Outline

Vector Space and sub-spaces

Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Vector Space

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Outline

Outline

Vector Space and sub-spaces

Key examples of vector spaces

A Useful Result

Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Introduction

Recall the definition of a set:

A set if well defined collection of distinct objects.

Each elements of a set must satisfy a certain property. For example set of
even numbers is
Z = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4 · · · }
E = {±2, ±4, ±6 · · · }
p
Q = { : p, q ∈ Z}
q

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Recall the definition of a set:

A set if well defined collection of distinct objects.

Each elements of a set must satisfy a certain property. For example set of
even numbers is

Z = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4 · · · }

E = {±2, ±4, ±6 · · · }

p
Q={ : p, q ∈ Z}
q
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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

R = Q′ ∪ Q
Prorerties
1. Sum and product od two reals is real
2. Commutative with respect to addition and multiplication.
3. Associative with respect to addition and multiplication.
4. Distributive.
5. Additive Identity:
Any element of the set when added to some other element it leave
no effect.
0+a=a+0=a
6. Multiplicative Identity:
Any element of the set when multiplied to some other element it
leave no effect.
e×a=a×e=a

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

1. Additive Inverse:
Any element of the set when added to some other element and we
get additive identity as result:

b + a = a + b = a,

then b is additive inverse of a.

2. Multiplicative Inverse:
Any element of the set when multiplied to some other element and
we get multiplicative Identity as result :

b × a = a × b = e,

then b is called multiplicative inverse of a.

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Concept Building

Let us consider the set in above slide and then answer the following:
Questions:
1) Do you think sum of all two elements is again in set?
2) Is additive identity present in set?
3) Is multiplicative identity present in set?

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Definition

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

In above definition u,v,w are elements

of a set under consideration and a, b, c
are the scalars or real numbers.

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Examples

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

  
 x1 
R3 =  x2  : x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R In this space ’0’ is a scalar and
x3
 

 
0
0 =  0  is 0 is vector which is element of R3
0
   
x1 −x1
Also inverse of  x2  is  −x2  .
x3 −x3

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

P2 (t) = {a0 + a1 t + a2 t 2 : a0 , a1 , a2 are real numbers} is a vector space.

Here elements of P2 are called vectors, for example

t 2 + t + 1,
t + 1,
t 2 − 1,
2t 2 − 2t + 1 {0(t) = 0 + 0t + 0t 2 } is zero vector.

Inverse of a0 + a1 t + a2 t 2 is −a0 − a1 t − a2 t 2

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Task:
Following sets are not vector spaces. Why? which property is not
satisfied.
1. Set of natural numbers.
2. Set of even numbers={±2, ±4, ±6, · · · }
3. Set of whole numbers.
4. Set of rational numbers.

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

EXAMPLE

Example of vector space

Mm×n = {A : A is m × n real matrix }

For example:

M2×3 = {A : A is 2 × 3 real matrix }

 
0 0 0
O= is zero matrix. For each A we have −A a real 2 × 3
0 0 0
matrix. All other properties are satisfied.

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Key examples of vector spaces

• Rn : n ≥ 1 .
• Pn : n ≥ 0
• Set of all continuous functions.
• Mm×n

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

• R2 is a vector space.
• What about First quadrant??
• What about third quadrant??

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Sub-Space

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Example 1

Example 1
The set consisting of only the zero vector in a vector space V is a
subspace of V , called the zero subspace and written as {0}.

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Example 2
Example 2
  
 s 
H =  t  : s and t are reals
0
 

Is H a subspace?
”H ⊆ R3 and R3 is a vector space.”
 
0
zero vector is  0  when we put s = 0 and t = 0.
0
   
s1 s2
Take two elements of H lets call u =  t1  and v =  t2  then
0 0
 
s1 + s2
u + v =  t1 + t2  ∈ H
0 20 / 32
 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Example 2
Example 2(continued)
   
s1 cs1
cu = c  t1  =  ct1  ∈ H.
0 0
Hence H is a subspace.

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Spanning set

Theorem:
If v1 , v2 , · · · vn are vectors in Rn then span{v1 , v2 , · · · vn }is a subspace
of Rn .

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Example 2
Lets do example 2 again
  
 s 
H =  t  : s and t are reals
0
 

     
 1 0 
= s  0  + t  1  : s and t are reals
0 0
 

={su + t v : s and t are reals}

=span {u, v}

⇒ H is a subspace.
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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Exercise 4.1

Vector spaces

Exercise 4.1
Q1-Q18 (All), Q21

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

(a) yes
 since
 sum of
 positive
 numbers is always positive so if we take any
x1 y1
u= , v= then u + v is always in V .
x2 y2
BUT    
1 −1
(b) if we take c = −1 and u = v = then cu = v = is not
2 −2
in V .

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

   
0.5 0.1
choose u = , v= then u and v are in H since for
0.5 0.5
u, 0.52 + 0.52 = 0.5 < 1
and v , 0.52 + 0.12 = 0.26 < 1
BUT  
0.6
u+v = , 0.62 + 12 = 1.36 not less than 1 hence u + v is not
1
in H.
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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

5)
u = a1 t 2 , v = a2 t 2 , u + v = (a1 + a2 )t 2 is also in set.

c ∈ R and u = a1 t 2 cu = ca1 t 2 is in set.

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

,
     
 −2t   −2 
H =  5t : t ∈ R = t  5  : t ∈ R = {tu : t ∈ R} = span{u}
3t 3
   

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

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 Outline
Vector Space and sub-spaces
Key examples of vector spaces
A Useful Result
Solution of some question from Exercise 4.1

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