1.
Illustrate the following concepts,
a) Apache HTTP Client
b)HTTP URL Connection
a) Apache HTTP Client
Apache HTTP Client is a library provided by Apache Software Foundation used for making HTTP
requests in Java. It provides a way to manage connections, handle cookies, follow redirects, and more.
It's commonly used in applications that need to send HTTP requests to web servers.
Illustration of Apache HTTP Client:
1. Creating HTTP Client:
o The HTTP client is initialized using HttpClient class.
2. Creating HTTP Request:
o A request is created using HttpGet or HttpPost for GET or POST HTTP methods.
3. Executing Request:
o The request is executed using httpClient.execute() to get the response.
4. Handling Response:
o The response is returned and processed for status, headers, and body content.
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CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpGet request = new HttpGet("http://example.com");
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request);
try {
System.out.println("Response Status: " + response.getStatusLine());
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
// Process response entity
} finally {
response.close();
}
b) HTTP URL Connection
HTTP URL Connection is part of Java's standard library (java.net package), providing an easy way to
interact with HTTP servers. It allows you to set HTTP headers, send GET or POST requests, and read
the response.
Illustration of HTTP URL Connection:
1. Creating URL Object:
o First, a URL object is created for the target server.
2. Open Connection:
o The connection to the URL is opened using openConnection().
3. Setting Request Method and Headers:
o You can set the request method (GET, POST) and add headers.
4. Reading Response:
o The input stream of the connection is read to get the server’s response.
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URL url = new URL("http://example.com");
HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
connection.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0");
int status = connection.getResponseCode();
System.out.println("Response Code: " + status);
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(connection.getInputStream()));
String inputLine;
while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(inputLine);
}
in.close();
connection.disconnect();
2. Enumerate Boot Receiver and explain how to implement the Boot Receiver.
Boot Receiver in Android
A Boot Receiver is a type of BroadcastReceiver that listens for system broadcast messages,
particularly the one that notifies the system when the device has finished booting. This receiver is
crucial for applications that need to perform certain actions or services immediately after the device
starts, such as starting a service, scheduling tasks, or syncing data.
The most common broadcast action it listens for is BOOT_COMPLETED.
Steps to Implement a Boot Receiver
To implement a Boot Receiver, follow these steps:
1. Define the BroadcastReceiver
The first step is to define a BroadcastReceiver that will listen for the BOOT_COMPLETED event.
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import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.util.Log;
public class BootReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
// Check if the action is BOOT_COMPLETED
if (Intent.ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED.equals(intent.getAction())) {
Log.d("BootReceiver", "Device booted successfully!");
// Perform tasks after boot, such as starting a service or scheduling tasks
// For example, you could start a service:
// Intent serviceIntent = new Intent(context, YourService.class);
// context.startService(serviceIntent);
}
}
}
In this example:
● onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) method is called when the broadcast is received.
● The if condition checks if the received action is BOOT_COMPLETED.
● You can add custom code inside this method to execute after the boot process, such as starting
services or handling specific logic.
2. Declare the Boot Receiver in AndroidManifest.xml
After creating the BootReceiver class, you need to declare it in your AndroidManifest.xml file.
You'll also specify the permissions necessary to receive the boot broadcast.
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<receiver
android:name=".BootReceiver"
android:enabled="true"
android:exported="false"
android:permission="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
<!-- Optional: for devices below API level 26 -->
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.QUICKBOOT_POWERON" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
Explanation of XML:
● android:name=".BootReceiver": Specifies the receiver class you created.
● android:permission="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED": Ensures
the app has the permission to listen for the boot completed broadcast.
● <intent-filter>: Defines the actions and categories the receiver listens to, in this case,
BOOT_COMPLETED and potentially QUICKBOOT_POWERON for some devices (e.g.,
certain versions of HTC phones).
● android:exported="false": Ensures that this receiver cannot be invoked by external apps
(recommended for security).
3. Request the Required Permissions
For the BootReceiver to work, your app must have the RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED
permission, which is already included in the receiver declaration in the manifest file:
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<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED" />
This permission ensures that your application can listen to the BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast when
the device finishes booting.
4. Handle Device Reboots (Optional)
In addition to receiving the boot completion broadcast, you can handle device restarts by using the
ACTION_MY_PACKAGE_REPLACED broadcast to trigger specific actions (e.g., updating
configurations or re-registering services) when the app is reinstalled or updated.
Important Considerations
● Battery Impact: Avoid performing heavy tasks in the BootReceiver. Start background
services to handle tasks like syncing data or performing operations asynchronously.
● Starting Services: Starting services directly from a BroadcastReceiver in a
BOOT_COMPLETED event can be subject to battery optimizations in newer Android
versions. In such cases, consider using JobScheduler, WorkManager, or AlarmManager
for background work to ensure your tasks run reliably.
● API Levels: Starting with Android 8.0 (API level 26), apps can no longer register to listen for
implicit broadcasts like BOOT_COMPLETED in the manifest. You'll need to register the
receiver dynamically at runtime in such cases.
Code Example - Full Setup
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// BootReceiver.java
public class BootReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
if (Intent.ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED.equals(intent.getAction())) {
Log.d("BootReceiver", "Device boot completed");
// Perform tasks here
// Example: start a service
Intent serviceIntent = new Intent(context, MyBackgroundService.class);
context.startService(serviceIntent);
}
}
}
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<!-- AndroidManifest.xml -->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED" />
<receiver
android:name=".BootReceiver"
android:enabled="true"
android:exported="false"
android:permission="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
3. Illustrate in detail the Action Bar in Android File System.
Action Bar in Android
The Action Bar in Android provides a dedicated space for user interactions and controls within an
app. It is a part of the UI framework that allows developers to add consistent navigation elements,
branding, and actions, such as search, sharing, and settings, in the app.
In Android, the Action Bar is typically placed at the top of the screen and serves several purposes:
● Displaying the app's title or navigation elements.
● Showing menu items and action items like buttons or icons.
● Providing a platform for user interactions, such as back navigation, settings, and context-
specific actions.
Understanding Action Bar in Android File System Context
In the context of the Android file system, the Action Bar is a UI component, not directly tied to the
file system itself. However, it often interacts with files or directories, especially in apps that involve
file management (e.g., file explorers, photo galleries, or document viewers). The Action Bar helps
provide a consistent way for users to perform actions on files or directories.
Components of the Action Bar
Here are some core components of the Action Bar:
1. Title: Displays the name of the current activity or screen.
2. Navigation Icon: Usually a back arrow, or a drawer icon used for app navigation.
3. Action Items: Buttons or icons that trigger specific actions like saving files, opening a menu,
or uploading files.
4. Search Box: A searchable UI element integrated into the Action Bar for searching items (e.g.,
file names).
Illustrating the Action Bar with File System Operations
Imagine an app where the Action Bar is used for managing files. Below is a detailed breakdown of
how you might interact with the Android Action Bar in a file system app.
Steps to Implement Action Bar in an Android File System App
1. Add Action Bar in Activity (XML)
In Android, the Action Bar is generally added by default in most apps (especially with AppCompat or
newer Android versions). But for custom actions or UI elements, you'll customize it via XML or Java.
Here’s an example of how an Action Bar might be added and customized for a file system app in
res/values/styles.xml.
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<!-- In styles.xml -->
<resources>
<style name="AppTheme" parent="Theme.AppCompat.Light.DarkActionBar">
<!-- Customize Action Bar Appearance -->
<item name="colorPrimary">@color/colorPrimary</item>
<item name="colorPrimaryDark">@color/colorPrimaryDark</item>
<item name="colorAccent">@color/colorAccent</item>
</style>
</resources>
2. Add Action Items in the Action Bar
You can add items to the Action Bar, such as Open, Delete, or Upload buttons, which will allow the
user to perform file operations.
In your activity layout, you can define a menu that will be added to the Action Bar. This menu can
contain actions related to files or directories.
Menu Resource (res/menu/menu_main.xml)
Here’s an example of defining a menu with some file-related actions.
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<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<item
android:id="@+id/action_create_file"
android:title="Create File"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_create"
android:showAsAction="ifRoom" />
<item
android:id="@+id/action_upload_file"
android:title="Upload"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_upload"
android:showAsAction="ifRoom" />
<item
android:id="@+id/action_delete_file"
android:title="Delete"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_delete"
android:showAsAction="ifRoom" />
</menu>
In this case:
● action_create_file: A menu item to create a new file.
● action_upload_file: A menu item to upload files.
● action_delete_file: A menu item to delete selected files.
3. Inflating the Menu in Your Activity (Java)
In your activity, you need to inflate the menu, which will display the options in the Action Bar.
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import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
public class FileManagerActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_file_manager);
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
// Inflate the menu from the menu XML
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_main, menu);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
// Handle the selection of action items
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.action_create_file:
// Logic for creating a file
createFile();
return true;
case R.id.action_upload_file:
// Logic for uploading a file
uploadFile();
return true;
case R.id.action_delete_file:
// Logic for deleting a file
deleteFile();
return true;
default:
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
}
private void createFile() {
// Code for file creation
}
private void uploadFile() {
// Code for uploading a file
}
private void deleteFile() {
// Code for deleting a file
}
}
In this code:
● The onCreateOptionsMenu method inflates the menu from the menu_main.xml file, adding
action items to the Action Bar.
● The onOptionsItemSelected method handles the selection of the items (like Create, Upload,
and Delete).
4. Add Search Functionality in the Action Bar (Optional)
For file search functionality, you can add a search icon to the Action Bar, which is a common
requirement in file management apps.
You can add a search view to your Action Bar by modifying your menu.xml as follows:
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<item
android:id="@+id/action_search"
android:title="Search"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_search"
android:showAsAction="ifRoom|collapseActionView"
android:actionViewClass="android.widget.SearchView" />
Then, in the onOptionsItemSelected method, handle the search functionality.
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@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.action_search:
// Handle search logic
return true;
// other case handling
}
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
5. Navigating with the Action Bar
For apps that involve navigating through directories or files, the Action Bar can display the Up
Button (a back button) that helps users navigate back to the previous screen.
To enable this feature:
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getSupportActionBar().setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);
In the onOptionsItemSelected method, handle the back navigation like this:
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@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
if (item.getItemId() == android.R.id.home) {
// Handle back navigation (or navigate to the parent activity)
onBackPressed();
return true;
}
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
Visual Example:
1. File Manager with Action Bar:
o At the top, you see the Action Bar with options like "Create File", "Upload",
"Delete", and a Search icon.
o The file system view would be below, showing files and directories, where you can
apply actions using the Action Bar.
2. App with File Operations:
o Action Bar allows you to quickly perform actions (like create, delete, upload files) in
the context of navigating through directories or managing files.
4.Describe the Live Wallpapers and Handlers in Android application with an example program.
Live Wallpapers in Android
A Live Wallpaper is an interactive background that displays animated or interactive visuals on the
home screen of an Android device. Unlike static wallpapers, Live Wallpapers can provide dynamic
content such as animations, real-time data, or user interactions.
Key Concepts of Live Wallpapers:
1. Service-based: A Live Wallpaper is implemented as a Service, which runs in the background
and manages the animation and interaction of the wallpaper.
2. WallpaperManager: This system service helps manage the wallpaper and interact with the
Live Wallpaper.
3. Engine: The WallpaperService.Engine is the heart of the Live Wallpaper. It controls drawing
and rendering, responds to changes in the display, and handles user interactions.
How Live Wallpapers Work:
● WallpaperService: The base class for Live Wallpapers. You subclass it to create your
custom live wallpaper service.
● WallpaperService.Engine: An inner class within WallpaperService, responsible for
rendering content.
Steps to Create a Live Wallpaper:
1. Create the Live Wallpaper Service:
o Extend WallpaperService and override the onCreateEngine method to create an
engine for managing the wallpaper.
2. Implement the Wallpaper Engine:
o In the Engine class, override methods like onSurfaceCreated(), onSurfaceChanged(),
and onDraw() to handle drawing and animation.
3. Declare the Service in the Manifest:
o Declare the service in the AndroidManifest.xml.
Example: Simple Live Wallpaper
In this example, we will create a simple Live Wallpaper that displays a moving ball animation.
1. Create the Live Wallpaper Service:
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import android.graphics.Canvas;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.graphics.Paint;
import android.service.wallpaper.WallpaperService;
import android.view.SurfaceHolder;
public class SimpleLiveWallpaper extends WallpaperService {
@Override
public Engine onCreateEngine() {
return new SimpleWallpaperEngine();
}
private class SimpleWallpaperEngine extends Engine {
private Paint paint;
private float xPos = 0;
private float yPos = 0;
private int radius = 50;
private final long frameInterval = 16; // ~60 frames per second
@Override
public void onCreate(SurfaceHolder surfaceHolder) {
super.onCreate(surfaceHolder);
paint = new Paint();
paint.setColor(Color.RED);
}
@Override
public void onSurfaceCreated(SurfaceHolder holder) {
super.onSurfaceCreated(holder);
// Start the animation loop
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
drawFrame();
try {
Thread.sleep(frameInterval);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}).start();
}
private void drawFrame() {
Canvas canvas = null;
try {
canvas = getSurfaceHolder().lockCanvas();
if (canvas != null) {
synchronized (getSurfaceHolder()) {
// Clear the screen
canvas.drawColor(Color.WHITE);
// Move the ball
xPos += 5;
if (xPos > canvas.getWidth()) {
xPos = 0;
}
yPos = (canvas.getHeight() / 2);
// Draw the ball
canvas.drawCircle(xPos, yPos, radius, paint);
}
}
} finally {
if (canvas != null) {
getSurfaceHolder().unlockCanvasAndPost(canvas);
}
}
}
}
}
2. Add Permissions and Declare the Live Wallpaper in AndroidManifest.xml:
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<service
android:name=".SimpleLiveWallpaper"
android:permission="android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.service.wallpaper.WallpaperService" />
</intent-filter>
<meta-data
android:name="android.service.wallpaper"
android:resource="@xml/live_wallpaper" />
</service>
3. Define the Wallpaper Metadata:
Create a file res/xml/live_wallpaper.xml that specifies metadata for the Live Wallpaper.
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<wallpaper
android:description="Simple Moving Ball Wallpaper"
android:thumbnail="@drawable/ic_wallpaper_thumb" />
4. Set the Live Wallpaper Programmatically:
You can programmatically set the wallpaper in your app by launching the WallpaperManager:
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import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.provider.Settings;
public class SetWallpaperActivity extends Activity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
// Launch the wallpaper settings
Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_WALLPAPER_SETTINGS);
startActivity(intent);
}
}
Handlers in Android
A Handler is a mechanism used for managing threads in Android. Handlers allow you to send and
process Message and Runnable objects associated with a thread’s MessageQueue. It is particularly
useful for updating the UI from a background thread.
Handlers are commonly used in multi-threaded applications to interact with the UI thread because
only the UI thread can update the UI elements. A Handler provides a way for background threads to
post messages to the UI thread.
Key Concepts of Handlers:
1. Handler: The Handler is associated with a thread’s Looper (which processes messages) and
is responsible for receiving messages and executing code on the thread.
2. Looper: Every thread can have a Looper object that handles messages and runnables. The
main UI thread automatically has a Looper.
3. MessageQueue: A queue of messages that the Looper processes one by one.
Using Handlers in Android:
1. Creating a Handler: A Handler can be created and attached to the main thread (UI thread) or
a background thread.
2. Posting Runnable/Message: You can post a Runnable to the handler to be executed on the
thread it is attached to.
3. Handling Messages: You can send and handle messages through the Handler using
sendMessage() or post() methods.
Example: Using a Handler to Update UI in a Background Thread
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import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import android.widget.TextView;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
public class HandlerExampleActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private TextView textView;
private Handler handler;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_handler_example);
textView = findViewById(R.id.textView);
// Create a Handler that will update the TextView on the UI thread
handler = new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
@Override
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.what == 1) {
textView.setText("Message received from background thread!");
}
return true;
}
});
// Start a background thread
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
// Simulate background work
try {
Thread.sleep(2000); // Simulate work by sleeping for 2 seconds
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// Send a message to the handler (main thread)
Message message = handler.obtainMessage(1);
handler.sendMessage(message);
}
}).start();
}
}
