Q1. What is a function? Explain code reuse.

a function is a named block of code that performs a specific

task. It is a fundamental concept in most programming languages and is used to organize code into
manageable and reusable chunks. Functions help make code modular, improve readability, and
promote code reuse. Code reuse refers to the practice of using existing code in multiple parts of a
program or in different programs altogether. Functions enable code reuse by providing functionality
that can be called whenever needed. Instead of rewriting the same code in different places, you can
define a function once and reuse it in multiple locations. Code reuse has several advantages: Simplicity:
Reusing code reduces the overall size and complexity of your program. You can focus on writing
reusable functions that solve specific problems, rather than duplicating code. This simplifies the
codebase and makes it easier to understand, debug, and maintain. Efficiency: By reusing code, you
avoid unnecessary duplication, resulting in smaller file sizes and improved performance. Consistency:
If you find a bug or need to make an improvement, you only need to update the function code only,
and all the calling locations will benefit from the change. Productivity: Code reuse saves time and
effort. Once you have a library of reusable functions, you can build new programs more quickly by
leveraging the existing functionality. Overall, functions and code reuse are essential concepts in
programming that enable efficient, modular, and maintainable code development. Q2. Explain with
example Docstring 1. A docstring, short for "documentation string," is used to describe document
functions, modules, classes, or methods in Python. It provides a way to describe what the code does,
its inputs, outputs, and any other relevant information 2. By including this docstring, other developers
or users of the code can easily understand how to use the function, what it expects as input, and what
it returns 3. The docstring is placed immediately after the function definition, enclosed within triple
quotes ("""). Example: def calculate_square(number): """ Calculates the square of a given number. """
square = number ** 2 return square Q3. Explain Lambda function in python with an example. A lambda
function, also known as an anonymous function, is a small, single-line function that does not require
a def statement or a name. It is defined using the lambda keyword, followed by a list of arguments, a
colon (:), and an expression. The result of the expression is the return value of the function. Lambda
functions are commonly used when you need a simple, one-time function without defining a full 1
fledged function using the def keyword. Syntax: Example 1: lambda arguments: expression Square
function using lambda square = lambda x: x ** 2 print(square(5)) # Output: 25 Q4. Explain the use of
return statements in python. In Python, the return statement is used to end the execution of a function
and return a value (or multiple values) back to the caller. It is commonly used to provide the result of
a computation or to pass data from a function back to the code that called it. When a return statement
is encountered in a function, the following actions occur: 1. The function execution is immediately
terminated. 2. The value of the expression is evaluated and becomes the return value of the function.
3. The control is passed back to the line of code that called the function. Example: def add_numbers(a,
b): return a + b result = add_numbers(2, 3) print(result) # Output: 5 Q5. What are variable length
arguments in Python? In some situations, it is not known in advance how many arguments will be
passed to a function. In such cases, Python allows programmers to make function calls with arbitrary
(or any) number of arguments. Positional variable length arguments are defined using an asterisk (*)
before the parameter name in the function definition. This allows the function to accept any number
of positional arguments, which are then collected into a tuple. Example: def sum_numbers(*args):
total = 0 for num in args: total += num return total result = sum_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) print(result) #
Output: 15 Q6. What are modules? How do you use them in your program? A module is a file that
contains Python code, including definitions, statements, and functions, that can be imported and used
in other Python programs. Modules are used to organize and reuse code, making it easier to manage
large programs and collaborate with other developers. A module can contain various elements, such
as variables, functions, classes, and even other modules. It provides a way to encapsulate related code
into a single file, allowing you to logically group and organize 2 your codebase. To use a module in your
program, you need to follow these steps: Importing the module: To use a module, you first need to
import it into your program. You can import an entire module or specific elements from it. Example: #
Importing the entire module import module_name # Importing specific elements from a module from
module_name import element1, element2 # Importing a module with an alias import module_name
as alias Using the module: Once a module is imported, you can use its elements in your program. You
can access the elements using the module name followed by a dot (.) and the element name. Example:
# Using elements from the module module_name.element1 module_name.element2() Q7.
Differentiate between Local & Global variables. Local andGlobal variables are two types of variables
that differ in their scope and visibility within a program. Local Variables: 1. Local variables are defined
and used within a specific block or scope, typically within a function. 2. They are created when a
function is called and destroyed when the function completes its execution or returns. 3. Local
variables are not accessible outside the block or function where they are defined. 4. They have a
limited lifespan and are not visible to other parts of the program. 5. Local variables can have the same
name as global variables, but they are independent and separate entities. Example: def my_function():
x = 10 # Local variable print(x) my_function() Global Variables: 1. Global variables are defined outside
any function or block and have a global scope. 2. They can be accessed and modified by any part of
the program, including functions. 3. Global variables are visible throughout the entire program,
enabling them to be used in multiple functions or blocks. 4. They retain their value until explicitly
changed or the program terminates. 5. If a local variable shares the same name as a global variable,
the local variable takes precedence within its scope. Q8. What do you understand by the term
argument? How do we pass them to a function ? 3 1. An argument refers to the value or expression
that is passed to a function when it is called. 2. Arguments provide a way to supply input to a function
and allow the function to perform operations or calculations based on that input. In Python, we can
pass arguments to a function by specifying them within the parentheses of the function call. The
arguments can be of different types, such as numbers, strings, variables, or even other function calls.
we can pass arguments in two ways: positional or required arguments, default argument, keyword
arguments and variable length argument Q9. What are types of arguments? There are several types of
arguments that can be used when defining and calling functions. These argument types allow for
flexibility in how arguments are passed and used within functions. The main types of arguments are:
1. Positional Arguments: Positional arguments are the most common type of argument. They are
passed to a function based on their position or order in the function call. The values of positional
arguments are assigned to corresponding parameters in the function definition based on their order.
Example: def add_numbers(a, b): return a + b result = add_numbers(2, 3) 2. Keyword Arguments:
Keyword arguments are passed to a function using the parameter names during the function call. This
allows you to specify the name of the parameter you want to assign a value to, regardless of the order
of the parameters in the function definition. Example: def greet(name, age): print(f"Hello, {name}! You
are {age} years old.") greet(age=25, name="Alice") 3. Default Arguments: Default arguments have
predefined values assigned to the function parameters. If a value is not provided for a default argument
during the function call, the default value is used. Default arguments are defined using the assignment
operator (=) within the function definition. Example: def greet(name, age=30): print(f"Hello, {name}!
You are {age} years old.") greet("Bob") 4. Variable Length Arguments: Variable length arguments allow
a function to accept an arbitrary number of arguments. They are defined using the *args syntax for
positional variable length arguments. Example: def add_numbers(*args): total = 0 for num in args: total
+= num return total result = add_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 4 5 Unit 4 Q1.What is slice operation? Explain
with examples. or Explain indexing and slicing operations on string with suitable examples. 1. The slice
operation is a powerful feature in Python that allows you to extract subsets of sequences efficiently.
2. It is commonly used in tasks such as extracting substrings, sublists, or creating reversed copies of
sequences. 3. The slice operation is denoted using the square brackets [] with start, stop, and step
values specified within the brackets start is the index at which the slice starts. stop is the index at which
the slice ends. step is an optional value that specifies the increment between elements. Example: #
Slice a string string = "Hello, World!" slice1 = string[7:12] # "World" # Slice with negative indices
sequence = "Python" slice3 = sequence[-3:-1] # "ho" Q2. Explain the following string operations with
suitable examples. 1. Concatenation 2. Appending 3. String repetition 1. Concatenation: ●
Concatenation refers to combining two or more strings or sequences into a single string or sequence.
● In Python, the concatenation operation for strings is performed using the + operator. ● When you
concatenate two strings, the resulting string contains the characters from both strings in the specified
order. Example: str1 = "Hello" str2 = "World" result = str1 + " " + str2 print(result) # Output: "Hello
World" 2. Appending: ● Appending refers to adding an element to the end of a sequence, such as a
list. ● In Python, the addition and assignment operation can be combined using the += operator.
Example: message = "Hello" message += ", World!" # Concatenate ", World!" to the existing string
Write short note on format operator in python The format operator in Python is represented by the %
symbol, and is used to format strings by substituting values into a string in a specified format. The
format operator is used in conjunction with the % character, which is followed by a tuple or a dictionary
of values to be substituted into the string. 6 name = "Alice" age = 25 print("My name is %s and I am
%d years old." % (name, age)) Here is a list of format operators used in Python: %s - string %d - decimal
integer %f - floating point decimal %e - exponential notation %x - hexadecimal integer %o - octal
integer %c - character Python strings are immutable. In Python, strings are immutable objects, which
mean that once a string is created, its contents cannot be changed. If you try to modify a string in place
by directly changing one of its characters, you will receive a TypeError. For example, the following code
will raise an error: my_string = "hello" my_string[0] = "H" # raises TypeError: 'str' object does not
support item assignment Because strings are immutable, it can be more memory-efficient to use them
in certain contexts, since Python can optimize certain operations by reusing existing strings. However,
in cases where you need to modify a string frequently, it may be more appropriate to use a mutable
data structure like a list, and then convert it to a string when necessary. Difference between method
and a function Function 1. A function is a self-contained block of code that performs a specific task. 2.
It takes input arguments (if any) and returns output (if any), but does not modify any state outside of
its own scope. 3. Functions in Python can be defined using the def keyword, and can be called from
anywhere in the program. Method 1. A method, on the other hand, is a function that is associated
with an object. 2. It is defined within a class and can be called on instances of that class. Methods are
invoked using the dot notation, in the form object.method(arguments). 3. Methods typically operate
on the data contained within the object, and may modify its state. Explain following term 1. rindex()
The rindex() method in Python is used to search for the last occurrence of a specified substring within
a string. It returns the index of the first character of the last occurrence of the substring if it is found,
and raises a ValueError if the substring is not found in the string. Syntax: string.rindex(substring, start,
end) 2. strip() strip() is a built-in string method that is used to remove leading and trailing whitespace
characters (spaces, tabs, and newlines) from a string. It returns a new string with the whitespace
characters removed. 7 Syntax: string.strip(characters) 3. zfill() zfill() is a built-in string method that is
used to pad a string with leading zeros (0s) to a specified length. The method returns a new string with
the specified number of zeros added to the beginning of the original string. Syntax string.zfill(width) 4.
format() format() is a built-in string method that is used to format a string. It allows you to insert values
into a string in a flexible and dynamic way, rather than having to manually concatenate strings and
variables. Syntax string.format(value1, value2, ...) 5. find() find() is a built-in string method that is used
to search for a substring within a string. It returns the index of the first occurrence of the substring in
the string, or -1 if the substring is not found. Syntax: string.find(substring, start, end) 6. index() index()
is a built-in string method that is used to search for a substring within a string. It returns the index of
the first occurrence of the substring in the string, or raises a ValueError if the substring is not found.
Syntax string.index(substring, start, end) 7. split() split() is a built-in string method that is used to split
a string into a list of substrings, using a specified delimiter as the separator. The delimiter can be any
character or sequence of characters, and if it is not specified, the default delimiter is a space. Syntax:
string.split(delimiter, maxsplit) 8. join() join() is a built-in method that is used to concatenate a list of
strings into a single string, using a specified separator between each pair of strings. The join() method
is called on the separator string, and the list of strings is passed as an argument. Syntax:
separator.join(list) 9. enumerate() enumerate() is a built-in function that is used to iterate over a
sequence (such as a list or a tuple) and return a sequence of pairs, each containing an index (starting
from zero) and the corresponding value from the original sequence. The enumerate() function is
particularly useful when you need to iterate over a sequence and also track the index of each item.
Syntax: enumerate(sequence, start=0) 10.startswith() startswith() is a built-in string method in Python
that returns a Boolean value indicating whether a string starts with a specified prefix. Syntax:
string.startswith(prefix, start, end) 8 9 Unit 5 Define different programming paradigms. A programming
paradigm is a way of thinking about and approaching the task of programming. It is a set of principles,
concepts, and techniques used to design, develop, and maintain software. There are several
programming paradigms, including: 1. Monolithic programming is a traditional software development
approach in which an entire software application is designed and developed as a single, self-contained
unit. This means that all the components of the application, such as the user interface, business logic,
and data access layer, are tightly coupled and are part of a single executable or deployable package. 2.
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of procedures, also
known as functions or subroutines. In procedural programming, a program is designed as a series of
procedures, each of which performs a specific task or calculation. These procedures are designed to
operate on data that is stored in variables, which can be modified during the execution of the program.
3. Structured programming also emphasizes the use of subroutines or functions, which enable code
reuse and modularity. By breaking the program down into smaller, reusable functions, the overall
program becomes easier to maintain, as changes can be made to individual functions without affecting
the entire program. 4. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that is based
on the concept of objects, which are instances of classes that encapsulate data and behavior. The main
idea behind OOP is to organize the code into reusable and modular structures, which makes the code
easier to understand, maintain, and extend. What is a class and object? In object-oriented
programming, a class is a blueprint or template for creating objects that have common attributes and
behaviors. It defines a set of attributes and methods that objects of that class will possess. An object
is an instance of a class. It is created from the class blueprint and has its own unique set of attributes
and methods. You can think of a class as a blueprint for a house, and an object as a specific house built
from that blueprint. Example: class Person: # example of class def __init__(self, name, age): self.name
= name self.age = age person1 = Person("Alice", 25) # example of object In this example, Person is the
class and person1 is the object created from that class. Person defines two attributes (name and age)
and a constructor method (__init__) that initializes those attributes. person1 is created with the name
"Alice" and age 25, using the constructor method of the Person class. Differentiate between class
variable and instance variable A class variable is a variable that is associated with the class as a whole
and not with any particular 10 instance of the class. It is declared at the class level, outside of any
method, and is shared by all instances of the class. Class variables are usually used to define values
that are common to all objects of the class. They can be accessed using the class name or any object
of the class. For example: class Car: wheels = 4 # class variable my_car = Car() print(Car.wheels) #
output: 4 print(my_car.wheels) # output: 4 Instance variable is a variable that is associated with a
particular instance of the class. It is declared inside the constructor method of the class and is unique
to each instance of the class. Instance variables are usually used to define values that are specific to
an object of the class. They can only be accessed using an object of the class. For example: class Car:
def __init__(self, make, model): self.make = make # instance variable self.model = model # instance
variable my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla") print(my_car.make) # output: "Toyota" print(my_car.model)
# output: "Corolla" Features of Object-oriented programming (OOP) Object-oriented programming
(OOP) is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of "objects", which can contain data
and code to manipulate that data. Some of the key features of OOP are: 1. Encapsulation:
Encapsulation is the process of hiding the implementation details of an object from the outside world,
while providing a simple interface to interact with it. This allows objects to be used without needing
to know how they work internally, and makes it easier to maintain and modify the code. 2. Abstraction:
Abstraction is the process of focusing on the essential features of an object, while ignoring the
irrelevant details. This allows for a simpler and more generalized representation of the object, which
makes it easier to understand and work with. 3. Inheritance: Inheritance is the process of creating new
classes by deriving them from existing classes. The new class inherits all the attributes and methods of
the existing class, and can add new attributes and methods or override existing ones. This allows for
code reuse and makes it easier to manage large and complex codebases. 4. Polymorphism:
Polymorphism is the ability of objects of different types to be used interchangeably. This allows for
more flexible and modular code, since objects can be used in a wider range of situations. 5. Classes
and objects: OOP is based on the concept of classes and objects. A class is a blueprint for creating
objects, which defines the attributes and methods of the object. An object is an instance of a class,
with its own unique set of attributes and methods. 6. Modularity: OOP encourages modular design,
where code is divided into smaller, more manageable units. This makes it easier to understand,
maintain, and modify the code. 7. Message passing: In OOP, objects communicate with each other by
sending messages. A message is a request for an object to perform an action, which may result in a
change in the state of the object or the system as a whole. 11 These features of OOP make it a powerful
and flexible programming paradigm, particularly for large and complex projects. OOP allows for code
to be organized in a more intuitive and natural way, and provides a wide range of tools and techniques
for managing and manipulating data. What is the self-argument in the class method? Or Explain the
concept of class method and self-object with suitable examples. In Python, the self-argument in a class
method refers to the instance of the class that the method is being called on. It is a convention in
Python to use self as the name of the first parameter in instance methods. Class methods must have
the first argument named as self. This is the first argument that is added to the beginning of the
parameter list. We do not pass a value for this parameter; Python provides its value automatically. The
self-argument refers to the object itself. That is, the object that has called the method. Since, the class
methods uses self, they require an object or instance of the class to be used. For this reason, they are
often referred to as instance methods. Here is an example to illustrate this: class Person: def
__init__(self, name, age): self.name = name self.age = age def say_hello(self): print("Hello, my name
is", self.name, "and I am", self.age, "years old.") person1 = Person("Alice", 25) person1.say_hello()
Explain the significance of the __init__() method. The __init__() method is a special method in Python
classes that is automatically called when an instance of the class is created. The purpose of the
__init__() method is to initialize the instance with initial values for its attributes. Here are a few key
points about the significance of the __init__() method: 1. Initialization: The __init__() method is used
to set initial values for the attributes of an instance. When a new instance of a class is created, the
__init__() method is called automatically, and it sets the initial state of the object. 2. Attribute
assignment: Inside the __init__() method, you can assign values to the attributes of the instance using
the self-keyword. This allows you to define the state of the object when it is first created. 3. Object
creation: The __init__() method is called during the process of creating a new object. It is responsible
for creating and initializing the object, and for preparing it for use. 4. Default values: You can define
default values for the attributes of the instance in the __init__() method. This allows you to provide
default behavior for the object, while still allowing it to be customized when needed. 5. Example: class
Person: def __init__(self, name, age): 12 self.name = name self.age = age def say_hello(self):
print("Hello, my name is", self.name, "and I am", self.age, "years old.") person1 = Person("Alice", 25)
person2 = Person("Bob", 30) person1.say_hello() # Output: "Hello, my name is Alice and I am 25 years
old." person2.say_hello() # Output: "Hello, my name is Bob and I am 30 years old." Differentiate
between Public and Private Variable In Python, all instance variables are by default public, which
means they can be accessed and modified from outside the class. However, you can make an instance
variable private by adding a double underscore (__) prefix to its name. This will make the variable
name "mangled", meaning that it will be modified by Python to include the name of the class. Here
are some key differences between public and private instance variables: Public Instance Variables: ·
Can be accessed and modified from outside the class. · Are usually used for attributes that are part of
the class's public interface. · Are not prefixed with double underscores. Private Instance Variables: ·
Cannot be accessed or modified from outside the class. · Are usually used for attributes that are
intended to be used only by the class itself. · Are prefixed with double underscores. Here is an example
to illustrate the difference between public and private instance variables: class Car: def __init__(self,
make, model, year): self.make = make # public instance variable self.model = model # public instance
variable self.year = year # public instance variable self.__mileage = 0 # private instance variable def
drive(self, distance): self.__mileage += distance def get_mileage(self): return self.__mileage car1 =
Car("Toyota", "Camry", 2022) print(car1.make, car1.model, car1.year) # Output: Toyota Camry 2022
car1.drive(100) print(car1.get_mileage()) # Output: 100 # Try to access the private variable directly: #
print(car1.__mileage) # Raises an Attribute Error Explain the concept of classmethod and staticmethod
A class method is a method that operates on the class itself rather than on instances of the class. It
can access and modify the class-level data and methods, but it cannot access the instance-level data
and methods. Class methods are defined using the @classmethod decorator and have a cls parameter
as their first argument, which refers to the class itself. Example: class MyClass: class_variable = 0
@classmethod def class_method(cls): cls.class_variable += 1 A static method, on the other hand, is a
method that belongs to the class and does not depend on either the instance or the class. It cannot
access either the class-level or the instance-level data and methods. Static methods are defined using
the @staticmethod decorator and do not take any special parameters like cls or self. Here's an example
of a static method: class MyClass: @staticmethod def static_method(x, y): return x + y What is
inheritance and how does inheritance allow users to reuse code? Inheritance is a fundamental concept
in object-oriented programming that allows you to define a new class based on an existing class. The
new class, called the "subclass" or "derived class", inherits all the properties and methods of the
existing class, called the "superclass" or "base class", and can also add its 13 14 own properties and
methods. Inheritance allows users to reuse code by creating a new class that is a modified version of
an existing class. Instead of starting from scratch and re-implementing all the features of the base class,
the user can simply extend the base class and add or modify the functionality as needed. Here's an
example to illustrate how inheritance allows users to reuse code: class Animal: def __init__(self,
name): self.name = name def make_sound(self): print("The animal makes a sound") class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name): super().__init__(name) def make_sound(self): print("The dog barks") class
Cat(Animal): def __init__(self, name): super().__init__(name) def make_sound(self): print("The cat
meows") Explain the significance of super () function super() is a built-in function that provides a way
to access the methods and attributes of a superclass from a subclass. The super() function is used to
call a method or attribute from the parent class that has been overridden in the child class. The super()
function takes two arguments: the first argument is the subclass, and the second argument is the
instance of the subclass. By calling super() with these arguments, you can access the superclass's
methods and attributes. Here's an example to illustrate the use of super(): class Animal: def
__init__(self, name): self.name = name def speak(self): print("An animal is speaking") class
Dog(Animal): def __init__(self, name): super().__init__(name) def speak(self): super().speak() print("A
dog is barking") 15 16 What are types of inheritance In object-oriented programming, there are
generally four types of inheritance: 1. Single inheritance: A class inherits from a single parent class. 2.
Multiple inheritances: A class inherits from multiple parent classes. 3. Multilevel inheritance: A class
inherits from a parent class, which in turn inherits from another parent class. 4. Hierarchical
inheritance: Multiple classes inherit from a single parent class. What is polymorphism in python?
Polymorphism is a concept in object-oriented programming that allows objects of different classes to
be treated as if they are of the same class. In Python, polymorphism is achieved through method
overriding and method overloading. Method overriding is when a subclass provides a different
implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. This allows objects of the subclass
to be treated as if they are objects of the superclass, but with their own specific behavior. Method
overloading, on the other hand, is when multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters are defined in a class. This allows the same method name to be used for different purposes,
and Python will choose the appropriate method to call based on the arguments passed. Polymorphism
can be useful when you have a collection of objects of different classes but want to perform the same
operation on all of them. By treating them as if they are of the same class, you can write code that is
more flexible and easier to maintain. Define the term operator overloading Operator overloading is a
feature in object-oriented programming that allows operators, such as +, -, *, /, and %, to be redefined
or extended beyond their original use to work with user-defined types. This means that operators can
be used to perform operations on objects of a class in a way that is intuitive and consistent with the
behavior of the operator for built-in types. In Python, operator overloading is achieved by defining
special methods that correspond to the operators. By overloading operators, you can define the
behavior of operators for your own custom types, allowing you to write code that is more concise and
readable. For example, if you define a class representing complex numbers, you can overload the +
and - operators to perform complex addition and subtraction, respectively, in a natural and intuitive
way. 17 Unit 6 What is a file? Why do we need them? A file is a collection of data or information that
is stored on a computer or other electronic device. Files can contain various types of information, such
as text, images, audio, video, programs, or other types of data. We need files for several reasons: 1.
Data storage: Files allow us to store and organize information on our computers or other electronic
devices. 2. Data sharing: Files can be shared with others, either through email, cloud storage services,
or other means. 3. Backup and recovery: Files can be backed up to protect against data loss and can
be recovered in the event of a system failure or other disaster. 4. Program execution: Files containing
programs or software are required for running applications on computers or other devices. 5.
Documentation: Files can be used to document various types of information, such as project plans,
reports, and other types of documents. Overall, files are essential for the efficient and effective
management of data and information in our digital world. Differentiate between absolute and relative
file path A file path is a reference to a location in a file system that contains a file or directory. There
are two types of file paths: absolute and relative. An absolute file path provides the complete path
from the root directory to the file or directory. A relative file path provides the path relative to the
current working directory. Here are the main differences between absolute and relative file paths: 1.
Syntax: An absolute file path always starts from the root directory and includes the complete path to
the file or directory. It is represented with a leading forward slash (/) on Unix-like systems, or with a
drive letter (e.g., C:) on Windows systems. In contrast, a relative file path is expressed relative to the
current working directory and does not include the root directory. 2. Portability: Absolute file paths
may not be portable across different systems or operating systems, as the root directory may be
different. On the other hand, relative file paths are generally more portable and can be used on
different systems. 3. Flexibility: Relative file paths are more flexible because they can be used to refer
to files or directories at different locations, without having to know the complete path from the root
directory. Absolute file paths are less flexible because they are tied to a specific location in the file
system. 4. Convenience: Relative file paths are generally shorter and easier to read and write,
especially for files and directories located within the current working directory. Absolute file paths can
be more cumbersome to type out and maintain, especially for deep file structures. Differentiate
between text and binary file Text and binary files are two types of computer files that differ in the way
they store and represent data. A text file is a type of file that stores textual data as a sequence of
characters encoded using a character encoding such as ASCII or Unicode. Text files are human-readable
and editable using a text editor or word processing software. They are commonly used to store source
code, configuration files, and plain text documents such as notes and letters. A binary file, on the other
hand, stores data in a non-textual format using binary code, which consists of a sequence of 0s and 1s.
Binary files are typically not human-readable and cannot be edited using a text editor or word
processor. They are used to store executable code, images, audio, video, and other non-textual data.
The key difference between text and binary files is the way they store and represent data. Text files
store data in a human-readable form, while binary files store data in a machine-readable form. Text
files are typically smaller in size than binary files, but they may require more storage space if they
contain a lot of formatting or special characters. Binary files, on the other hand, can be much larger in
size than text files, but they are typically more efficient in terms of storage space and processing time.
Explain different access modes for opening files. ● In Python open a file, we can specify the access
mode, which determines how the file will be opened and how you can interact with it. ● The access
modes are represented by different characters that are passed as the second argument to the open()
function. Here are the different access modes: 1. Read Mode ('r'): Syntax: open('filename', 'r') Read
mode is used to open a file for reading. With this mode, you can read the content of the file but cannot
modify or write to it. If the file does not exist, it will raise a FileNotFoundError. 2. Write Mode ('w'):
Syntax: open('filename', 'w') Write mode is used to open a file for writing. If the file already exists, it
will be truncated (emptied), and you can write new content to it. If the file doesn't exist, a new empty
file with the given name will be created. Be cautious when using this mode, as it will overwrite the
existing content of the file. 3. Append Mode ('a'): Syntax: open('filename', 'a') Append mode is used to
open a file for writing, but it doesn't truncate the existing content. Instead, any new data you write
will be appended to the end of the file. If the file doesn't exist, a new empty file with the given name
will be created. 4. Binary Mode ('b'): Syntax: open('filename', 'rb') (for reading) or open('filename',
'wb') (for writing) Binary mode is used to read or write binary data, such as images, audio, video, etc.
This mode is often used in combination with 'r' or 'w’ for reading or writing binary files. 5. Read and
Write Mode ('r+'): Syntax: open('filename', 'r+') Read and write mode is used to open a file for both
reading and writing. You can read and write to the file using the same file object. 6. Write and Read
Mode ('w+'): Syntax: open('filename', 'w+') Write and read mode is used to open a file for both writing
and reading. It truncates the file if it exists, 18 19 and you can both read from and write to the file. 7.
Append and Read Mode ('a+'): Syntax: open('filename', 'a+') Append and read mode is used to open a
file for both reading and appending. You can read from the file, and any data you write will be
appended to the end of the file. Give the significance of “with” keyword In Python, the "with"
statement is used to ensure that a block of code is executed in a context controlled by a context
manager. It provides a way to ensure that resources are properly and automatically managed,
regardless of whether the code block completes successfully or raises an exception. When used with
file I/O operations, the "with" statement provides a convenient way to open and close files, without
having to worry about explicitly calling the "close()" method on the file object. When the "with"
statement is used to open a file, the file is automatically closed when the block of code inside the
"with" statement is exited, regardless of whether the block was exited normally or due to an exception.
Here's an example that demonstrates the use of the "with" statement for file I/O: # Open a file using
with statement with open('example.txt', 'r') as f: data = f.read() # File is automatically closed after with
block In this code, we use the "with" statement to open a file named "example.txt" in read mode. The
file object is assigned to the variable "f". Inside the "with" block, we read the contents of the file using
the "read()" method and assign the result to the variable "data". We then perform some operation on
the data. When the block of code inside the "with" statement is completed, the file is automatically
closed, even if an exception is raised while the block is executing. This ensures that the file is always
closed, and resources are properly managed. Using the "with" statement is considered a best practice
for file I/O operations in Python, as it ensures that resources are properly managed and reduces the
risk of resource leaks and other issues. What are methods for reading and writing files? Methods for
reading files in Python: 1. read(): This method is used to read the entire content of the file as a single
string. 2. readline(): This method reads a single line from the file at a time. 3. readlines(): This method
reads all the lines of the file and returns them as a list of strings. Methods for writing files in Python:
1. write(): This method is used to write a string to the file. It overwrites the existing content of the file
if it's opened in write mode ('w'). 2. writelines(): This method is used to write a list of strings to the
file. It does not add line breaks between the strings, so you need to include them explicitly if required.
3. append(): This method is used to open the file in append mode ('a') and add new content at the end
of the file without overwriting the existing content.. Write note on Directory method in python The os
module in Python provides a way to interact with the underlying operating system. It provides a wide
variety of functions for working with files and directories, executing commands, and managing
processes. Here are some commonly used functions in the os module: 1. os.getcwd(): Returns the
current working directory. 2. os.listdir(path): Returns a list of all files and directories in the specified
directory. 3. os.mkdir(path): Creates a new directory with the specified path. 4. os.remove(path):
Deletes the file at the specified path. 5. os.chdir() is a function in the Python os module used to change
the current working directory to the specified path. The name chdir stands for "change directory".
There are many other functions in the os module that provide additional functionality for working with
the operating system, including functions for working with environment variables, changing
permissions on files and directories, and more. 20 21