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Unit 3 Risc and Cisc

The document explains Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), which consists of machine language instructions that a processor can execute, with two main types: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). RISC uses simple instructions that can be executed in one clock cycle, while CISC employs complex instructions that can perform multiple operations in a single command. The document also highlights the advantages and differences between RISC and CISC architectures.

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25 views3 pages

Unit 3 Risc and Cisc

The document explains Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), which consists of machine language instructions that a processor can execute, with two main types: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). RISC uses simple instructions that can be executed in one clock cycle, while CISC employs complex instructions that can perform multiple operations in a single command. The document also highlights the advantages and differences between RISC and CISC architectures.

Uploaded by

darshanjain1905
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instruction Set Architecture(ISA)

It is a collection of machine language instruction that a particular processor understand and


execute.in other words set of assembly language mnemonics represents machine code of a
particular computer.
Note: Instruction in a machine is dependent computer that is different processor have
different instruction set.
Tow major parts of instruction
Opcode: An operation code filed termed as opcode that specify what operation to be
performed. E.g. LOAD, STORE, ADD etc.
Operands: An address field of instruction tell on which data processing is to be performed.
The operand can reside in memory or processor register or can be incorporated within the
operand field of the instruction as an immediate constant.
Instruction set based classification of processor
Instruction set architecture is a set of processor design technique used to implement the
instruction workflow on hardware
ISA basically tells how your processor is going to process your program instruction.
Classified into two ways
RISC(Reduced instruction set computer): RISC is a computer which only use simple
instruction that can be divided into multiple instruction which perform low level operation
with single clock cycle.

CISC(complex instruction set computer): CISC is a computer where single instruction can
execute several low level operation(such load from memory , store into the memory and
arithmetic operation) or capable of multistep operation or addressing modes within single
instruction.
RISC & CISC architecture
Consider an example of multiplying two number:
A=A*B
CISC approach
CISC process would come prepared with a specific instruction (i.e. MULT). When this
instruction executes.

• Load the two values into separate register.


• Multiplies the operands in the execution unit.
• Store the product in the appropriate register
Here you can see the entire task of multiplying two numbers can be completed with one
instruction
MULT A, B------------------- this is an assembly statement.
MULT is a complex instruction. It operates directly on the computer memory and does not
require any programmer to explicitly call any loading or storing functions.
Advantage of CISC

• Complier has to do very little work to translate a high-level language statement into
assembly language statement
• Length of the code is relatively short
• Very less RAM is required to store instructions
• The emphasis is put on building complex instruction directly into hardware

RISC approach
RISC use simple instruction that can be executed within one clock cycle. Thus here MULT
command described in CISC would be divided into three separate commands.
1. LOAD--- moves data from memory bank to register
2. PROD – which calculate the product of two operands and locate within registers.
3. STORE --- which moves data form register to the memory.
Perform Multiplication of two number in RISC approach, programmer would need to code
four lines of assembly
LOAD R1,A
LOAD R2,B
PROD R1, R2
STORE A, R1
It might look less efficient way of completing the operation because there are more lines
code more RAM is needed to store the assembly level instruction.
The complier must also have to do more work to convert high level language statements
into assembly language code statements
Advantage of RISC
Each instruction requires only one clock cycle to execute, the entire program will be
executed in approximately the same amount of time as the multi-cycle MULT command
RISC require less transistor of hardware space than complex instruction, RISC have more
general purpose register because all the instruction execute in a uniform amount of time(i.e
one clock cycle)
Difference between CISC and RISC architecture

CISC RISC
Emphasis on hardware Emphasis on software
Include multi- clock cycle Single clock cycle
Complex instruction Reduced instruction
Memory to memory: load and store Register to register: load and store are
incorporated in instruction independent instruction
Small code after conversion of program Large code after conversion of program
written in high level into assembly code written in high level into assembly code
Example: PDP-II, VAX , Motorola 6800, Example: DEC alpha, ARC, ARM, SPARC, IBM
intel’s x86 cpu power instruction set

References:
1. John P Hayes “Computer Architecture and organization” McGraw Hill
2. Dezso Sima,Terence Fountain and Peter Kacsuk “ Advanced Computer
Architecture” Pearson Education
3. Kai Hwang “ Advanced Computer Architecture” TMH
4. Linda Null, Julia Lobur- The Essentials of Computer Organization and
Architecture, 2014, 4th Edition.

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