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Unit Guide - CCSS Algebra 1 - Unit 8 - Functions

Unit 8 of Algebra 1 focuses on functions, teaching students how to evaluate functions, determine domains and ranges, and analyze graphs. It emphasizes real-world applications and includes common misconceptions and teaching tips to aid understanding. The unit also provides resources and lesson objectives to guide instruction.

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maciej czekala
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views15 pages

Unit Guide - CCSS Algebra 1 - Unit 8 - Functions

Unit 8 of Algebra 1 focuses on functions, teaching students how to evaluate functions, determine domains and ranges, and analyze graphs. It emphasizes real-world applications and includes common misconceptions and teaching tips to aid understanding. The unit also provides resources and lesson objectives to guide instruction.

Uploaded by

maciej czekala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‭Algebra 1‬

‭Unit 8:‬‭Functions‬
‭ .F.A.1, 8.F.B.5, HSF.BF.B.4, HSF.BF.B.4.a, HSF.BF.B.4.c, HSF.IF.A.1, HSF.IF.A.2, HSF.IF.B.4, HSF.IF.B.5,‬
8
‭HSF.IF.B.6, HSF.IF.C.7‬

‭ unctions can model real-world scenarios like a car's speed, market trends,‬
F
‭population growth, and travel time. They can help students analyze data, solve‬
‭problems, and prepare for advanced math and careers. They’re also just a‬
‭distinct way to represent some familiar equations.‬

‭ valuate functions‬‭, using‬‭function notation‬‭, from equations and graphs‬


E
‭Determine the domain‬‭of a function given an equation or situation and‬
‭determine the domain and range given a graph‬
‭Determine‬‭whether a relation is a function‬‭from tables, graphs, and word problems‬
‭Describe a graph by locating‬‭absolute maxima/minima‬‭and‬‭relative maxima/minima‬‭and‬
‭identifying intervals where the graph is‬‭increasing‬‭,‬‭decreasing‬‭,‬‭positive‬‭, and‬‭negative‬
‭Calculate the‬‭average rate of change‬‭given an equation,‬‭table, or graph‬
‭Determine the‬‭inverse of linear functions‬‭from graphs‬‭and equations‬

‭CCSS‬
‭Full text of standards included at the‬ ‭Common misconceptions‬
‭end of this unit guide‬

‭ .F.A.1:‬‭Understand‬
8 ‭ isunderstanding function notation |‬‭Students often‬‭confuse the notation‬
M
‭that a function is a‬ ‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) ‭with multiplication. They might think that‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) ‭means‬‭𝑓‬ ‭times‬‭𝑥‭,‬ rather‬
‭rule that assigns to‬ ‭than understanding it as the‬‭function‬‭𝑓‬ ‭applied to the input‬‭𝑥‬ ‭(said “‬‭𝑓‬ ‭of‬‭𝑥‭”‬ ).‬
‭each input exactly one‬ ‭This confusion is of course very understandable, so be sure to acknowledge‬
‭output. The graph of a‬ ‭it and emphasize that context is key.‬
‭function is the set of‬
‭ordered pairs‬ ‭ ow to help:‬‭Reiterate often that function notation‬‭is simply a‬
H
‭consisting of an input‬ ‭shorthand, similar to using‬‭𝑦‬‭. The beauty of function notation is that‬
‭and the corresponding‬ ‭it tells us what value was substituted for‬‭𝑥‬ ‭after it’s been simplified.‬
‭output.‬ ‭For example, if we simplify a function and get‬‭𝑦‬ = ‭3‭,‬ we don’t know‬
‭what was plugged in to get that value. If we write‬‭𝑓‬(‭5‬) = ‭3‬‭, then we‬
‭ .F.B.5:‬‭Describe‬
8 ‭know that when‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭5‬‭, and‬‭5‬ ‭is substituted into the function, we will‬
‭qualitatively the‬ ‭get out‬‭3‭.‬ Function notation‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) ‭is generally isolated by itself on one‬
‭functional relationship‬ ‭side of the equation. It is also useful in naming different functions. If‬
‭between two‬ ‭you are working with two functions, they could be named‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) ‭and‬
‭quantities by‬ ‭𝑔‬(‭𝑥‬) ‭to note which is which.‬

‭1‬
a‭ nalyzing a graph.‬ ‭ o much vocabulary! |‬‭This unit has a lot of new vocabulary‬‭for students,‬
S
‭Sketch a graph that‬ ‭particularly vocabulary that describes different aspects of graphs. It can be‬
‭exhibits the qualitative‬ ‭confusing for students to have so much new vocabulary at once, especially‬
‭features of a function‬ ‭when so much of it is graph related.‬
‭that has been‬
‭described verbally.‬ ‭ ow to help:‬‭Have students use the‬‭Vocabulary and‬‭notation‬
H
‭notetaker‬‭as they work through the unit. They should‬‭record all new‬
‭ SF.BF.B.4:‬‭Find‬
H ‭vocabulary and notation so they have a reference. Review definitions‬
‭inverse functions.‬ ‭as a class and ensure that all students have definitions and pictures or‬
‭examples for all new words. See “Best practices” for a selection of‬
‭ SF.BF.B.4.a:‬‭Solve an‬
H ‭definitions.‬
‭equation of the form‬
‭f(x) = c for a simple‬ ‭ ixing up domain/range or input/output |‬‭Domain‬‭and‬‭input‬‭both describe‬
M
‭function f that has an‬ ‭𝑥‬‭-values and‬‭range‬‭and‬‭output‬‭both describe‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬)‭-values, or‬‭𝑦‭-‬ values.‬
‭inverse and write an‬ ‭However, it’s important to note that domain and input are not synonymous,‬
‭expression for the‬ ‭even though they both describe‬‭𝑥‬‭-values. An input is a‬‭specific‬‭number‬‭that‬
‭inverse.‬ ‭is substituted into a function for the‬‭𝑥‬‭-value. The domain is the‬‭set of all‬
‭inputs‬‭that a function can accept. Similarly for output‬‭and range, output is‬
‭ SF.BF.B.4.c:‬‭Read‬
H
‭the specific resulting‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬)‭-value when an input is plugged in. The range is‬
‭values of an inverse‬
‭the set of all possible outputs.‬
‭function from a graph‬
‭or a table, given that‬
‭ ow to help:‬‭Associate the words domain, input, and‬‭𝑥‭-‬ value‬
H
‭the function has an‬
‭together, along with range, output, and‬‭𝑦‬‭-value. Create a poster with‬
‭inverse.‬
‭the axes and words for easy reference. As students use these words‬
‭ SF.IF.A.1:‬
H ‭regularly, they will become more automatic.‬
‭Understand that a‬
‭function from one set‬ ‭ he domain is always all real numbers |‬‭While many‬‭functions, especially‬
T
‭(called the domain) to‬ ‭those that students have regularly seen, have a domain of all real numbers,‬
‭another set (called the‬ ‭rational functions can have restrictions to the domain. Rational functions‬
‭range) assigns to each‬ ‭can have restrictions when the denominator is 0 and other functions, like‬
‭element of the domain‬ ‭those that include square roots, have different restrictions.‬
‭exactly one element‬
‭of the range.‬ ‭ ow to help:‬‭It’s important for students to be able‬‭to identify‬
H
‭functions that have potential domain restrictions. Spend time going‬
‭ SF.IF.A.2:‬‭Use‬
H ‭over the special cases included in this unit (rational and square root‬
‭function notation,‬ ‭functions) and show examples of other types of functions that also‬
‭evaluate functions for‬ ‭have restrictions so that students see a variety of examples. Since‬
‭inputs in their‬ ‭they’ve mainly worked with linear functions in the past, which have‬
‭domains, and interpret‬ ‭no domain restrictions, this will be new for them and they’ll need‬
‭statements that use‬ ‭plenty of practice.‬
‭function notation in‬
‭terms of a context.‬ ‭ onfusing increasing/decreasing and positive/negative intervals on graphs‬
C
‭|‬‭Students might have difficulty correctly identifying‬‭where a function is‬
‭ SF.IF.B.4:‬‭For a‬
H ‭increasing, decreasing, positive, and/or negative.‬
‭function that models a‬
‭relationship between‬ ‭ ow to help:‬‭Encourage students to reference their‬‭vocabulary on‬
H
‭two quantities,‬ ‭the‬‭vocabulary and notation notetaker‬‭to make sure‬‭they know what‬
‭interpret key features‬ ‭they’re being asked to find. For increasing/decreasing intervals,‬
‭of graphs and tables in‬ ‭students need to think about slope. They can use a piece of dry‬

‭2‬
t‭ erms of the‬ s‭ paghetti, popsicle stick, or even their pencil to line it up with the‬
‭quantities, and sketch‬ ‭section of the graph they are looking at to get an exaggerated view of‬
‭graphs showing key‬ ‭the slope of the line. It’s important for students to have lots of‬
‭features given a verbal‬ ‭practice with these terms, especially writing the intervals for each. It‬
‭description of the‬ ‭may be helpful to give one graph as an example and have students‬
‭relationship.‬ ‭find all four intervals to help them see the differences between them.‬

‭ SF.IF.B.5:‬‭Relate the‬
H ‭ isunderstanding the concept of inverses |‬‭It’s important‬‭to clarify that the‬
M
‭domain of a function‬ ‭inverse function‬‭reverses‬‭the input-output pairs of‬‭the original function.‬
‭to its graph and,‬ ‭What used to be the input is now the output, and vice versa. Sometimes‬
‭where applicable, to‬ ‭this can make the inverse fail to be a function, and be merely a relation.‬
‭the quantitative‬ ‭Regardless, students might think that finding the inverse of a function is the‬
‭relationship it‬ ‭same as just finding the reciprocal (it’s not!).‬
‭describes.‬
‭ ow to help:‬‭Inverses are easiest to visualize in‬‭tables and with‬
H
‭ SF.IF.B.6:‬‭Calculate‬
H ‭points on a graph, where the inputs and outputs are literally reversed.‬
‭and interpret the‬ ‭For example, if the point‬(‭𝑎‬, ‭𝑏‬) ‭is on the original function, the inverse‬
‭average rate of change‬ ‭function will have the point‬(‭𝑏‬, ‭𝑎‬)‭. It can also be helpful to share‬
‭of a function‬ ‭examples, like imagine you have a machine that turns apples into‬
‭(presented‬ ‭apple juice. The function is the process of making apple juice from‬
‭symbolically or as a‬ ‭apples. The inverse function would be a magical machine that turns‬
‭table) over a specified‬ ‭apple juice back into apples. There are many more examples you‬
‭interval.‬ ‭could use that are more realistic, like converting back and forth from‬
‭degrees fahrenheit to degrees celsius. Have students come up with‬
‭ SF.IF.C.7:‬‭Graph‬
H
‭their own examples!‬
‭functions expressed‬
‭symbolically and show‬
‭ lgebraic errors |‬‭There are so many places for potential‬‭algebraic mistakes!‬
A
‭key features of the‬
‭Evaluating functions, finding a domain with a restriction, and finding the‬
‭graph, by hand in‬
‭inverse of an equation all require precision with arithmetic, order of‬
‭simple cases and using‬
‭operations, simplifying, and isolating a variable.‬
‭technology for more‬
‭complicated cases.‬
‭ ow to help:‬‭Encourage students to take their time‬‭with each‬
H
‭algebraic step, show their work, and check their answers. Review‬
‭common mistakes and show examples as needed. Have students help‬
‭to find each other’s mistakes as they arise, which helps build critical‬
‭thinking, error analysis, and confidence.‬

‭3‬
‭Unit resources‬
‭●‬ ‭For the videos in this unit, use the‬‭Learning summary‬‭video notetaking guide‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭For the articles in this unit, use the‬‭Article notetaking‬‭guide‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭For the exercises in this unit, use the‬‭Blank workspace‬‭template‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭To record key terms and information, use the‬‭Vocabulary‬‭and notation notetaker‬‭.‬

‭Lesson overview‬
‭Lesson‬ ‭Objective‬ ‭Teaching tips‬

‭ esson 1: Evaluating‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ W
‭ arm up activity:‬‭Give students problems where‬
‭functions‬ ‭evaluate functions from‬ ‭they use substitution and the order of operations‬
‭equations and graphs.‬
‭to simplify. For example,‬
‭ CSS: 8.F.A.1,‬
C
‭HSF.IF.A.1,‬ ‭Find the value of‬‭𝑦‬ ‭when‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭3‬ ‭in the equation‬
‭2‬
‭HSF.IF.A.2‬ ‭𝑦‬ = (‭2‬‭𝑥‬ + ‭1)‬ − ‭5‭.‬‬

‭●‬ T
‭ he first video provides a general overview of‬
‭functions and how to solve them. Don’t worry too‬
‭much at this point about the definition of a‬
‭function, focus on‬‭understanding‬‭and‬‭using‬
‭function notation. We’ll dive into the definition of‬
‭a function in lesson 7.‬

‭●‬ E
‭ valuating a function is like solving a puzzle! For‬
‭equations, you substitute the input, simplify, and‬
‭get the output. For graphs, you look at the input‬
‭on the‬‭𝑥‬‭-axis and then find the corresponding‬‭𝑦‬‭-‬
‭value for the output.‬
‭●‬ H
‭ ave students complete the‬‭Vocabulary and‬
‭notation notetaker‬‭as they work through this‬
‭unit—it's very vocabulary-heavy!‬

‭ esson 2: Inputs and‬


L ‭ tudents will be able to find‬
S ‭●‬ I‭n the previous lesson, students were given a value‬
‭outputs of a‬ ‭the input for a given output‬ ‭for the input and then found the corresponding‬
‭function‬ ‭of a function algebraically and‬
‭output. Here, students are given a value for the‬
‭graphically.‬
‭output and are asked to find the corresponding‬
‭ CSS: 8.F.A.1,‬
C ‭input, both algebraically and graphically.‬
‭HSF.IF.A.1,‬
‭HSF.IF.A.2‬ ‭ hen solving for the output algebraically, be‬
W
‭sure students replace the output value given‬

‭4‬
‭ ith the‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) ‭and then solve for‬‭𝑥‬ ‭(or‬
w
‭whichever variable is used).‬
‭ hen solving graphically, the output given is‬
W
‭the‬‭𝑦‭-‬ value, so make sure students locate that‬
‭on the‬‭𝑦‬‭-axis and find the corresponding‬‭𝑥‬‭-‬
‭values.‬
‭●‬ I‭t may be helpful to remind students that the‬
‭notation‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) ‭represents the output, just as‬‭𝑦‬
‭does. To warm up, they can replace‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) ‭with‬‭𝑦‬ ‭if‬
‭that makes it easier for them to make sense of the‬
‭problem.‬

‭ esson 3: Functions‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to write‬
S ‭●‬ T
‭ his lesson focuses on understanding the‬
‭and equations‬ ‭equations in function‬ ‭difference between equations and functions. In‬
‭notation.‬
‭the first video, Sal makes a Venn diagram, giving‬
‭ CSS: 8.F.A.1,‬
C ‭examples of equations, functions, and both. Make‬
‭HSF.IF.A.1‬ ‭a Venn diagram together as a class and add‬
‭examples from students to help clarify the‬
‭differences and similarities. If you create the Venn‬
‭diagram on poster paper, hang it up for future‬
‭reference.‬
‭●‬ T
‭ his lesson encourages students to begin to think‬
‭about functions as an idea, not tied to any specific‬
‭letters. For example‬‭ℎ‬(‭𝑏)‬ ‭is the function‬‭ℎ‬ ‭acting‬
‭on the input‬‭𝑏‭.‬‬

‭●‬ S
‭ pend time reviewing the wording of problems to‬
‭help students understand what they are being‬
‭asked to do. For example,‬
‭ or a given input value‬‭𝑏‬‭, the function‬‭𝑓‬ ‭outputs‬
F
‭a value‬‭𝑎‬ ‭to satisfy the equation‬
‭𝑎‬ − ‭5‬ = ‭2(‬ ‭𝑏‬ + ‭3‬)‭. Write a formula for‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑏)‬ ‭in‬
‭terms of‬‭𝑏‭.‬‬

‭ ince students are familiar with‬‭𝑥‬ ‭as the input‬


S
‭and‬‭𝑦‬ ‭as the output, it may be helpful to relate‬
‭(or rename) the variables given. In the example‬
‭above,‬‭𝑏‬ ‭is like‬‭𝑥‬ ‭(the input) and‬‭𝑎‬ ‭is like‬‭𝑦‬ ‭(the‬
‭output), so we need to solve the equation for‬‭𝑎‬
‭(the output) before replacing‬‭𝑎‬ ‭with‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑏)‬ ‭.‬

‭5‬
‭ esson 4:‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ E
‭ ncourage students to read each problem slowly‬
‭Interpreting function‬ ‭interpret function notation in‬ ‭and carefully to interpret the meaning of the‬
‭notation‬ ‭a context.‬
‭variables in the situation. Have them write the‬
‭equation on their paper and label each part with‬
‭ CSS: 8.F.A.1,‬
C ‭the meaning and value, if it’s given. It can be very‬
‭HSF.IF.A.2‬ ‭confusing for students to see so many letters‬
‭together!‬
‭●‬ S
‭ pend time reviewing how to translate function‬
‭notation in different contexts. For example, if they‬
‭are given a problem like “‬‭𝑉‬(‭𝑑‬) ‭models the vertical‬
‭distance of a bug walking up a wall (in cm) after‬‭𝑑‬
‭seconds. What does the statement‬‭𝑉‬(‭5)‬ = ‭3‬
‭mean?,” have students translate that‬‭𝑉‬(‭5)‬ ‭means‬
‭the “vertical distance after‬
‭5 seconds.”‬

‭ esson 5:‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to write‬
S ‭●‬ W
‭ arm up activity:‬‭Give problems where students‬
‭Introduction to the‬ ‭the domain and range of a‬ ‭practice graphing one-variable inequalities on a‬
‭domain and range of‬ ‭function given a graph.‬ ‭number line. You can use this‬‭number line‬
‭a function‬ ‭template‬‭.‬

‭ CSS: 8.F.A.1,‬
C ‭Graph‬
‭HSF.IF.A.1,‬
‭HSF.IF.B.5‬
‭●‬ T
‭ he first video shows multiple ways to indicate an‬
‭interval, including whether the endpoints are‬
‭included or not included. Many different notations‬
‭are shown, which are good for students to be‬
‭familiar with, but they will only need to know how‬
‭to write intervals with inequalities.‬
‭●‬ D
‭ omain and range may seem very abstract!‬
‭However, it is concrete to show on a graph. Have‬
‭students use colored pencils or mark-up tools to‬
‭show the domain and range on a graph‬
‭before trying to describe it numerically.‬
‭●‬ T
‭ he videos introduce different notations for‬
‭representing the domain and range of functions.‬

‭6‬
‭ tudents should be familiar with these notations,‬
S
‭but they don’t appear in the exercise. They’ll need‬
‭to use inequalities, which are only shown in the‬
‭first video. See “Best practices” for more on‬
‭domain and range with inequalities.‬
‭●‬ T
‭ he domains and ranges of continuous graphs are‬
‭written with inequality notation while the same‬
‭for discrete graphs are written as a list. See “Best‬
‭practices,” below, for more.‬

‭ esson 6:‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ W
‭ arm up activity:‬‭Have students substitute and‬
‭Determining the‬ ‭determine the domain of a‬ ‭simplify equations with square roots, exponents,‬
‭domain of a function‬ ‭function given its equation.‬ ‭parentheses, and rational expressions with a‬
‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭variable in the denominator. For example,‬
‭ CSS: 8.F.A.1,‬
C ‭determine the domain of a‬
‭HSF.IF.A.1,‬ ‭ ind the output of each function when the‬
F
‭function in a word problem.‬
‭HSF.IF.B.5‬ ‭input is 6:‬

‭●‬ W
‭ hen determining the domain of a function given‬
‭its equation, it’s important to check for undefined‬
‭input values. Review types of functions that have‬
‭restrictions on their domains, like square roots (the‬
‭value under the square root must be positive) and‬
‭division (the denominator must not be equal to 0)‬
‭and‬‭why‬‭these constraints must be met. This is‬
‭also a good opportunity to review what real‬
‭numbers are if necessary. Challenge students to‬
‭identify other functions where the domain is‬
‭restricted.‬
‭●‬ S
‭ tudents must read and interpret word problems‬
‭before they are able to determine the domain.‬
‭Encourage them to read carefully to understand‬
‭each situation, and draw a picture if it’s helpful.‬
‭●‬ T
‭ he videos use bracket notation for the domain‬
‭but the exercise uses inequality notation (as in‬
‭previous exercises).‬

‭ esson 7:‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ D
‭ etermining whether a relation is a function can‬
‭Recognizing‬ ‭determine whether a relation‬ ‭be confusing as it is quite abstract. Provide a‬
‭functions‬ ‭is a function from tables,‬
‭concrete example for students to reference as‬
‭graphs, and words.‬
‭they work through the lesson. For example, a soda‬
‭ CSS: 8.F.A.1,‬
C ‭machine (or snack machine) is a function because‬
‭HSF.IF.A.1‬

‭7‬
‭ hen you press a button, you know what you’re‬
w
‭getting out. If you press the grape soda button,‬
‭you get out a grape soda, not an orange soda. A‬
‭soda machine would NOT be a function if you‬
‭could get different types of soda when pushing‬
‭the same button—the grape soda button could‬
‭give you either a grape soda or an orange soda.‬
‭See “Best practices” for more on functions.‬
‭●‬ T
‭ his lesson shows examples of how functions can‬
‭be presented in tables, graphs, and words. Show‬
‭connections between each presentation and how‬
‭one function can be represented in multiple ways.‬
‭When graphing, be sure to discuss the vertical line‬
‭test! Even when no graph is provided, drawing or‬
‭visualizing the idea of the vertical line test can be‬
‭very helpful for students when determining if a‬
‭relation is a function.‬
‭●‬ W
‭ hen students get to the word problems,‬
‭encourage them to work slowly and read carefully!‬

‭ esson 8: Maximum‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ T
‭ he first two videos present the definition of‬
‭and minimum points‬ ‭identify absolute and relative‬ ‭absolute and relative maxima and minima. The‬
‭maxima and minima on a‬
‭notation in the mathematical definition may be‬
‭ CSS: 8.F.B.5,‬
C ‭graph.‬
‭confusing for students, and that’s okay at this‬
‭HSF.IF.C.7‬ ‭point. For now, they only need to identify the key‬
‭points on graphs. See “Best practices” for‬
‭definitions.‬

‭ esson 9: Intervals‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ S
‭ tudents continue to use inequalities to denote‬
‭where a function is‬ ‭identify intervals on a graph‬ ‭intervals on the axes of graphs.‬
‭positive, negative,‬ ‭where the function is‬
‭increasing, or‬ ‭positive, negative, increasing,‬ ‭●‬ E
‭ ncourage students to use the markup tool in‬
‭and decreasing.‬ ‭exercises to highlight where the function is‬
‭decreasing‬
‭positive, negative, increasing, or decreasing‬
‭CCSS: HSF.IF.C.7‬ ‭so they can better visualize what is‬
‭happening.‬
‭●‬ T
‭ he first exercise focuses on positive and negative‬
‭intervals while the second exercise focuses on‬
‭increasing and decreasing intervals. See “Best‬
‭practices” for definitions.‬

‭8‬
‭ esson 10:‬
L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ I‭n this lesson, students interpret key features of a‬
‭Interpreting features‬ ‭interpret features of graphs in‬ ‭graph (relative max or min, positive or negative‬
‭of graphs‬ ‭context.‬
‭interval, increasing or decreasing interval,‬‭𝑦‭-‬ ‬
‭intercept, etc.) in a context. Encourage students to‬
‭CCSS:‬‭HSF.IF.B.4‬ ‭read each scenario carefully to determine the‬
‭meaning of the key features.‬

‭ esson 11: Average‬


L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ W
‭ arm up activity.‬‭Find the slope of a line given‬
‭rate of change‬ ‭calculate the average rate of‬ ‭two points. Remind students of the formula to find‬
‭change given a graph or a‬ ‭𝑦‬ −‭𝑦‬ ∆‭𝑥‬
‭CCSS: HSF.IF.B.6‬ ‭table.‬ ‭slope,‬ ‭𝑥‭2‬ ‬−‭𝑥‬‭1‬ = ∆‭𝑦‬
‭. For example,‬
‭2‬ ‭1‬

‭ tudents will be able to‬


S ‭ ind the slope of the line between the points‬
F
‭determine the interval on a‬
‭(-1, 6) and (3, -2).‬
‭graph that has a given rate of‬
‭change.‬ ‭●‬ T
‭ his lesson is all about slope! The average rate of‬
‭change (ARC) is the slope for linear functions. For‬
‭nonlinear functions, the ARC is the slope of the‬
‭line that connects the endpoints of the given‬
‭interval. Watch out for typical mistakes when‬
‭finding slope, like errors with negative numbers‬
‭and not plugging into the formula correctly.‬

‭ esson 12: Average‬


L ‭ tudents will be able to‬
S ‭●‬ S
‭ tudents will calculate and compare the ARC over‬
‭rate of change word‬ ‭calculate the average rate of‬ ‭different intervals of a graph. Now the graphs are‬
‭problems‬ ‭change given a situation and‬
‭given in context, where students need to interpret‬
‭graph or table.‬
‭the meaning of the ARC in a specific situation. See‬
‭CCSS: HSF.IF.B.6‬ ‭“Best practices” for a formal definition.‬

‭ esson 13: Intro to‬


L ‭ tudents will be able to find‬
S ‭●‬ W
‭ arm up activity:‬‭Have students work on‬
‭inverse functions‬ ‭the inverse of linear functions‬ ‭composite function notation problems. They‬
‭from graphs and equations.‬
‭haven’t seen this before, so let them try to figure it‬
‭ CSS: HSF.BF.B.4,‬
C ‭out with a partner. For example,‬
‭HSF.BF.B.4.a,‬
‭HSF.BF.B.4.c‬ ‭Given‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) = ‭4‬‭𝑥‬ − ‭6‭,‬ find:‬

‭●‬ T
‭ he first video introduces inverse functions with‬
‭equations and graphs. The first article is an‬
‭excellent resource for students who want a‬

‭9‬
‭ etailed explanation and additional opportunities‬
d
‭for practice.‬
‭●‬ T
‭ he graph of the inverse of a function is the‬
‭original function reflected over the line‬‭𝑦‬ = ‭𝑥‭.‬ On‬
‭a graph, individual points can be reflected simply‬
‭by swapping the‬‭𝑥‬‭- and‬‭𝑦‬‭-values. For example,‬‭if‬
‭the point (-3, 2) is on the function, then the point‬
‭(2, -3) will be its corresponding point on the‬
‭inverse of the function. This is true for all points‬
‭on the function.‬
‭●‬ W
‭ hen working with equations, find the inverse of‬
‭the function by swapping the position of‬‭𝑥‬ ‭and‬‭𝑦‬
‭in the equation to get the inverse relationship.‬
‭Then solve for‬‭𝑦‬ ‭to get the equation in a form‬
‭where we can write it in function notation.‬

‭10‬
‭Best practices‬

‭ unctions, explained‬
F
‭A‬‭relation‬‭is a relationship between a set of values.‬‭All functions are relations but not all‬
‭relations are functions—a function is a special kind of relation. A relation is a‬‭function‬‭if and only‬‭if‬‭every‬
‭domain (‬‭𝑥‭)‬ value is mapped to‬‭exactly one‬‭range‬‭(‬‭𝑦‬ ‭or‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬)‭) value. This definition is quite abstract‬‭and may‬
‭sound more complicated than it is, so let’s dig into it further. And when in doubt, we can always use the‬
‭vertical line test by making a quick graph!‬

‭ “function machine” is typically used to demonstrate the difference between a function and a general‬
A
‭relation.‬
‭This is a‬‭function‬‭because when you put a number into‬
‭the rule, it always gives one answer out.‬

‭ his is‬‭NOT a function‬‭because when you put a number‬


T
‭into the rule, you could get multiple answers out.‬

‭ he soda machine example, mentioned above in the lesson overview, is a great example to share with‬
T
‭students. Another example is height because every person only has one height. If the input is a student’s‬
‭name, the output would be their height and there is only one possible outcome. Some students may ask,‬
‭what if two students have the same height? And this is a very important nuance. It is still a function if two‬
‭inputs have the same output, so it is still a function if two students have the same height. What would‬
‭make this example not a function is if one student had two heights! When in doubt, students can use the‬
‭vertical line test here as well, once they have learned this tool.‬

‭ n example of a relation that is not a function would be the sister function: the input is the student’s‬
A
‭name, and the output is their sister’s name. It is okay for multiple students to have “none,” because‬
‭multiple inputs can have the same output, but if a single student has two sisters this is not a function!‬
‭Because then one input would map onto multiple outputs, the two sisters’ names. Have students come up‬
‭with their own examples of functions and non-function relations!‬

‭Here is an‬‭algebraic‬‭example to show the difference between a relation and a function:‬

‭ his‬‭is‬‭a function because every‬‭x‬‭-value will have‬


T
‭exactly one‬‭y‬‭-value. When‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭2‭,‬‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬) = ‭9‬ ‭for example.‬

‭ his is‬‭NOT‬‭a function because when‬‭𝑥‬ = ‭2‭,‬‬‭𝑔‬(‭𝑥‬) = ‭8‭‬‬


T
‭and‬ − ‭8‬‭.‬

‭11‬
‭Let’s look at the same data set in a picture, table, and graph to see how they compare.‬
‭Pictures‬ ‭Tables‬ ‭Graphs‬

‭ omain and Range‬


D
‭The domain is all possible‬‭𝑥‬‭-values of a function‬‭and the range is all possible‬‭𝑦‬‭-values of a function.‬‭The‬
‭domain and range tell us about the possible inputs (‬‭𝑥‬‭) and outputs (‬‭𝑦‬‭) of the function. Graphs help‬‭us‬
‭make this concept visual. When we work with a continuous graph (an unbroken line), we can use‬
‭inequality notation to make sure that we include all values between the endpoints. When we work with a‬
‭discrete graph (points), we can simply list all of the values.‬

‭Continuous graph‬

‭Domain:‬ ‭Range:‬

‭Discrete graph‬

‭Domain:‬ ‭Range:‬

‭12‬
‭ ocabulary‬
V
‭This unit is riddled with new vocabulary, and some of it is quite complicated! Here is a‬‭selection‬‭:‬
‭Lesson 8: Maximum and minimum points‬
‭A‬‭relative maximum‬‭point is a point that is higher‬‭than all other‬
‭graph points around it. It’s like the highest point on a “peak.”‬
‭ ‬‭relative minimum‬‭point is a point that is lower‬‭than all other‬
A
‭graph points around it. It’s like the lowest point in a “valley.”‬
‭ he‬‭absolute maximum‬‭point is the point that is higher‬‭than‬‭all‬
T
‭other points on a graph.‬
‭ he‬‭absolute minimum‬‭point is the point that is lower‬‭than‬‭all‬
T
‭other points on a graph.‬

‭Lesson 9: Intervals where a function is positive, negative, increasing, or decreasing‬


‭A function,‬‭𝑔‭,‬ is‬‭negative‬‭(‬‭𝑔‬(‭𝑥‬) < ‭0‭)‬ whenever its‬‭graph is‬‭below‬‭the‬‭𝑥‭-‬ axis.‬
‭A function,‬‭ℎ‭,‬ is‬‭positive‬‭(‬‭ℎ‬(‭𝑥‬) > ‭0‭)‬ whenever its‬‭graph is‬‭above‬‭the‬‭𝑥‬‭-axis.‬
‭ function,‬‭𝑝‬‭, is‬‭increasing‬‭in an interval where‬‭as‬‭𝑥‬ ‭increases,‬‭𝑝‬(‭𝑥)‬ ‭also‬
A
‭increases‬‭. Visually, this is where the graph goes‬‭upward‬‭as we go from left‬
‭to right.‬
‭ function,‬‭𝑞‭,‬ is‬‭decreasing‬‭in an interval where‬‭as‬‭𝑥‬ ‭increases,‬‭𝑞‬(‭𝑥)‬
A
‭decreases‬‭. Visually, this is where the graph goes‬‭downward‬‭as we go from‬
‭left to right.‬

‭Lesson 12: Average rate of change word problems‬


‭ o find the‬‭average rate of change‬‭(ARC) of a function‬‭over an interval, take the‬‭total change in the‬
T
‭function value of the interval‬‭and divide it by the‬‭length of the interval‬‭. The ARC of function‬‭𝑓‬ ‭over‬
‭the interval‬‭𝑎‬ ≤ ‭𝑥‬ ≤ ‭𝑏‬ ‭is given by this expression:‬

‭It’s a measure of how much the function changed per unit, on average, over that interval.‬
‭ otice that it’s the formula for slope written with function notation! For points‬(‭𝑎‬, ‭𝑓‬(‭𝑎‬)) ‭and‬
N
(‭𝑏‬, ‭𝑓‬(‭𝑏‬)) ‭and‬(‭𝑥‬‭1‬, ‭‬‭𝑦‬‭1‬) ‭and‬(‭𝑥‬‭2‬, ‭𝑦‬‭2‬)‭:‬

‭Lesson 13: Intro to inverse functions‬


−‭1‬
‭An‬‭inverse‬‭is the reverse of something else. For a‬‭function,‬‭𝑓‬(‭𝑥‬)‭, it’s inverse is written as‬‭𝑓‬ (‭𝑥)‬ ‭.‬
−‭1‬
I‭f‬‭𝑓‬‭(‭i‬nput‬‭) =‬‭output‬‭, then‬‭𝑓‬ ‭(‬‭output‬‭) =‬‭input‬‭.‬‭On a graph, the inverse function is a reflection, or‬
‭mirror image, of the original function across the line‬‭𝑦‬ = ‭𝑥‭.‬‬

‭13‬
‭GENERAL CLASSROOM IMPLEMENTATION RESOURCES:‬
‭●‬ W
‭ eekly Khan Academy quick planning guide‬‭:‬‭Use this‬‭template to plan your week using Khan‬
‭Academy.‬
‭●‬ U
‭ sing Khan Academy in the classroom‬‭: Learn teaching‬‭techniques and strategies to support your‬
‭students and save time with Khan Academy.‬
‭●‬ D
‭ ifferentiation strategies for the classroom‬‭:‬‭Discover‬‭strategies to support the learning of all‬
‭students.‬

‭Common Core State Standards‬


‭ .F.A.1:‬‭Understand that a function is a rule that‬‭assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of‬
8
‭a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output.‬

‭ .F.B.5:‬‭Describe qualitatively the functional relationship‬‭between two quantities by analyzing a graph‬


8
‭(e.g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear). Sketch a graph that exhibits the‬
‭qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally.‬

‭HSF.BF.B.4:‬‭Find inverse functions.‬

‭ SF.BF.B.4.a:‬‭Solve an equation of the form f(x) =‬‭c for a simple function f that has an inverse and write‬
H
‭an expression for the inverse.‬‭For example, f(x) =2‬‭x‭3‬ ‬ ‭or f(x) = (x+1)/(x-1) for x‬≠ ‭1‬‭.‬

‭ SF.BF.B.4.c:‬‭Read values of an inverse function from‬‭a graph or a table, given that the function has an‬
H
‭inverse.‬

‭ SF.IF.A.1:‬‭Understand that a function from one set‬‭(called the domain) to another set (called the range)‬
H
‭assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. If‬‭f‬‭is a function and‬‭x‬‭is‬‭an‬
‭element of its domain, then‬‭f‬‭(‬‭x‭)‬ denotes the output‬‭of‬‭f‬‭corresponding to the input‬‭x‬‭. The graph of‬‭f‬‭is‬
‭the graph of the equation‬‭y‬‭=‬‭f‭(‬ ‬‭x‭)‬ .‬

‭ SF.IF.A.2:‬‭Use function notation, evaluate functions‬‭for inputs in their domains, and interpret‬
H
‭statements that use function notation in terms of a context.‬

‭ SF.IF.B.4:‬‭For a function that models a relationship‬‭between two quantities, interpret key features of‬
H
‭graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal‬
‭description of the relationship.‬‭Key features include:‬‭intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing,‬
‭decreasing, positive, or negative; relative maximums and minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and‬
‭periodicity‬‭.‬

‭ SF.IF.B.5:‬‭Relate the domain of a function to its‬‭graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative‬
H
‭relationship it describes.‬‭For example, if the function‬‭h(n) gives the number of person-hours it takes to‬
‭assemble n engines in a factory, then the positive integers would be an appropriate domain for the function.‬

‭ SF.IF.B.6:‬‭Calculate and interpret the average rate‬‭of change of a function (presented symbolically or as‬
H
‭a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.‬

‭14‬
‭ SF.IF.C.7:‬‭Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in‬
H
‭simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.‬

‭15‬

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