CSC028: WEB TECHNOLOGY

AND DESIGN

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Session 01
Introduction to Web Technology and Internet
Standards and Specifications survey of contemporary Internet Technologies
Publishing a Web Server

Web Technology
Web technology refers to the way computers/devices communicate with each other using Mark-Up
languages. It invokes its communication across the web, and creates, deliver or manage web
content using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
The idea of the Web is to pool together human knowledge and human culture to facilitate
collaborations between users in remote sites by allowing them to share their ideas and all aspects of
a common task. It is said to have brought the world into a small village where people and devices
can communicate to each other boundlessly, establishing easy information access through World
Wide Web (www).
The Web comprises of variety of files and documents written in some form of Hyper Text
Markup Language (HTML) that tells browsers how to display the information. These files and
documents are stored on computers known as servers because they can serve requests from many
users at the same time. These HTML files and documents are accessed by users through
applications called browsers.

Introduction to Internet

Computers and their structures are tough to approach, and it is made even extra tough while you
want to recognize phrases associated with the difficulty this is already utilized in regular English,
Network, and the net will appear to be absolutely wonderful from one some other, however, they
may seem like identical.

A network is a group of two or more computer systems (Multiple gadgets, additionally called
hosts), which are related through a couple of channels for the motive of sending and receiving
data (records/media) in a shared environment. The community also can consist of several
gadgets/mediums that resource communiqué among or extra machines; those gadgets are called
Network devices and consist of routers, switches, hubs, and bridges, amongst others.

Internet is a group of computer systems connected from all around the world. The Internet
protocol suite is a framework defined through the Internet standards. Methods are divided right
into a layered set of protocols on this architecture. The Internet gives a huge variety of statistics
and communiqué offerings, which includes forums, databases, email, and hypertext. It is made of
the neighborhood to global personal, public networks connected through plenty of digital,
wireless, and networking technologies.

The Internet is a worldwide interconnected network of hundreds of thousands of computers of

various types that belong to multiple networks.

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Working of the internet: The internet is a global computer network that connects various
devices and sends a lot of information and media. It uses an Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport
Control Protocol (TCP)-based packet routing network. TCP and IP work together to ensure that
data transmission across the internet is consistent and reliable, regardless of the device or
location. Data is delivered across the internet in the form of messages and packets. A message is
a piece of data delivered over the internet, but before it is sent, it is broken down into smaller
pieces known as packets.

IP is a set of rules that control how data is transmitted from one computer to another via the
internet. The IP system receives further instructions on how the data should be transferred using
a numerical address (IP Address). The TCP is used with IP to ensure that data is transferred in a
secure and reliable manner. This ensures that no packets are lost, that packets are reassembled in
the correct order, and that there is no delay that degrades data quality.

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History of Internet
Talking about the history of internet, the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network, later renamed the internet) established a successful link between the University of
California Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on October 29, 1969. Libraries
automate and network catalogs outside of ARPANET in the late 1960s.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established in the 1970s,
allowing internet technology to mature. The development of these protocols aided in the
standardization of how data was sent and received via the internet. NSFNET (National Science
Foundation Network), the 56 Kbps backbone of the internet, was financed by the National
Science Foundation in 1986. Because government monies were being used to administer and
maintain it, there were commercial restrictions in place at the time.

In the year 1991, a user-friendly internet interface was developed. Delphi was the first national
commercial online service to offer internet connectivity in July 1992. Later in May 1995, All
restrictions on commercial usage of the internet are lifted. As a result, the internet has been able
to diversify and grow swiftly. Wi-Fi was first introduced in 1997. The year is 1998, and
Windows 98 is released. Smartphone use is widespread in 2007. The 4G network is launched in
2009. The internet is used by 3 billion people nowadays. By 2030, there are expected to be 7.5
billion internet users and 500 billion devices linked to the internet.

Uses of the Internet:

 E-mail: E-mail is an electronic message sent across a network from one computer user to
one or more recipients. It refers to the internet services in which messages are sent from
and received by servers.
 Web Chat: Web chat is an application that allows you to send and receive messages in
real-time with others. By using Internet chat software, the user can log on to specific
websites and talk with a variety of other users online. Chat software is interactive
software that allows users to enter comments in one window and receive responses from
others who are using the same software in another window.
 World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is the Internet’s most popular information
exchange service. It provides users with access to a large number of documents that are
linked together using hypertext or hyperlinks.
 E-commerce: E-commerce refers to electronic business transactions made over the
Internet. It encompasses a wide range of product and service-related online business
activities.
 Internet telephony: The technique that converts analog speech impulses into digital
signals and routes them through packet-switched networks of the internet is known as
internet telephony.
 Video conferencing: The term “video conferencing” refers to the use of voice and
images to communicate amongst users.

Web Client The client (or user) side of the Internet. The Web browser on the user’s
computer or mobile device is referred to as a Web client. It could also apply to browser
extensions and helper software that improve the browser’s ability to support specific site
services.
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Web browser A web browser is software program software that searches for, retrieves and
presentations material which includes Web pages, photos, videos, and different files. The
browser sends a request to the Web server, which then transmits the statistics returned to the
browser, which presentations the findings at the laptop. Example –Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft
Edge, Google Chrome, Safari etc.

Webpage An internet web page (additionally called a web page) is a report that may be regarded
in an internet browser at the World Wide Web. HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and CSS
(Cascading Style Sheet) are used to generate the primary shape of an internet web page. An
internet web page is generally a segment of an internet site that carries statistics in plenty of
formats, which includes textual content inside the shape of paragraphs, lists, tables, and so on.

The home web page is the beginning or first web page of an internet site. It gives trendy statistics
and connections to all the internet pages which are associated. Every internet web page has its
personal deal with. This may be visible with inside the deal with the bar. As a result, if we need
to get admission to a selected internet web page, the deal needs to be placed inside the browser’s
deal with bar.

Website An internet site, in trendy, is a group of statistics approximately statistics prepared into
many internet pages. An internet site is probably made for a sure motive, subject matter, or to
provide a service. An internet site (abbreviated as “website” or “site”) is a group of online pages
connected collectively through links and saved on an internet server. By clicking on links, a
tourist can pass from one web page to the next. An internet site’s pages also are connected below
one area call and proportion a not unusual place subject matter and template.

Search Engine Search engines are websites that search on the internet on behalf of users and
show a listing of results. More than actually written may be discovered on seek engines. You can
be capable of looking for different online content material which includes photographs, video
content material, books, and news, in addition to gadgets and offerings, relying on the seek
engine you are the use of. To make use of the Internet, you do not always want to recognize the
deal with an internet site. It is crucial to recognize the way to do a look for statistics. Using a
seek engine is one of the only methods to seek. A seek engine can help you in finding what you
are looking for. You also can appearance up net maps and instructions to help you to plot your
adventure from one factor to some other. Example: Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, yahoo, etc.

Differentiation between Network and Internet

The number one distinction between a network and the internet is that a network is made of
computer systems that are bodily related and may be used as a personal laptop at the same time
as additionally sharing records. The Internet, on the alternative hand, might be an era that
connects those small and massive networks and creates a brand new in-intensity community.

Advantages of the Internet:

 It is the best source of a wide range of information. There is no better place to conduct
research than the internet.

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  Online gaming, talking, browsing, music, movies, dramas, and TV series are quickly
becoming the most popular ways to pass the time.
 Because there are hundreds of thousands of newsgroups and services that keep you
updated with every tick of the clock, the Internet is a source of the most recent news.
 Because of virtual shops where you may buy anything you want and need without leaving
your house, internet shopping is becoming increasingly popular. Recently, virtual shops
have been making a lot of money.
 With the emergence of online businesses, virtual stores, and credit card usage, purchasing
goods without going to the store has never been easier.

The internet offers numerous advantages, including:

1. Access to information: the internet provides a vast amount of information on

information on virtually any topic, making research and learning more accessible.

2. Communication: It enables instant communication through emails, messaging apps,

and social media, allowing people to connect regardless of distance.

3. E-commerce: The internet facilitates online shopping business transactions,

providing convenience for consumers and new opportunities for businesses.

4. Education: Online courses and resources allow for flexible learning opportunities,
making education more accessible to people worldwide.

5. Entertainment: The internet offers various entertainment options, including

streaming services, online games, and social media platforms.

6. Collaboration: It allows for easy collaboration on projects through tools like cloud
cloud storage and shared similar interests through forums and social networks.

Disadvantages of the Internet:

 Spending too much time on the internet is hazardous for the young generation’s physical
and mental health.
 Children who use the internet develop an addiction, which is quite dangerous.
 It is now quite easy to decipher someone’s chat or email messages thanks to the hacking
community.
 With the emergence of online stores, people prefer to order online rather than going to
local stores which results in less social interactions among people.

The internet has its disadvantages including:

1. Privacy concerns: Personal information can be easily accessed or misused, leading

to identity theft or privacy invasions.

2. Cyber bullying: the anonymity of the internet can lead to harmful behaviors, such as
cyber bullying, which can have serious emotional effects on victims.
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 3. Misinformation: the spread of false information and fake news can mislead people
and create confusion on important issues.

4. Addiction: Excessive use of the internet can lead to addiction, affecting mental
health and social interactions.

5. Security Risks: online activities can expose users to various security threats,
including viruses, malware, and phishing scams.

6. Social isolation: while the internet can connect people, it can lead to social isolation
as individuals may prefer online interactions over face to face communication.

7. Distraction: the abundance of content and notifications can distract individuals from
their work or studies, reducing productivity.

Standards and Specifications survey of contemporary Internet Technologies

In simplest terms, the Internet is a global network comprised of smaller networks that are
interconnected using standardized communication protocols. The Internet standards describe a
framework known as the Internet protocol suite. This model divides methods into a layered
system of protocols.

Many standardization bodies exist today to monitor the internet. There are bodies at the global
level and national level. These standardization bodies take the decisions and carry out research
for the advancement of the internet. Today the internet is very advanced and it is at the core of
the everyday life of each one of us. This would not have been possible without the significant
contributions made by such standardization bodies all across the globe.

Global level bodies:

 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

 Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

IETF: IETF contains many Working Groups (WGs) that do not perform research activities.
IETF is an engineering body and handles the implementation part. Example: TCP Maintenance
Working Group (TCPM WG).

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IRTF: IRTF contains many Research Groups (RGs), they intensively focus on the research part
and new advancements. Example: Internet Congestion Control Research Group (a.k.a. ICCRG),
the congestion control is the open research domain for the last 3.5 decades. Today also many
research activities are going on around the world in this domain. Google has done very
significant work in this done in the last decade.

How does it work?

Researchers (like students/professors of IITs) write ‘Internet Drafts’ or ‘IDs’. The work done by
the researcher is called ‘ID’ until it becomes a standard. Researchers submit their ‘ID’ to the
corresponding bodies (IETF/IRTF) and seek feedback from the Working Groups/Research
Groups. These groups aren’t governed by government or any political authority. These are
maintained by expert researchers and engineers who have in-depth knowledge of the internet.
This WG/RG decides whether to adopt the ‘ID’ or not depending upon what changes it will bring
into the existing system and how it is useful for the world. If the WG/RG adopts the ‘ID’, then
periodic feedback is provided to the authors and they are expected to revise it. This process is
continued until RG/WG is satisfied with the work done by the authors. Once all the changes are
done successfully and WG/RG is satisfied with it, the document becomes a standard, it becomes
an official ‘RFC’ and a number is given to it (e.g., RFC 791 for IP).

BBR was developed by Google in 2017 and it was submitted to IETF WG. It was submitted as
an “Internet-Draft”. It could not satisfy the WG and thus never became an RFC. BBR stands for
bottleneck bandwidth round-trip-time. It used Jain’s index for fairness calculation. But Jain’s
fairness index is itself ambiguous so BBR suffered from fairness issues and didn’t get the success
it was supposed to. But many use the BBR today also. Drop box is using BBRv1 since 2017 and
is

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adjusted and familiar with its pros and cons. Uber also used BBR. Now Uber is using QUIC
which is also designed by Google over UDP and is under review by IETF.

Key importance of Internet Standardization:

 Interoperability: Internet standardization ensures that devices and systems from different
manufacturers and vendors can work together seamlessly. This is particularly important
in today’s interconnected world, where devices and systems need to be able to
communicate and exchange data across different networks and platforms.
 Compatibility: Internet standardization ensures that software and hardware products
developed by different vendors can work together, without any compatibility issues.
Standardization helps to create a level playing field for vendors and developers, while
also promoting competition and innovation in the marketplace.
 Security: Internet standardization plays a critical role in ensuring the security of internet-
connected devices and systems. Standardization helps to promote best practices in
security and encryption, reducing the risk of cyber attacks and data breaches.
 Accessibility: Standardization can help to make the internet more accessible to users with
disabilities. For example, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) provides
technical standards for web content accessibility, making it easier for people with
disabilities to access and use the internet.
 Global reach: Internet standardization enables communication and collaboration across
borders and time zones. By promoting a common language and framework for data
exchange, it helps to break down barriers and enable global connectivity and
collaboration.

Internet standardization is crucial for ensuring interoperability, compatibility, security,

accessibility, and global reach of the internet. It provides a common language and framework for
communication and data exchange, enabling innovation and driving economic growth in the
digital age.

Publishing a Web Server

Web publishing (also known as online publishing) involves an individual or team publishing and
posting original content on the internet. It involves creating/uploading websites, posting content
and updating web pages. Web publishing itself comprises business, personal, and community
websites. It can also include blogs, vlogs, and e-books. When it comes to web content, there are
many things that people can do on a site. Content can include videos, podcasts, text, digital
images, digital downloads, art, and other types of media. To publish web content, you need a
web server, internet connection, and web publishing software/online platform. In general terms,
Web Publishing, as the name suggests, is the process of creating a website and placing it on the
web server, and published content may include text, images, videos, and other types of media. Its
main aim is to facilitate communication simply by adding context through style, emotion, and
space. It is also known as online publishing. On the other hand, Web Hosting, as the name
suggests, is a type of internet hosting that allows one to make their website available to users
through WWW using the internet. It simply provides space to the website on a web server so that
files or data of the website can be stored. It is the best way to increase the growth of business and
user experience.

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A publisher will require three things when it comes to publishing content:

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  Web server that hosts the site
 Web development software/platform
 Internet connection

Web software can be a professional design application like Adobe Dreamweaver, or an easy-to-
use web-based CMS (content management system) like Drupal, Joomla, or WordPress. Internet
connections are necessary so content can be posted and published to the web server.

Difference Between Web Hosting and Web Publishing

Web Hosting Web Publishing

It is a process of publishing or uploading
It is a process of using server to host website.
original content on Internet.
Its process includes uploading files,
Its process includes proving space in server to store
updating web pages, posting blogs,
web pages, make it available for viewing online, etc.
posting content to web pages, etc.

It allows customization from beginner to

It allows for advanced level of customization.
advanced levels depending on platform.

It makes website available to view on

It provides space in internet for website.
your domain.

It provides ready-made themes to

It does not come with premade website.
develop website.
It allows for one-click installs and endless
It is limited to WordPress and NYU-
customization of self-hosted WordPress, Scalar, and
approved theme and plugins.
Omeka.
Its main aim is to provide storage space for website or
Its main aim is to communicate ideas and
application on server on internet so that it can be
concepts between people.
accessed by other computers connected to internet.
Its component includes domain name
Its component includes Web Browser, FTP Client,
planning and registration, web hosting,
Database Server, FTP Server, etc.
web design and development, etc.
It allows one to include colorful designs,
It allows one to store website online, provide photographs, and text in webpage for less
technical support, data management, more security, cost.
etc.

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