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Exercises - 01 - Algebra

The document contains a series of exercises related to tensor operations, matrix equations, and transformations, primarily referencing works by Lai et al., Coimbra, and Gurtin. It includes tasks such as evaluating matrix products, demonstrating equivalences, writing equations in indicial notation, and proving properties of tensors and transformations. The exercises aim to deepen understanding of continuum mechanics and tensor algebra.

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José Lima
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13 views3 pages

Exercises - 01 - Algebra

The document contains a series of exercises related to tensor operations, matrix equations, and transformations, primarily referencing works by Lai et al., Coimbra, and Gurtin. It includes tasks such as evaluating matrix products, demonstrating equivalences, writing equations in indicial notation, and proving properties of tensors and transformations. The exercises aim to deepen understanding of continuum mechanics and tensor algebra.

Uploaded by

José Lima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Exercises #1

1. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.1] Given


   
1 0 2 1
[S] =  0 1 2  and [a] =  2 
   

3 0 3 3

evaluate

(a) Sij
(b) Sij Sij
(c) Sji Sji
(d) Sjk Skj
(e) am am
(f) Smn am an and
(g) Spm am an .

2. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.2] Determine which of these equations has an identical meaning
with ai = Qη̄ a0j .

(a) ap = Qpm a0m


(b) ap = Qσ a0q0
(c) am = a0n Qmn

3. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.3] Given the following matrices


   
1 2 3 0
 0 ,
[a] =   0 5 1 
[B] = 
 

2 0 2 1

demonstrate the equivalence of the subscripted equations and the corresponding matrix
equations in the following two problems:

(a) bi = Bij aj and [b] = [B][a] and


(b) s = Bij ai aj and s = [a]T [B][a]

4. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.4] Write in indicial notation the matrix equation

(a) [A] = [B][C],


(b) [D] = [B]T [C] and
(c) [E] = [B]T [C][F].

5. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.5] Write in indicial notation the equation

(a) s = A21 + A22 + A23 and


∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ
(b) ∂x21
+ ∂x22
+ ∂x23
= 0.

6. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.6] Given that Sij = ai aj and Sij0 = a0i a0j , where a0i = Qmi am and
a0j = Qnj an , and Qik Qjk = δij show that Sii0 = Sii

1
∂vi ∂vi
7. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.7] Write ai = ∂t
+ vj ∂x j
in long form.

8. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.8] Given that Tij = 2µEij + λEkk δij , show that

(a) Tij Eij = 2µEij Eij + λ (Ekk )2 and


(b) Tij Tij = 4µ2 Eij Eij + (Ekk )2 (4µλ + 3λ2 )

9. Show that the distributive property

(αu + v) × w = α (u × w) + v × w

holds in vector product, α ∈ R.

10. Show that


(u × v) × w = (u · w) v − (w · v) u.

11. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.19] A transformation T operates on any vector a to give Ta =
a/|a|, where |a| is the magnitude of a. Show that T is not a linear transformation.

12. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.19] A tensor T transforms every vector a into a vector Ta = m×a,
where m is a specified vector. Show that T is a linear transformation. (b) If m = e1 +e2 ,
find the matrix of the tensor T.

13. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.22] Obtain the matrix for the tensor T, that transforms the base
vectors as follows: Te1 = 2e1 + e3 , Te2 = e2 + 3e3 , Te3 = −e1 + 3e2 .

14. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.23] Find the matrix


√
of the tensor T that
√
transforms any vector a
2 2
into a vector b = m(a · n) where m = 2 (e1 + e2 ) and n = 2 (−e1 + e3 ).

15. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.26] Consider a plane of reflection that passes through the origin.
Let n be a unit nomal vector to the plane and let r be the position vector for a point in
space.

(a) Show that the reflected vector for r is given by Tr = r − 2(r · n)n, where T is the
transformation that corresponds to the reflection.
√
(b) Let n = (e1 + e2 + e3 ) / 3, find the matrix of T.
(c) Use this linear transformation to find the mirror image of the vector a = e1 +2e2 +3e3

16. Let T and R be any two tensors. Show that (TR)T = RT TT .

17. [Lai et al., 2010, ex. 2.34] Show that the trace operation is a linear

tr (αT + βR) = αtr (T) + βtr (R) .

18. Show that following result involving the trace operations


       
tr TRT = tr TT R = tr RT T = tr RTT .

19. Using the definition of the determinant in index components, show that the properties

(a) det (I) = 1;


 
(b) det (T) = det TT
(c) det (αT) = α3 det (T)

2
(d) det (RT) = det (R) det (T)

are valid.

20. [Coimbra, 1981, ex. 1.18.1] Determine the value of the vectors u and v of the following
system (
α1 u + β1 a(v · b) = c1
.
α2 a(u · b) + α2 v = c2

21. [Coimbra, 1981, ex. 1.18.2] Solve the equation αv + v × a = b, for v, showing that

α2 b − α(b × a) + a(b · a)
v= .
α (α2 + a · a)

22. Show, using index notation, that

(T + R) u = Tu + Ru
(TR) u = T (Ru) .

23. [Gurtin, 1981, ex. 3, pg.9] Are the sum T + R and the product TR tensors? Show.

24. [Gurtin, 1981, ex. 8, pg.10] Show that

(a) v = Su is equivalent to vi = Sij uj


 
(b) ST = Sji
ij

(c) (ST)ij = Sik Tkj


(d) S · T = Sij Tij

25. [Gurtin, 1981, ex. 9, pg.10] Prove that the operation S · T is indeed an inner product;
that is, show that

(a) S · T = T · S
(b) S · T is linear in T for S fixed;
(c) S · S ≥ 0
(d) S · S = 0 only when S = 0.

References
[Coimbra, 1981] Coimbra, A. L.: Novas lições de mecânica do Contínuo, 1981.

[Gurtin, 1981] Gurtin, M. E.: An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics, 1981.

[Lai et al., 2010] Lai, W.M., Rubin, D., Krempl, E.: Introduction to Continuum Mechanics,
Fourth edition , 2010.

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