What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between

computer hardware components and the user. Every computer system must
have at least one operating system to run other programs. Applications like
Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc., need some environment to run
and perform its tasks.
The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer’s language. It is not possible for the user to use any
computer or mobile device without having an operating system.

Introduction to Operating System

History Of OS
 Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage
tape storage
 The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS in the early
1950s for their IBM 701
 In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks
 In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed
 The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by
purchasing the 86-DOS software from a Seattle company
 The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985
when a GUI was created and paired with MS-DOS.
Examples of Operating System with Market Share

Mark
et Share of Operating Systems
Following are the Operating System examples with the latest Market Share

OS Name S
Windows 40.34
Android 37.95
iOS 15.44
Mac OS 4.34
Linux 0.95
Chrome OS 0.14
Windows Phone OS 0.06
Types of Operating System (OS)
Following are the popular types of OS (Operating System):

 Batch Operating System

 Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
 Multiprocessing OS
 Real Time OS
 Distributed OS
 Network OS
 Mobile OS

Batch Operating System

Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed
the same process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched together and
run as a group.

The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the
computer. In this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline
device like a punch card and submit it to the computer operator.

Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems

Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different
terminal(shell) to use a single computer system at the same time. The
processor time (CPU) which is shared among multiple users is termed as time
sharing.

Real time OS
A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is
very small. Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems
are the Real time OS example.

Distributed Operating System

Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to
provide very fast computation to its users.
Network Operating System
Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve
to manage data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking
functions.

Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed
to power smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.

Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others
include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.

Functions of Operating System

Some typical operating system functions may include managing memory,
files, processes, I/O system & devices, security, etc.

Below are the main functions of Operating System:

Fu
nctions of Operating System
In an operating system software performs each of the function:

1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and

delete processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and
communication among processes.
 2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the
task of allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in
need of this resources.

3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as

organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices.

This module also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller.
It also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.

5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide

the peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.

6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of

storage which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache
storage. Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or
cache so that a running program can reference it.

7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a

computer system against malware threat and authorized access.

8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given

by the and acting system resources to process that commands.

9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not

share memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors
communicate with one another through the network.

10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by

various job and users.

11. Communication management: Coordination and assignment of

compilers, interpreters, and another software resource of the various
users of the computer systems.

Features of Operating System (OS)

Here is a list important features of OS:

 Protected and supervisor mode

 Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
  Program Execution
 Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
 Handling I/O operations
 Manipulation of the file system
 Error Detection and handling
 Resource allocation
 Information and Resource Protection

Advantage of using Operating System

 Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction
 Easy to use with a GUI
 Offers an environment in which a user may execute
programs/applications
 The operating system must make sure that the computer system
convenient to use
 Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the
hardware components
 It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
 Acts as an intermediator between all hardware’s and software’s of the
system
Disadvantages of using Operating System
 If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have
been stored in your system
 Operating system’s software is quite expensive for small size
organization which adds burden on them. Example Windows
 It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time

What is Kernel in Operating System?

The kernel is the central component of a computer operating systems. The
only job performed by the kernel is to the manage the communication
between the software and the hardware. A Kernel is at the nucleus of a
computer. It makes the communication between the hardware and software
possible. While the Kernel is the innermost part of an operating system, a
shell is the outermost one.

Int
roduction to Kernel

Features of Kennel
 Low-level scheduling of processes
 Inter-process communication
 Process synchronization
 Context switching
Types of Kernels
There are many types of kernels that exists, but among them, the two most
popular kernels are:

1.Monolithic

A monolithic kernel is a single code or block of the program. It provides all the
required services offered by the operating system. It is a simplistic design
which creates a distinct communication layer between the hardware and
software.

2. Microkernels

Microkernel manages all system resources. In this type of kernel, services are
implemented in different address space. The user services are stored in user
address space, and kernel services are stored under kernel address space.
So, it helps to reduce the size of both the kernel and operating system.

Difference between Firmware and Operating

System
Firmware Operating System

Define Firmware: Firmware is one kind of Define Operating System: OS provides

programming that is embedded on a chip in functionality over and above that which
the device which controls that specific device. is provided by the firmware.
Firmware is programs that been encoded by
OS is a program that can be installed
the manufacture of the IC or something and
by the user and can be changed.
cannot be changed.
It is stored on non-volatile memory. OS is stored on the hard drive.
Difference between 32-Bit vs. 64 Bit Operating
System
Parameters 32. Bit 64. Bit
Architecture and Allow 32 bit of data processing Allow 64 bit of data
Software simultaneously processing simultaneously
32-bit applications require 32-bit OS 64-bit applications require a
Compatibility
and CPUs. 64-bit OS and CPU.
All versions of Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows XP Professional,
Systems
Windows Vista, and Windows XP, Vista, 7, Mac OS X and
Available
Linux, etc. Linux.
64-bit systems allow a
32-bit systems are limited to 3.2 GB of
Memory Limits maximum 17 Billion GB of
RAM.
RAM.