UNIT 6

MULTI-VIEW DRAWING
Description:

This unit deals with the principles involved in orthographic projection

drawing needed in blueprint reading. In reading a drawing, the necessary
information must learn. The student must learn symbols of the alphabet of lines
and abbreviations. These are essential in the development of a proposed plan or
structure later because they can save time, effort, and money. Drawing is a
universal language of industry that is why it very important in the production
processes. So, let’s learn drawing because it is fun to learn it.

ALPHABET OF LINES

A prerequisite to reading and writing a language is an alphabet. Drawing

as a graphical language has its alphabet of lines. The alphabet of lines is a set
of conventional lines used in drawing. They are necessary information in reading
and understanding of a technical drawing.

Alphabet of Lines Drawing

1. OBJECT LINE is thick solid lines
used to represent the outline of the
object that can see from a view. The
thickness may be selected to suit the
size of the drawing and the sheet. It is
also known as a visible line.
2. HIDDEN LINE or invisible line is
medium lines consisting of equally
spaced short dashes of about 1/8” long
and 1/6” apart. It is used to indicate
hidden features of the object.
3. CENTER LINES are thin lines
made with an alternate long and short
dashes used to indicate the location of
circular features. For long dashes, it is
approximately ½" (5 mm) to ¾"
(7.5mm) long and the short dash is
about 1/16" (1mm) to 1/8" (2mm).
4. EXTENSION LINE is thin long
lines used as a witness to the points on
the objects dimensioned. It is also
used to project edges of the object
from one view to the other.

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5. DIMENSION LINE is thin long
broken or unbroken line used to permit
insertion of the dimension figure. It
terminated with arrowheads on both
ends. It tells the distance measured.

6. CUTTING-PLANE LINE is thick

line consisting of one lone and two
short dashes alternating. The long
dash is approximately ¾" to 1 ½," and
the short dash is 1/8" long with a gap of
1/32 of an inch (1.5mm) between
dashes. It is used to indicate exposed
cut surfaces of the objects.
7. SECTION LINES or hatching lines
are thin evenly space line usually an
angle of 45°. It is used to indicate
exposed cut surfaces of the objects.

8. LONG-BREAK LINES are thin

lines drawn with a straight edge and a
freehand zigzag. This line indicates
the structure that has been broken to
permit convenient location on the
paper.
9. SHORT-BREAK LINE or
conventional line is a thick drawn
freehand. This line used to indicate
short breaks in the structure. It also
used to conserve space on the
drawing.
10. PHANTOM LINE is a thin line used to
indicate alternate positions of moving
parts, path of motion, adjacent parts,
and repetitive details.
11. CHAIN LINE is a thin line used to
indicate a type of treatment for surfaces.
12. STITCH LINE is the short, thin line
used to indicate the location of stitching
or sewing
The short dash is (.003), and the
distance is (003) apart.
13. BORDERLINE is a very heavy line
used to enclose the drawing.

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 Figure 6-1 on the next page show the illustration of how these lines used
in the drawing. Take note of those lines because in later part of the chapter
precedence and orders of lines will be taken up and knowledge on that line will
make you work more accurate and fewer errors.

Figure 6-1

Table 6-1 presents the summary of the alphabet of lines using line weights
and the type of pens or pencil to use for making drawings,

Medium Used
Line Size Weight
Pencil Pen
Object Heavy 0.05 1 0.06
Hidden Medium 0.03 2 0.04
Center Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Extension Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Dimension Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Cutting-Plane Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Section Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Long-Break Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Short-Break Thick 0.05 1 0.06
Phantom Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Chain Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Stitch Thin 0.01 3 0.02
Border Very Heavy 0.07 1 0.10

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PRECEDENCE OF LINES

In some views coincidence of lines is likely to occur. When this happens, the
following may be considered. It should always remember that the outer
boundaries of a part are still a solid line. Since the external features are of the
utmost importance, solid lines should take precedence over all other lines. Figure
6-2 shows the order of precedence of lines.

1. A full line or object line should cover an invisible line, but an invisible line
could not cover a visible line.
2. Hidden or invisible lines take precedence over the center line although the
centerline may be extended ¼" outside the view.
3. When a centerline and cutting-plane lines coincide on a drawing, the one
that is more important for readability of the drawing takes precedence over
the other.
4. Break lines placed so that they do not spoil the readability of the overall
view.
5. Dimensions and extension lines must always place so as not to coincide
with the other lines.

ORDER OF PRESEDENCE OF LINES

Order of Precedence Drawing

1. Full line or object line
2. Dashed line or invisible line
3. Centerline and cutting-plane
line
4. Break lines
5. Dimension lines
6. Cross-hatching lines

Figure 6-2

What is Orthographic Projection?

Orthographic Projection is a representation of the exact shape of an

object in two or more views generally at right angles to each other by projecting
perpendiculars from the object to the plane. This theory also referred to as
"shape descriptions." This theory of projection of objects upon the imaginary
plane of projection (to obtain views) developed by Architect Alberta Brunelleschi
(Italian) and others. Orthographic projection sometimes referred to as "multi-
projection," which means two or more views.

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Why is Orthographic Projection Important?

Orthographic Projection is necessary to describe the shape of the object

complete in the least number of views. The principle underlying this theory is the
information required in reading a drawing.

Reading a drawing is defined by French as the “process of recognizing

and applying the principles of orthographic projection to interpret the shape of an
object from the orthographic views.”

This unit will enable the students to interpret and read blueprints, and
sketches. Blueprint is also known as a set of plans or drawings: blueprint
reading and sketching required for all types of shop projects, in school and
industry. Most often, before a worker taken in a trade, he is asked, "CAN YOU
READ BLUEPRINT? The ability to read blueprints are frequent the basis for
promotion for those already on the jobs because blueprints are the language of
industry and science.

Why Blueprint?

The blueprint process is mostly the cyanotype process developed by the

British astronomer and photographer Sir John Herschel in 1842. The
photosensitive compound, a solution of ferric ammonium citrate and potassium
ferricyanide, is coated onto paper. Then, areas of the mixture exposed to intense
light converted to insoluble blue ferric ferrocyanide or Prussian blue
(famousscientist.com, 2019). The soluble chemicals are washed off with water,
leaving a light-stable print. A similar process was used to produce proofs for
offset printing.

Various base materials have used for blueprints. Paper was a common
choice; for more durable prints, linen sometimes used, but with time, the linen
prints would shrink slightly. To combat this problem, printing on imitation vellum,
and later, mylar, was implemented (newworldencyclopedia.org: 2014). Different
drawing of the various technology courses shown in Figure 6-3.

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 Examples of Blueprint Drawings

Architectural Drafting Mechanical Plumbing

Fashion and Apparel Electronics Furniture

Electrical Symbols
Electrical Civil
Automotive Civil Construction
Automotive
Figure 6-3

In industry, a complete and precise description of the shape and size of

the object to make it necessary to make sure that the purpose of manufacturing
as intended by the designer. To provide this information clearly, used several
views systematically arranged. Each view in an orthographic drawing provides
certain definite details. Figure 6-4 shows different views of an object.

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 VIEWS OF AN OBJECT

Figure 6-4

The illustration above shows the views of an object. Any object viewed
from six mutually perpendicular directions. Thus, it is necessary to draw six
views. They are the top view, front view, which lined up vertically and the
rearview, left side view and right side view lined up horizontally. To draw a view
out of place is a grave mistake. The top, front, and right side views are the three
(3) regular views because they are the views most frequently used.

If planes of projection placed parallel to the principal faces of the object

the form a "glass box." Figure 6-4 shows the glass box (imaginary planes) that
surrounds the box inside. This method is essential to the students to analyze the
object using planes of projection. Since the box has six views are obtained from
the object. Only three (3) views are needed. In some cases, four or more views
used.

Selection of the Views

Views are selected in their best position to describe the object completely.

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 The front view should always be the most distinctive
view or one that shows the most distinct part or
shape of the object. Arrange the front view, so that
the other views will have the fewest number of hidden
lines.

An object has three principal dimensions – width, length, and height. In

machine drawings, the three dimensions termed as depth, width, and height. In
most cases, the terms used for beginners are the length, width, and height. Any
view used for beginners is length, width, and height. Any view of a three-
dimensional object can show only two dimensions; the third can found in the
adjacent view.

For example:

The height sometimes called thickness and the length of the object shown
in the front view. The width sometimes called depth and the length of the object
shown in the end view.

Cylindrical objects require only top and front views because the front and
end views are similar. Conic and pyramidal shapes can also be described in two
views. However, there are also objects which require more than three regular
views for adequate description.

Figure 6-5 shows the arrangements of views using a third angle project.

Figure 6-5

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 Projection of views could either drawn on the first and third angles. The
first angle projection means that when the image planes revolved on the plane or
paper, the top view will appear below the front view, and the left side view will
appear to the right of the front view. The American Standards Association (2019)
present practice is the third angle projection. This standard is also the system
used in trade drawing. The third angle projection always placed between the
observer and the object. The result will have the top view placed over the front
view and the right side view at the right of the front view.
The difference between the first angle projection and the third angle
projection in terms of placement of views presented in Figure 6-6.

Figure 6-6

In this technical drawing workbook, 3rd angle

of projection is used.

Technical Terms and Definitions Drawing

Corner or Point. Corner or point is the
common intersection of three or more
surfaces or edges. A corner always
appears as a point in every view.

Depth. Depth is the positional distance

from front to rear between any two
points measured as the perpendicular
distance between the planes containing
the points.

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Edge. Edge is the intersection of two
plane surfaces. This intersection also
called as a straight line. There are two
kinds of edge
(a) Inclined edge – a line that is
parallel to a plane of projection but
inclined to an adjacent plane.
(b) Normal edge – a line that is
perpendicular to a plane of projection.
This edge appears as a point to a plane NORMAL EDGE
to which it is perpendicular, and as a
line in its true length in a plane parallel
to it.

INCLINED EDGE

Fillet. The fillet is a rounded interior

corner.

Height. Height is the difference

between any two points measured as
the perpendicular distance between a
pair of horizontal planes that contains
the points. It is always measured in a
vertical direction and has no
relationship whatever to the shape of
the object.
Length. Length is the distance from
end to end, usually the most significant
dimension of a surface or body.

Line. The line is the path of a moving

point. It has only one dimension of the
length.

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Miter Line. Miter line is a 45-degree
line which controls the space between
the top and front view and between the
front and end view.

Plane of Projection. Plane of

projection is an imaginary plane
wherein view drawn there. There are
three types of planes of projection.
(1) Frontal plane – a plane of
projection upon which the front
view projected.
(2) Horizontal plane – a plane of
projection upon which the top
view projected.
(3) Profile plane – a plane of
projection which the end view
projected.
Projection. Projection is a technical
term for a view.

Visualization. Visualization is the

medium through which the shape
information on a drawing is translated to
give the reader an understanding of the
object presented.

Projectors. Projectors are

perpendicular lines. These
perpendicular lines drawn going to the
plane of projection from all points on the
edges of contours of the object.

Round. Round is a round exterior

corner.

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Surface. A surface is a plane bounded
by straight lines or curves or
combinations of both. It may be frontal,
profile or horizontal according to the
plane of projection to which it is parallel.
Types of Surfaces
a. Normal surface – a plane
surface that is parallel to a plane
of projection. It appears in its
true size and shape on the plane
to which it is parallel and as a
vertical or horizontal line on an
adjacent plane of projection.
b. Inclined surface – a plane
surface that is perpendicular to
one plane of projection but
inclined in its true size and shape
on the plane to which it is parallel
and as a vertical or horizontal
line on an adjacent plane of
projection.
c. Oblique surface – a plane
surface that is oblique to all
planes of projection.
Width. Width is a positional distance
from left to right between any two points
measured on the perpendicular
distance between a pair of profile
planes containing the points.

Principles of Orthographic Projection

Principles Drawing
1. The top view directly over the
front view.

2. The front and end views are

in line horizontally.

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3. The space between the front
and end views is generally
equal to the space between
the top and front views.

4. The length of the object found

at the top and front views.

5. The width of the object found

at the top and end views.

6. The height of the object found

at the front and end views.

7. A surface parallel to the plane

of projection shown on that
plane as a surface in its true
size and shape.
8. A surface perpendicular to the
plane of projection shown on
that plane as a line in its true
length.
9. A surface inclined to the
plane of projection shown on
that plane as a foreshortened
surface.

10. An edge inclined to the plane

of projection projected on that
plane as a foreshortened line.

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 11. An edge perpendicular to the
plane of projection shown on
the plane as a point.

12. An edge parallel to the plane

of projection shown on the
plane as a line in its true
length.

ANALYSIS OF THE PLANES

Figure 6-7
A surface is projected in its true size and shape only if it is parallel to its plane of
projection. Surface 1 is parallel to the frontal plane and seen in its true size and shape
in front view. Surface 2 is parallel to the horizontal plane and seen in its true size and
shape in the view. Surface 3 is parallel to the profile plane and seen in its true size and
shape at the end view. Surface 4 is inclining to the frontal and horizontal planes and
seen as a foreshortened surface in the top and front views. Surface 5 is perpendicular to
the frontal plane and inclined to the adjacent plane and is seen as a line in its true length
at the front view and foreshortened at the end and top views. Surface 4 and 5 are all
inclined surface, and their true shapes can be seen only in the primary auxiliary views.
Surface 6 is oblique to all the three planes and can only be presented by secondary
auxiliary views shown in Figure 6-7.

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PLACEMENT OF HIDDEN LINES

There are always cases in which some surfaces or planes hide the edges
of an object. In this connection, it is a must to learn correct practices on the
placement of hidden lines. In general, hidden lines should join a visible line,
except when it causes the visible line to extend too far when this happens:
Rule Drawing
Leave a gap before a hidden line
starts

Hidden lines should intersect to

form "L" or "T" corners as shown
invisible lines should preferably
jump a visible line when possible.

Parallel hidden lines are drawn so

that the dashes are staggered.

When two or more hidden lines

meet at a point, the dashes should
join as shown for the bottom of the
drilled hole.

An arc must start with a dash

except when a dash would form a
continuation of a curve line.

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TREATMENT OF ROUNDS
Figure 6-8 shows how rounds and fillet represented in a view. Will around
that appears on one view produce a line in another view? Examine the different
views.

Figure 6-8

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 STEPS IN SKETCHING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING (THREE-VIEW)
1. Examine the pictorial view for the
best selection of views and layout
the sketch by leaving
construction lines.

2. Examine the size of the sketch,

approximately 1 inch or 2.5 cm
between views.

3. Locate the centerline to give a

well-balanced appearance and
check the proportions as the
details added.

4. Draw all arcs and circles if there

are very lightly and all dashed
lines using construction lines

5. Clean, sharpen, and straighten

the outlines and details for a final
drawing.

6. Letter notes, figures, and

additional information and have a
final check-up of the drawing.

REMEMBER:
WHEN STUDYING AN OBJECT TOUNIT BE DRAWN.
6 TESTLOOK AT THE END VIEW OF THE
I. OBJECT;
MultipleUSUALLY,
Choice. IT SHOWS THE SHAPE DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECT; IN
SHORT, IT GIVES THE "CLUE"
UNIT TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM.
6 TEST

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Directions: Read each item carefully. Write your answer on the space provided
for before the number. No erasures.

_____1. The thickest line in the alphabet of lines is_____.

A. border line C. object line
B. hidden line D. cutting-plane line
_____2. What is the lightest line in the alphabet of lines?
A. object line C. hidden line
B. construction line D. center line
_____3. The line used when there are centers and rounds or fillet in the object is
called______.
A. dimension line C. extension line
B. object line D. center line
_____4. What is the common intersection of three or more surfaces or edges?
A. depth C. fillet
B. corner or point D. miter line
_____5. What is the name of the line that controls the space between the top,
front, and end view?
A. projector C. object line
B. miter line D. construction line
_____6. The positional distance from rear between any two points measured as
the perpendicular distance between the planes containing the points
is known as______.
A. corner or point C. depth
B. edge D. width
_____7. What is the technical term for a view?
A. projection C. projectors
B. plane of projection D. visualization
_____8. The intersection of two planes is called_______.
A. fillet C. corner or point
B. edge D. surface
_____9. The rounded interior corner is known as what?
A. fillet C. round
B. edge D. surface
_____10. What is a rounded exterior corner?
A. fillet C. round
B. corner or point D. edge
_____11. The difference between any two points measured as the perpendicular
distance between a pair of horizontal planes that contains the points
is known as ___.
A. length C. height
B. width D. surface
_____12. The distance from end to end, usually the greatest dimension of a
surface or body is known as______.
A. width C. length
B. height D. depth

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_____13. If the edge is inclined to the plane of projection, it shown on that plane
as ____.
A. a line in its true length C. a foreshortened line
B. a point D. a foreshortened surface
_____14. Usually, in making isometric drawing how many degrees is the angle of
the X and Y axis?
A. 30 degrees C. 45 degrees
B. 60 degrees D. 90 degrees
_____15. The top view is directly over the_______.
A. top view C. front view
B. end view D. all of the above
_____16. Where can you find the height of the object?
A. front and end view C. top and front view
B. end and top view D. front only
_____17. The length of the object found where?
A. top and front view C. top and end view
B. front and end view D. top only
_____18. A plane of projection upon which the top view projected is called
________.
A. horizontal plane C. frontal plane
B. profile plane D. none of the above
_____19. If the surface is parallel to the plane of projection, it will show what?
A. true size and shape C. line in its true length
B. foreshortened D. point
_____20. If the surface is perpendicular to the plane of projection, it will become
a _____.
A. surface in its true size and shape C. line in its true length
B. point D. foreshortened line
_____21. If the surface is inclined to the plane of projection, it will become a
______.
A. foreshortened surface C. line in its true length
B. point D. surface in its size and shape
_____22. If the edge is parallel to the plane of projection, it will become a
_______.
A. a line in its true length C. foreshortened line
B. point D. foreshortened surface
_____23. If the edge is perpendicular to the plane of projection, it will appear on
that plane as _____.
A. a line in its true length C. a foreshortened line
B. a foreshortened surface D. a point
_____24. Where can you find the width of the object?
A. front and end view C. top and end view
B. top and front view D. top view only

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_____25. What thin long line used as a witness to the points on the objects
dimensioned and also used to project edges of the object from the
one view to the other?
A. visible line C. dimension line
B. hidden line D. extension line
_____26. The most commonly used termination symbol for dimension and
leader lines is called ____.
A. extension C. point
B. arrowheads D. figure
_____27. This line is thin long unbroken line except to permit insertion of the
dimension figures is known as _______.
A. dimension line C. extension line
B. leader line D. object line
_____28. The numbers found above the dimension line is known as____.
A. notes C. figures
B. signs D. all of the above
_____29. What is the term for a label such as top view, front view, end view, and
among others?
A. notes C. figures
B. signs D. all of the above
_____30. The other form of dimension line which is used to connect dimensions
or notes to the drawing is called _____?
A. leader line C. object line
B. extension line D. invisible line

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 ELEMENTARY BLUEPRINT READING EXERCISES
Directions: Match the three views with the pictorial drawing. Remember the
terms discussed earlier such as corner or point, line, edge, surface, and planes.
Letter your answer legibly.

121
 PROBLEM NO.1
Directions: Match the three views with the isometric drawing. Write as many
letters as required for each corner.

122
 PROBLEM NO. 2
Directions: Match the three views with the isometric drawing. Write as many
letters as required for each corner.

123
 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING PROBLEMS 1
Directions: Draw the three views of the given blocks. The instructor can provide
dimensions.

124
 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING PROBLEMS 2
Directions: Draw the three views of the given blocks. The instructor can provide
dimensions. Take note that there might be hidden lines in some blocks. Find that
block and apply the lines required alphabet of line.

125
 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING PROBLEMS 3
Directions: Draw the three views of the given blocks. The instructor can provide
dimensions. Find the block which contains oblique surfaces.

126
 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING PROBLEMS 4
Directions: Draw the three views of the given blocks. The instructor can provide
dimensions. Apply treatment of rounds and fillets principles in some blocks.

127
 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING PROBLEMS 5
Directions: Draw the three views of the given blocks. The instructor can provide
dimensions. Apply treatment of rounds and fillets principles in some blocks.

128
 PERFORMANCE TEST
Directions: Draw the three views of the given blocks. The instructor can provide
dimensions. Define your line works legibly. Avoid erasures.

REMINDERS:
THE INSTRUCTOR/PROFESSOR MAY USE ALL OF THE GIVEN
BLOCKS OR SELECT SOME FOR THE REQUIRED ACTIVITIES.
ADDITIONALORTHOGRAPHIC
BLOCKS WHICH DRAWING
ARE NOTPROBLEMS 1 BE PREPARED
GIVEN MAY
BY THE INSTRUCTOR/PROFESSOR.

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Directions: Use extra paper to create the isometric view of the problems.
Supply the missing lines. Define your lines legibly.

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Directions: Given are the top and front view. Solve the end view of each
problem.

The following are the proposed plates for this unit. These
plates may be changed by the instructors that will get the
best outcomes of the said competency. The instructor may
provide additional activities the master the orthographic
drawing skills of the students. After finding that they are
competent, proceed to pictorial drawings.

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 Blocks No. 1
Plate No. 23
Directions: Draw the views of the given blocks in the frames. Use the
orthographic drawing problems 1. Use the freehand drawing method. Apply
toning techniques on the surfaces.

Blocks No. 2
Plate No. 24
Directions: Draw the views of a given block in the frames. Use the
orthographic drawing problems 2. Use the freehand drawing technique. Apply
toning techniques on the surfaces.

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 Blocks No. 3
Plate No. 25

Directions: Transfer the alphabet of lines shown to a sheet of drawing paper.

Use the appropriate measurements, weights, and characteristics of the lines.

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