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Chapter - 01 - Lecture - 01

A microprocessor is a programmable electronic device that processes binary instructions and data, consisting of four main components: microprocessor, memory, input, and output. Applications of microprocessors are categorized into reprogrammable systems, like microcomputers, and embedded systems, which are integrated into products and not user-reprogrammable. The document also discusses the structure of digital computers, memory organization, and the functioning of input/output devices.

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18 views11 pages

Chapter - 01 - Lecture - 01

A microprocessor is a programmable electronic device that processes binary instructions and data, consisting of four main components: microprocessor, memory, input, and output. Applications of microprocessors are categorized into reprogrammable systems, like microcomputers, and embedded systems, which are integrated into products and not user-reprogrammable. The document also discusses the structure of digital computers, memory organization, and the functioning of input/output devices.

Uploaded by

Shibly Sarkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microprocessors , Microcomputers and

Assembly Language
MICROPROCESSOR
• A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register based
electronic device.

• It reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary
data as input and processes data according to those instructions, and provides
results as output.

• Programmable machine represented with four components: microprocessor,


memory, input & output. These four components work together to form a
system. The physical components of this system are called hardware.
• A set of instructions written for the microprocessor to perform a task is called a
program and a group of program is called software.

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MICROPROCESSOR
• The microprocessor applications are classified primarily in two categories:
reprogrammable systems and embedded systems.
• In reprogrammable systems, such as microcomputers, the microprocessor is used for
computing and data processing. These systems include general purpose
microprocessors capable of handling large data, mass storage devices such as disk
and CD.-ROMs, and peripherals such as printers: a personal computer is a
typical illustration.
• In embedded systems, the microprocessor is a part of a final product and is not
available for reprogramming to the end user. A copying machine is a typical example
of an embeddecl system.
• Embedded systems can also be viewed as products that use microprocessors to
perform their operations; they are known as microprocessor-based products.
Examples include a wide range of products such as washing machines, disnwashers,
automobile dashboard controls, Traffic light controllers, and automatic testing
instruments.

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MICROPROCESSOR-BASED PRODUCT
• A machine or product that uses a microprocessor to run or execute its operations.
It is represented by three components: microprocessor, memory, and I/0
(input/ output).

Figure: A Programmable Machine

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BINARY DIGITS
• The microprocessor operates in binary digits, 0 and 1, also known as bits.

• Bit is an abbreviation for the term binary digit. These digits are
represented in terms of electrical voltages in the machine: generally, 0
represents one voltage level, and 1 represents another.

• The digits O and 1 are also synonymous with low and high, respectively.
• Each microprocessor recognizes and processes a group of bits called
the word, and microprocessors are classified according to their word
length.
• For example, a processor with an 8-bit word is known as an 8-bit
microprocessor, and a processor with a 32-bit word is known as a 32-bit
microprocessor.

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DIGITAL COMPUTER
• A programmable machine that processes binary data.
• It is traditionally represented by five components: CPU, ALU and control unit,
memory, input, and output.
• CPU - The central processing unit. The group of circuits that processes data and
provides control signals and timing. It includes the arithmetic/logic unit, registers,
instruction decoder, and the control unit.
• ALU - The group of circuits that performs arithmetic and logic operations. The ALU is
a part of the CPU.
• Control Unit - The group of circuits that provides timing and signals to all operations
in the computer and controls data flow.
• Memory- A medium. that stores binary information that is instructions and data.
• Input - A device that transfers information from. the outside world to the computer.
• Output - A device that transfers information from. the computer to the outside world.

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DIGITAL COMPUTER

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SCALE OF INTEGRATION
• SSI (Small - Scale Integration)
• The process of designing a few circuits on a single chip.
• The term refers to the technology used to fabricate discrete logic gates on a chip.

• MSI (Medium - Scale Integration)


• The process of designing more than a hundred gates on a single chip.
• The term refers to the technology used to fabricate a decade counter.

• LSI (Large - Scale Integration)


• The process of designing more than a thousand gates on a single chip.
• Similarly, the terms VLSI (very-large-scale integration) and SLSI (super large-scale
integration) are used to indicate the scale of integration.

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A MICROPROCESSOR AS A PROGRAMMABLE
DEVICE
• Microprocessor is designed to understand and execute many binary instructions.
It is a multipurpose machine. It can be used to perform various sophisticated
computing functions, as well as simple tasks such as turning devices on or off.

• A programmer can select appropriate instructions and ask the microprocessor to


perform various tasks on a given set of data.

• Similarly, the engineers designing a microprocessor determine a set of tasks the


microprocessor should perform and design the necessary logic circuits, and
provide the user with a list of the instructions the processor will understand.

• These instructions are entered or stored in storage, called memory, which can be
read by the microprocessor.

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MEMORY
• Memory is like the pages of a notebook with space for a fixed number of binary
numbers on each line. However, these pages are generally made of
semiconductor material.

• Typically, each line is an 8-bit register that can store eight binary bits, and several
of these registers are arranged in a sequence called memory.

• These registers are always grouped together in powers of two. For example, a
group of 1024 , 8-bit registers on a semiconductor chip is known as lK byte of
memory; lK is the closest approximation in thousands.

• The user writes the necessary instructions and data in memory through an input
device and asks the microprocessor to perform the given task and find an
answer. The answer is generally displayed at an output device or stored in
memory.

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INPUT / OUTPUT
• The user can enter instructions and data into memory through devices such as a
keyboard or simple switches. These devices are called input devices.

• The microprocessor reads the instructions from the memory and processes the
data according to those instructions.
• The result can be displayed by a device such as seven-segment LEDs or printed
by a printer. These devices are called output devices.

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