Micas922 L1
Micas922 L1
Fading Channels
Diversity Techniques
Fading Channels
Diversity Techniques
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
I A mobile-radio channel is characterized by fading transmission system
Diversity Techniques
Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
Information Theory
Results
Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
Example of constellation
I In the presence of a large number of fading, the mobile radio channel diversity
can be modeled by a complex Gaussian random process (using central Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
limit theorem). Construction Criteria
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
Information Theory
I Quasi-static fading channel: the channel remains constant during Results
the transmission of a frame or a code word. Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
I Block-fading channel: the channel remains constant during the Example of constellation
diversity
transmission of n frames. If n = 1, the channel is quasi-static. Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
Construction Criteria
To the transmission channel is added AWGN noise (radiation picked up by
the antennas, possible interference between users and noise generated by
electronic components).
Point-to-point link MICAS922 - Part 1
MIMO
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Diversity Techniques
Concept of Diversity
Information Theory
I x : the information symbol taken from a given complex alphabet Results
Ergodic capacity
I α: fading coefficient, following a Gaussian distribution of zero mean
Outage Probability
and 0.5 variance per component.
Example of constellation
diversity
Choice of the constellation
Vectorial system Model : function of the channel
Construction Criteria
y = x·α +b
α1 ··· 0
. .. .
[y1 · · · yn ] = [x1 · · · xn ] · . . . + [b1 · · · bn ]
. .
0 ··· αn
General Model MICAS922 - Part 1
MIMO
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
The general model of a mobile radio transmission system is : Diversity Techniques
Concept of Diversity
y = x·H+b Diversity Techniques
Information Theory
Results
H represents the mobile radio channel. Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
Example of constellation
I MIMO system: the coefficients of the H matrix correspond to the diversity
fading between the different antennas during transmission and Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
reception. Construction Criteria
Fading Channels
Diversity Techniques
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
I In the presence of deep fading, sending a single replica of the signal Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
may not be enough to decode the information.
Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
I The solution would be to have different versions of the signal with Diversity Techniques
independent fading on reception. Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
Example of constellation
diversity
I The Contribution of Diversity Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
I For a Rayleigh channel, the error probability is asymptotically
Construction Criteria
proportional to the signal to noise ratio.γ
1
Pe '
γ
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
I The first type: does not require any repetition or coding Information Theory
Results
I Space Diversity in reception: Consists of receiving the same signal on n
Ergodic capacity
different antennas separated by at least 10 times the wavelength. The Outage Probability
maximum possible diversity order is equal to n.
Example of constellation
diversity
I Path Diversity: Consists of receiving n replicas of the signal from Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
different paths. A Rake receiver allows to decorrelate the different
Construction Criteria
paths. The maximum diversity order is equal to the number of paths
that can be decorrelated. This diversity technique is used in DS-CDMA
systems.
Diversity Techniques (2) MICAS922 - Part 1
MIMO
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
I The second type: requires repetition and/or coding Diversity Techniques
Concept of Diversity
I Frequency diversity: consists in sending the same signal on different Diversity Techniques
frequencies separated by at least the channel coherence band. This Information Theory
diversity technique is used in OFDM systems. Results
Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
I Temporal diversity: Consists of sending the same signal at different
Example of constellation
times separated by at least the channel coherence time to ensure their diversity
decorrelation. This diversity technique is interesting for ergodic Choice of the constellation
channels. function of the channel
Construction Criteria
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
I Corresponds only to the second type of diversity techniques. transmission system
Diversity Techniques
I As they are defined, diversity techniques of the second type,
Concept of Diversity
correspond to the use of a repetition code (n, 1), which leads to a Diversity Techniques
waste of resources.
Information Theory
Results
I The solution can be to replace the repetition code with a code (n, k) Ergodic capacity
with minimum distance dmin . If the order of physical diversity is greater Outage Probability
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
I In practical systems, in order to achieve high orders of diversity as well Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
as high spectral efficiencies, several diversity techniques are combined.
Diversity Techniques
I The total order of diversity is equal to the product of the different Concept of Diversity
orders of diversity. Diversity Techniques
Information Theory
Results
I The most commonly used combinations are : Ergodic capacity
I Time-Frequency Outage Probability
Fading Channels
Diversity Techniques
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
How much information will the source be able to transmit on a MIMO
channel? Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
I Let’s suppose that the inputs X are Gaussian. Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
Outage Probability
1
I (X; Y) = log2 det Inr + 2 HQH† Example of constellation
diversity
σ
Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
Construction Criteria
I The channel capacity is defined as the maximum mutual information
on all possible distributions of the input X.
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
I The channel varies fast enough to confuse temporal average and Model of a mobile radio
statistical average. transmission system
Diversity Techniques
Example of constellation
SNR diversity
C (SNR) = EH max I (X; Y) = EH log2 det Inr + HH† Choice of the constellation
Q≤PT nt function of the channel
Construction Criteria
= min {nt , nr } log2 SNR + O(1)
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
I For a block fading channel, the capacity in Shannon’s sense is always Othman
zero.
Fading Channels
I The maximized instantaneous capacity is: Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
SNR
C (H) = log2 det Inr + HH† Diversity Techniques
nt
Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
Information Theory
I C (H) is considered a random variable function of the instantaneous Results
channel response, which is constant during the transmission of a code Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
word of finite length.
Example of constellation
I Outage Probability is : diversity
Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
Asymptotic behaviour
at high signal-to-noise ratio, we have:
1
Pout = O
SNRd
Fading Channels
Diversity Techniques
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
We consider a SISO (nt = nr = 1 ) transmission, on a fast fading channel transmission system
(αis varying each time slot) : Diversity Techniques
Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
y = α ·x +n
Information Theory
Results
Ergodic capacity
The questions that arise : Outage Probability
Example of constellation
I How to choose good constellations? diversity
Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
Construction Criteria
I On which parameters the choice should be based on?
I Are constellations that are good for the AWGN channel also good for
the Fast Fading channel?
q − QAM Constellation MICAS922 - Part 1
MIMO
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
I q − QAM constellation are finite sub-sets of Z[i]. Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
Diversity Techniques
Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
Information Theory
Results
Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
Example of constellation
diversity
Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
I q − QAM constellations are adapted for AWGN channel, but not for
Fast Fading channel.
Turned q − QAM constelaltion MICAS922 - Part 1
MIMO
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
I A possible solution to adapt q − QAM constellations to the Rayleigh Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
channel, would be to rotate them.
Diversity Techniques
Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
Information Theory
Results
Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
Example of constellation
diversity
Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
Construction Criteria
Canal AWGN Canal de Rayleigh
(α1 , α2 ) = (1, 0.5)
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
I In order to determine the criteria for the construction of good Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
constellations, we will derive an upper bound of the error probability. Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
I q − QAM constellation are finite sub-sets of Z[i]. Since Z[i] is Diversity Techniques
geometrically uniform, we can then define Pe (Z[i]) instead of Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
Pe (q − QAM).
Information Theory
Results
I Let S be a constellation defined as a subset of a lattice Λ, we then Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
have :
Pe (S) ≤ Pe (Λ) Example of constellation
diversity
Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
Construction Criteria
I By using the union bound, we obtain an upper bound of Pe
Pe (Λ) ≤ ∑ P(x → y )
y 6=x
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
Model of a mobile radio
transmission system
I For Fast Fading Rayleigh channel, using either Chernoff’s inequality
Diversity Techniques
or an approximation of the function Q(x) :
Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
n Information Theory
1 1 Results
Pe (x → y ) ≤ ∏ (xi −yi )2
2 i=1 1+ Ergodic capacity
8N0 Outage Probability
Example of constellation
diversity
I At high signal-to-noise ratio : Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
Construction Criteria
1 n 1
Pe (x → y ) ≤ ∏ (xi −yi )2
2 i=1
8N0
Product distance MICAS922 - Part 1
MIMO
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Ghaya Rekaya-Ben
Othman
Fading Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
I If two constellations have the same diversity order, we compare their Model of a mobile radio
(L) transmission system
dp,min .
Diversity Techniques
Concept of Diversity
Diversity Techniques
I To build a good constellation for a Rayleigh channel you need to
Information Theory
Results
I First: Maximize the order of diversity Ergodic capacity
Outage Probability
I Second: Maximize the minimum product distance
Example of constellation
diversity
Choice of the constellation
function of the channel
Construction Criteria
I The best rotation is the one that maximizes the minimum product
distance.