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Logic

The document provides an overview of logic, its definitions, and its applications, including the analysis of propositions and the validity of arguments. It explains different types of propositions, such as simple and compound propositions, and introduces logical symbols and connectors. Additionally, it covers conditional statements, their inverses, converses, and contrapositives, as well as concepts like tautology, fallacy, and contingency.

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Abdiel Relles
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7 views

Logic

The document provides an overview of logic, its definitions, and its applications, including the analysis of propositions and the validity of arguments. It explains different types of propositions, such as simple and compound propositions, and introduces logical symbols and connectors. Additionally, it covers conditional statements, their inverses, converses, and contrapositives, as well as concepts like tautology, fallacy, and contingency.

Uploaded by

Abdiel Relles
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC

Comes from the Greek word logos


meaning principle, speech,
knowledge, reason, or plan.

From the term logical appeal the


word logic is derived from it.

LOGIC
■ analyze information and the relationship
between statements,
■ determine the validity of arguments,
■ determine valid conclusions based on
given assumptions, and
■ analyze electronic circuits.

USES OF LOGIC
Propositions are statements.

A sentence in declarative form.

PROPOSITIONS
 x^2 is the square of a number.
-Proposition
 When will our class be?
-Not a proposition
 Please proceed to the third floor.
-Not Proposition
 I’m an alpha kid.
-Proposition

PROPOSITION OR NOT?
SIMPLE PROPOSITION: A statement that has only one
subject and one predicate
TODAY IS MONDAY
COMPOUND PROPOSITION: A statement where two or
more simple propositions are combined together by
a CONNECTOR
TODAY IS MONDAY AND CLASSES ARE SHIFTED TO
ONLINE SYNCHRONOUS.

PROPOSITION
SYMBOLS/CONNECTORS

1. Negation – Denial of a given proposition ~


2. Conjunction – “AND”
3. Disjunction – “OR”
4. Conditional Statement(Implication) – “If…then”
->
5. Biconditional Statement – “If and only if” < - >
1. The dog barks.
- The dog does not bark.
2. The cat’s eyes are brown.
- The cat’s eyes are not brown.
3. If the dog does not bark, then the bird does.
- If the dog barks, then the bird does not.
4. I am not happy.
- I am happy
*NOTICE THAT APPLYING NEGATION TO A GIVEN NEGATIVE PROPOSITION
RESULTS TO A “POSITIVE” PROPOSITION. (negative x negative = positive)

NEGATE THE FOLLOWING


PROPOSITIONS
p = The professor is intelligent
q = The professor is tall
1. The professor is intelligent and not tall.
P^~Q 1. Negation – ~
2. “AND” - ^
p = Spokesperson Harry Roque is handsome
3. “OR” - v
“If…then” ->
q = Spokesperson Harry Roque is powerful 4.
5. “If and only if” < - >
2. Spokesperson Harry Roque is powerful, or
handsome and powerful
q v (p ^ q)
STATEMENTS INTO SYMBOLS
p = I am going to New York.
q = I am rich.
r = I am busy.
1. Negation – ~
4. If I am not going to New York, then I am not 2. “AND” - ^
rich and busy. 3. “OR” - v
-p -> (-q ^ r) 4. “If…then” ->
5. “If and only if” < - >
5. I am rich and busy, if and only if I am going
to NY.
(q ^ r) <-> p

STATEMENTS INTO SYMBOLS


p = I am going to New York.
q = I am rich.
r = I am busy.
1. Negation – ~
(p v q) -> (-r ^ p) 2. “AND” - ^
3. “OR” - v
If I am going to NY or I am rich, 4. “If…then” ->
then I am NOT busy and I am 5. “If and only if” < - >

going to NY – CONDITIONAL
STATEMENT
SYMBOLS TO STATEMENTS
A cause-effect statement
A hypothesis-conclusion statement
A conditional statement is false if
the hypothesis is true and the
conclusion is false.

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
1. If my cat is hungry, then she will rub
my leg.
2. If it is cold, then I won’t take a bath.
3. If I don’t answer my module until
next week, then my scores will be
deducted.
4. If I am sick, then I need to rest.
CAUSE-EFFECT STATEMENTS
1. If Philippines imposed a lockdown earlier, then the virus
would not have come.
2. If the citizen stayed at home, then the virus wouldn’t
have been spread.
3. If a polygon had exactly four sides, then it is a
quadrilateral.
4. If I reviewed well, then I will pass the exam.
HYPOTHESIS-CONCLUSION
STATEMENTS
Only exists on conditional statements

INVERSE, CONVERSE, AND CONTRAPOSITIVE


NEGATION of the whole statement.
Given: P -> Q
Inverse: ~P -> ~Q or ~(P->Q)
P->Q
If someone finished the chores, then I will go to the mall.
~P -> ~Q or ~(P->Q)
If someone haven’t finished the chores, then I won’t go to
the mall.

INVERSE
 Implication statement based from reversing the given
statement.
Given: P -> Q
Converse: Q -> P
P -> Q
If the day bleeds, then the night falls.
Q -> P
If the night falls, then the day bleeds.

CONVERSE
 The combination of both inverse and converse.
Given: P->Q
Contrapositive: ~𝐐 → ~P

P->Q
If the teacher is not handsome, then he is not Sir _____.
~𝐐 → ~P
If the teacher is Sir _____, then he is handsome.

CONTRAPOSITIVE
1. Tautology – ALWAYS TRUE
2. Fallacy – ALLWAYS FALSE (Used to falsify
statements)
3. Contingency – SOME FALSE; SOME TRUE
(So-So)

TAUTOLOGY, FALLACY,
CONTINGENCY
NEGATION
TRUTH TABLE CONSTANT RESULTS
CONJUNCTION
TRUTH TABLE CONSTANT RESULTS
DISCONJUCTION
TRUTH TABLE CONSTANT RESULTS
IMPLICATION
TRUTH TABLE CONSTANT RESULTS

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