9x + 8 = 0
b. Factor the quadratic expression x2 + 9x + 8.
x2 + 9x + 8 = 0 → (x + 1)(x + 8) = 0
c. Apply the zero product property by setting each factor of the quadratic expression equal to 0.
(x + 1)(x + 8) = 0
x+1=0|x+8=0
d. Solve each resulting equation.
x+1=0 x+8=0
x1 = -1 x2 = - 8
e. Check the values of the variable obtained by substituting each in the equation x2 + 9x = -8.

Therefore, x1 = - 1 and x2 = -8
COMPLETING THE SQUARE
𝑏 2
• To complete the square of the expression 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥, add the square of half the coefficient of 𝑥 to make 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + (2) .
• Example: Solve the quadratic equation: x2 + 10x = 3.

QUADRATIC FORMULA

• The solutions of any quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 can be determined using the quadratic formula
−𝒃 ± √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
• Note: Determine the values of a, b, and c, then substitute these in the quadratic formula.
• Example: Find the solutions of the equation 2x2 + 3x = 27 using the quadratic formula.
Solution: 2x2 + 3x = 27 → 2x2 + 3x – 27 = 0
a= 2, b = 3, c = -27
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 −3±√(3)2 −4(2)(−27) −3±√9+216 −3±√225 −3±15
𝑥= → 𝑥= → 𝑥= → 𝑥= → 𝑥=
2𝑎 2(2) 4 4 4
−3+15 −3−15
𝑥1 = | 𝑥2 =
4 4
12 −18
𝑥1 = | 𝑥2 =
4 4
−𝟗
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑 | 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐
THE NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

b2 – 4ac → Discriminant
Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic
Discriminant (b2 – 4ac)
Equation
b2 – 4ac = 0
Real numbers and equal
(ZERO)

b2 – 4ac > 0
Rational numbers but not equal
(POSITIVE AND PERFECT SQUARE)

b2 – 4ac > 0
Irrational numbers but not equal
(POSITIVE BUT NOT PERFECT SQUARE)

b2 – 4ac < 0
No real roots/solution
(NEGATIVE)

• Example: Describe the roots of x2 – 4x + 4 = 0.

The values of a, b, and c in the equation are the following: a = 1 b = -4 c = 4
Substitute these values of a, b, and c in the expression b² – 4ac. b2 – 4ac = (–4)2 – 4(1)(4)
= 16 – 16
=0
Since the value of b2 – 4ac is zero, we can say that the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 are
real numbers and are equal.
TRY THIS!
Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations using the discriminant.
1. x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 discriminant: ______ nature of the roots: _________
2. x2 + 9x + 20 = 0 discriminant: ______ nature of the roots: _________
3. 2x2 – 10x + 8 = 0 discriminant: ______ nature of the roots: _________

THE SUM AND THE PRODUCT OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

−𝑏
• Sum of the roots = 𝑎
𝑐
• Product of the roots = 𝑎
• Example 1: Find the sum and the product of the roots of 2x2 + 8x – 10 = 0.
The values of a, b, and c in the equation are a = 2, b = 8, and c = -10.
−𝑏 −8
Sum of the roots = = = −𝟒
𝑎 2
𝑐 −10
Product of the roots = 𝑎 = = −𝟓
2
The roots of the equation are 1 and -5. Find the sum and the product of these roots:

TRY THIS! Use the values of a, b, and c of the following quadratic equations to determine its roots' sum and product. Verify your
answers by obtaining the roots of the equation.
1. x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 Sum: _____ Product: _____ Roots: _____________
2. 6x2 + 12x – 18 = 0 Sum: _____ Product: _____ Roots: _____________

EQUATIONS TRANSFORMABLE INTO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Solving Quadratic Equations That Are Not Written in Standard Form
• Example 1: Solve x(x– 5) = 36.
Distributive Property x(x – 5) = 36 → x2 – 5x = 36
Write in Standard Form x2 – 5x – 36 = 0
• Example 2: (x + 5)2 + (x – 2)2 = 37.

Solving Rational Algebraic Equations Transformable into Quadratic Equations

• Example 3: Solution:

1. Find the LCD.

2. Multiply both sides by the LCD. 24 + x2 – 3x = 8x
3. Write the resulting quadratic equation in standard form. 24 + x2 – 3x = 8x → x2 – 11x + 24 = 0

SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Problem 1: A rectangular table has an area of 27𝑓𝑡 2 and a perimeter of 24 𝑓𝑡. What are the dimensions of the table?
Step 1: Understand the problem
𝑙𝑤 = 27, represents its area.
2𝑙 + 2𝑤 = 24, represents its perimeter → 𝑙 + 𝑤 = 12 (divide the equation by 2)
Step 2: Write the equation
𝑏 𝑐
𝑥 2 + (− 𝑎) 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0

𝑏
Sum of the roots = − 𝑎 = −12
𝑐
Product of the roots = 𝑎 = 27
Step 3: Solve the equation
Problem 2: The product of two consecutive integers is 462. Find the numbers?
Step 1: Understand the problem
Let 𝑥, the first number.
𝑥 + 1, the second number.
Step 2: Write the equation
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = 462
Step 3: Solve the equation

**Some useful VERBAL AND MATHEMATICAL PHRASES in solving problems.

QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
A quadratic inequality is an inequality that contains a polynomial of degree 2 and can be written in any of the following forms.

• Example: Find the solution set of x2 + 7x + 12 > 0

Step 1: Solve for x. x2 + 7x + 12 > 0
Write the inequality as an equation x2 + 7x + 12 = 0
Solve for x using factoring (x+4)(x+3)=0
Zero Product Property x+4 = 0 x+3=0
x=-4 x=-3
Step 2: Locate the points on the number lines

Step 3:
REGION TEST POINT x2 + 7x + 12 > 0

A x=-7

B x = - 3.6

C x=0

Answer: Therefore, the inequality is true for any value of x in the interval (–∞,-4) U (-3, ∞) or –∞ < x < –4 or –3 < x < ∞

YOUR TURN! Find the solution set of the following inequalities:

1. x2 + 9x + 14 > 0
2. r2 – 10r + 16 < 0

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
• A quadratic function is a second-degree polynomial
• 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, 𝑊here a, b, and c are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0.
• The graph of a quadratic function is called a PARABOLA.

YOUR TURN! Rewrite the following general/standard form to vertex form and vice-versa.
1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 8 2. 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 1)2 − 8
PROPERTIES OF THE PARABOLA
1. Vertex (h,k):
• It is the turning point of the parabola.
• It is also the highest or lowest point, also known as the parabola's maximum (opens downward) or minimum (opens
upward) point.

2. Domain (x) - All Real Numbers or {𝐱 | 𝐱 𝛜 ℝ } or (−∞, ∞).

3. Range (y) – If a>0: {𝐲 | 𝐲 ≥ 𝐤 } and if a<0: {𝐲 | 𝐲 ≤ 𝐤 }.
4. Axis of Symmetry (𝒙 = 𝒉) - It intersects the vertex and divides the parabola into two equal parts.
5. X-intercept/ Zeros - The point(s) at which the graph touches the x-axis.
6. Y-intercept - The point at which the graph touches the y-axis.
Example:

PROBLEMS INVOLVING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

A ball is thrown upward from the top of a 40-foot-high building at a speed of 80 feet per second. The ball’s height above ground
can be modeled by the equation 𝐻(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 80𝑡 + 40.
Questions:
a. When does the ball reach the maximum height?
b. What is the maximum height of the ball?
Answers:
a. The ball reaches the maximum height at the vertex of the parabola.
−𝑏
Use ℎ = .
2𝑎

The ball reaches a maximum height after 2.5 seconds.

b. To find the maximum height, find the y coordinate of the vertex of the parabola. (Use the value of h and substitute to the
given quadratic function.

The ball reaches a maximum height of 140 feet.

**Note: If the problem involves finding the minimum or maximum values, it is asking for the y coordinate of the vertex of the
parabola hence you can use the formula of finding the (h,k) to solve the problem.

GOD BLESS