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Unit3 Python Notes

The document provides an overview of functions in Python, including their definition, syntax, built-in functions, and commonly used modules. It also covers recursion, file handling, and methods for reading and writing text, binary, and CSV files. Key concepts such as default parameters, keyword arguments, and the use of *args and **kwargs are also discussed.

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10 views6 pages

Unit3 Python Notes

The document provides an overview of functions in Python, including their definition, syntax, built-in functions, and commonly used modules. It also covers recursion, file handling, and methods for reading and writing text, binary, and CSV files. Key concepts such as default parameters, keyword arguments, and the use of *args and **kwargs are also discussed.

Uploaded by

cxalbxer
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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### Functions in Python

#### 1. Functions

- **Definition**: A block of reusable code that performs a specific task.

- **Syntax**:

def function_name(parameters):

# Code block

return value

#### 2. Built-in Functions

- Predefined functions provided by Python, e.g., print(), len(), type(), input(), etc.

- Examples:

print("Hello World") # Outputs: Hello World

len([1, 2, 3]) # Outputs: 3

#### 3. Commonly Used Modules

- **math**: Provides mathematical functions like sqrt, sin, cos, etc.

- **random**: For generating random numbers and performing random operations.

- **os**: Interact with the operating system (file operations, environment variables).

- **datetime**: Work with dates and times.

- **scipy**: Advanced scientific computations.

#### 4. Function Definition and Calling

- **Defining**:

def greet(name):

return f"Hello, {name}!"


- **Calling**:

print(greet("Tanisha")) # Outputs: Hello, Tanisha!

#### 5. The return Statement and Void Functions

- **return**: Used to return a value from a function.

def add(a, b):

return a + b

- **Void Functions**: Do not return a value; implicitly return None.

def say_hello():

print("Hello")

#### 6. Scope and Lifetime of Variables

- **Local Scope**: Variables defined within a function.

- **Global Scope**: Variables defined outside any function.

- **Lifetime**: A variable's lifetime depends on its scope; local variables are destroyed after the

function ends.

#### 7. Default Parameters

- Parameters with default values.

def greet(name="Guest"):

return f"Hello, {name}!"

#### 8. Keyword Arguments

- Explicitly specifying parameter names during function calls.

def person_details(name, age):


print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")

person_details(age=20, name="Tanisha")

#### 9. *args and **kwargs

- **args**: For passing a variable number of positional arguments.

def add(*numbers):

return sum(numbers)

- **kwargs**: For passing a variable number of keyword arguments.

def display_info(**details):

for key, value in details.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

#### 10. Command Line Arguments

- Using the sys module to access arguments passed from the command line.

import sys

print(sys.argv) # List of command-line arguments

#### 11. Generating Random Numbers

- Using the random module:

import random

print(random.randint(1, 10)) # Random integer between 1 and 10

print(random.random()) # Random float between 0 and 1

---

### Recursion
#### 1. Introduction

- A function that calls itself to solve a problem.

- Base case is necessary to terminate recursion.

#### 2. Problem Solving with Recursion

- Divide the problem into smaller sub-problems.

#### 3. Examples of Recursive Algorithms

- **Factorial**:

def factorial(n):

if n == 0:

return 1

return n * factorial(n-1)

- **Fibonacci**:

def fibonacci(n):

if n <= 1:

return n

return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)

---

### Files in Python

#### 1. Types of Files

- **Text Files**: Store data in plain text.


- **Binary Files**: Store data in binary format.

#### 2. Creating and Reading Text Data

- **Write**:

with open("file.txt", "w") as f:

f.write("Hello World")

- **Read**:

with open("file.txt", "r") as f:

print(f.read())

#### 3. File Methods to Read and Write Data

- **read()**: Reads entire file.

- **readline()**: Reads one line at a time.

- **write()**: Writes a string to the file.

#### 4. Reading and Writing Binary Files

- **Write Binary**:

with open("file.bin", "wb") as f:

f.write(b"Binary Data")

- **Read Binary**:

with open("file.bin", "rb") as f:

print(f.read())

#### 5. The pickle Module

- Serialize and deserialize Python objects.


import pickle

with open("data.pkl", "wb") as f:

pickle.dump([1, 2, 3], f)

with open("data.pkl", "rb") as f:

print(pickle.load(f))

#### 6. Reading and Writing CSV Files

- Using the csv module:

import csv

with open("data.csv", "w", newline='') as f:

writer = csv.writer(f)

writer.writerow(["Name", "Age"])

writer.writerow(["Tanisha", 20])

with open("data.csv", "r") as f:

reader = csv.reader(f)

for row in reader:

print(row)

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